Research on Hydroelectric power plant (1)

A study on Hydroelectric power plant : special reference to Hidkal-dam
Chapter -1
Introduction
Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi

A Study On Hydroelectric Power plant : Special Reference to Hidkal-dam
Introduction
Electricity nor do they pollute the air, land or water as other power plants may.
Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water winter and spring runoff from mountain
streams and clear lakes. water when it is falling by the force of gravity, can be used to turn
turbines and generators that produce electricity.
Hydro-energy is known as traditional renewable energy source. It is based on natural
Circulating water flow and its drop from higher to lower land surface that constitutes the Potential.
In order to convert this potential to applicable electric energy, water flow should be Led to and
drive a hydraulic turbine, transforming hydro energy into mechanical energy, the Latter again
drives a connected generator transforming the mechanical energy into electric Energy. As hydro
energy exploitation and its utilization are completed at the same time. The exploitation of first
energy source and the conversion of secondary energy source occur Simultaneously, unlike the
coal power generation which should have two orders; first order is Exploitation of fuel, second
order is generation, so hydropower has the advantages over Thermal power generation.
Hydroelectric energy is one of the Renewable Resource of Energy. Hydro-electric energy is
generated in the Hydro-Power projects by employing the falling water. In this process potential
energy is reduced and changed into kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is transformed by turbine into
the mechanical energy and then into electric energy. Earth’s gravity is an important instrument for
this conversion of energy. Electric energy is also produce by fossil fuels, nuclear energy, wind,
solar, tidal, natural gasses and bio-mass etc. But, electric energy produce by Hydro energy has
many advantages as compare to it has produce by other resources of energy. These advantages can
be identified as Hydro-electric power is one of the environment friendly and emission free source
of energy. It is sustainable and perpetual source of energy. Hydro-electric power is more cost
effective and technical advantage compare to the other sources of energy. Capital invested on per
kilo watt electric generation in Hydro-project is very less compare to the other source of energy.
Hydro-electric energy can conveniently by transmit by means of wires and cables upto long
distances. Hydro power has an advantage to reach the places where use of other resources of energy
becomes difficult and uneconomic to install and transmit.
Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable
energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity. Hydropower currently
accounts for 28.7% of total U.S. renewable electricity generation and about 6.2% of total U.S.
electricity generation.
The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility.
An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water
in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in
turn activates a generator to produce electricity.
Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama , Belagavi

The total energy generation capacity of entire hydro power projects throughout the
world is estimated around 675000 mega watts, which has the capacity to produce more than 2.3
trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity per annual. According to the world commission on dams
estimates that one-third of the countries of the world are exclusively dependent on hydropower
which contributes more than 50 per cent of electricity supply. Five big countries of the world
namely China, Brazil, U.S.A., Canada and Russia are accounted for approximately 52 per cent
of the world installed hydro power capacity. European continent is leading with 75 per cent
exploitation of its total hydro power potential followed by North America and Australia with
69 per cent and 49 per cent exploitation respectively. Africa continent is able to exploit only 7
per cent of its total hydro power potential. That is lowest among the all continents of the world.
Four countries namely, Albania, Bhutan, Lesotho and Paraguay are generating all their
electricity from hydro power and 15 countries of the world generating at least 90 per cent of
their electricity from hydro power.
Meaning of hydro electric power

Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is a renewable source of energy that generates
power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural flow of a river or other body of
water. Hydroelectric energy is energy derived from the movement of water. Water has mass. It
falls and flows downward due to gravity. When it moves, it has kinetic energy which can be
harnessed. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
Hydroelectric Power Historical Background

Hydropower started with the wooden waterwheel. Waterwheels of various types had
been in use in many parts of Europe and Asia especially in Mesopotamia which are still in use
till now on Euphrates River for irrigation and milling grain for some 2,000 years
By the time of the industrial revolution, waterwheel technology had been developed
to a fine art and efficiencies approaching 70% were being achieved in the many tens of
thousands of waterwheels that were in regular use. Improved engineering skills during the 19th
century, combined with the need to develop smaller and higher speed devices to generate
electricity, led to the development of modern day turbines. Probably the first hydro-turbine was
designed in France in the 1820s by Benoiˆt Fourneyron who called his invention a hydraulic
motor. The golden age of hydropower was the first half of the 20th century before oil took

over as the dominant force in energy provision. Europe and North America built dams and
hydropower stations at a rapid rate, exploiting up to 50% of the technically available potential.
Hundreds of equipment suppliers sprung up to supply this booming market. Whereas the large
hydro manufacturers have since managed to maintain their business on export markets, in
particular to developing countries, the small hydro industry has been on the decline since the
1960’s. A few countries (notably Germany) have boosted this sector in recent years with
attractive policies favouring ‘green’ electricity supply, but small hydro in general cannot
compete with existing fossil fuel or nuclear power stations so that without environmental
incentives to use non-polluting power sources, there has been no firm market for small
hydropower in developed countries for many year the first hydroelectric power plant was
installed in Cragside, Rothbury, England in 1870. Industrial use of hydropower started in 1880
in Grand Rapids, Michigan when a dynamo driven by a water turbine was used to provide
theatre and storefront lighting. In 1881, a brush dynamo connected to a turbine in a flour mill
provided street lighting at Niagara Falls, New York. The breakthrough came when the electric
generator was coupled to the turbine and thus the world’s first hydroelectric station of 12.5 kW
capacity was commissioned on 30 September, 1882 on Fox River at the Vulcan Street Plant,
Appleton, Wisconsin, USA lighting two paper mills. and a residence. Early hydropower plants
were much more reliable and efficient than the fossil fuel-fired plants of the day. This resulted
in a proliferation of small- to- medium sized hydropower stations distributed wherever there
was an adequate supply of moving water and a need for electricity.
Advantages of Hydro electric power plant
1. It is clean and sustainable.
2. It is a very flexible resource.
3. It stabilizes the power grid by preventing intermittency.
4. It reduces the risk of flooding.
5. It helps reclaim marshy areas.

6. It enhances tourist areas and water sports.
7. It protects biodiversity.
8. Water carries huge amounts of energy.
Disadvantages of Hydro electric power plant
1. It Has an Environmental Impact. Perhaps the largest disadvantage of hydroelectric

energy is the
impact it can have on the environment.
2. It Displaces People.
3. It’s Expensive.
4. There are Limited Reservoirs.
5. There are Droughts.
6. It’s Not Always Safe.
Economics of Hydro power
Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity today. No other energy

source, renewable or non renewable, can match it. It costs about one cent per kilowatt-hour
(kWh) to produce electricity at a typical hydro plant. In comparison, it costs coal plants about
four cents per kWh and nuclear plants about two and one half cents per kWh to generate
electricity. Producing electricity from hydropower is cheap because, once a dam has been built
and the equipment installed, the energy source—flowing water—is free. Hydropower plants
also produce power cheaply due to their study structures and simple equipment. Hydro plants
are dependable and long-lived, and their maintenance costs are low compared to coal or nuclear
plants One requirement may increase hydropower’s costs in the future. The procedure for
licensing and relicensing dams has become a lengthy and expensive process. Many

environmental impact studies must be undertaken and multiple States and federal agencies
must be consulted .
Objectives of the Hydroelectric Power plant
1. To reduce green house effect .

2. To reduce the consumption of fossil fuels .
3. To meet the challenge of increasing electricity demand .
4. To provide electricity to every households of the world.
5. To gain knowledge about Hydroelectricity and the history and future it can have .
Objectives of the study

1. To study Hydroelectric Power process.
2. To know the government facilities to Hidkal dam.
3. To study situation of workers in Hydroelectric Power plant of Hidkal dam.
4. To give Suggestions and remedies for the problems of workers in Hydro electric power
plant.
Hypotheses of the study
To achieve the above objectives, following Hypotheses have been formulated to Test.
1. There is a continuous sustainable development in Hydroelectric power plant .

2. There is a employment generation in Hydroelectric Power plant.
3. The workers are protected by dangerous situations faced in Hydroelectric Power
plant.
4. The surrounding areas of Hydroelectric power plant are developed because of
Hydroelectric power plant.
Research Gap
Based on the studies reviewed above the research gaps have been identified is like this
Most of these studies reviewed were restricted to social, Economic and Environmental aspects
of the Hydroelectric Power projects. But this study shows that a situation of workers in
Hydroelectric Power plant of Hidkal dam.

Research methodology
The study is based on both primary and secondary data
primary data : is regarding the workers of Hydroelectric Power plant and regarding the
system of power plant etc. were collected from the workers and officers with the help of well
structured interview and questionnaire,50 respondents were selected through the simple random
sampling in the Hidkal dam Hydroelectric Power plant and analysis done by using the tool
Simple percentage method.
Secondary data : Have been collected from the following resources

• Published articles
• Various websites
• Kptcl Records
• Various Journals
• Annual report of Central electricity authority (CEA) .
Limitations of the study
The present research work is based on primary and secondary data . The following
limitations are given below .
• Interviewing the Workers separately is difficult due to the disturbance of workers

.and fully sound of machines.
• The total No of workers are hard to find, due to shift wise working schedule .
• The workers hesitate to fill up the Questionnaire, because of the Rules of the
Hydroelectric Power plant every time research student have to Convince them the
information data collected will only use for Research Purposes.

Chapter Scheme
Chapter – 1 Introduction
Chapter – 2 Review of Literature
Chapter – 3 Background of the study
Chapter – 4 Profile of the study Area
Chapter – 5 Results and Discussions
Chapter – 6 Findings, Suggestions , Summary ,and Conclusion

Chapter – 2
Review of Literature

Review of literature
A literature review is a piece of academic writing demonstrating knowledge and
understanding of the academic literature on a specific topic placed in context. A literature
review also includes a critical evaluation of the material; this is why it is called a literature
review rather than a literature report During The chapter deals with the existing studies
available on the related topic, to explore the existing research gap. The main consideration
in reviewing the research work already done in this concerned field is to evaluate such
studies, in order to formulate the present study and to avoid duplication of the work the last
few decades rivers have added significance as a source of hydroelectric power but not much
studies of geographic nature exist even today. some of the existing studies on the subject
have been briefly reviewed and categorized here under the following broad categories.
The Geography of water resources Is relatively a new subject. During the last few decades
rivers have added significance as a source of hydroelectric power but not much studies of
geographic nature exist even today. some of the existing studies on the subject have been
briefly reviewed and categorized here under the following broad categories.
1. Goyal and Bharadwaj, (1992) in his article entitled ‘environmental aspects of

hydro power developments in Himachal Pradesh’. Study highlighted about the
hydro – power development in Himachal Pradesh. Study also revealed, although
hydel projects are pollution free. But cause considerable ecological/ environmental
imbalances owing to Deforestation , submergence of land , climate changes on
reservoir formation , drying up of river beds some reaches, destruction of habitat
and changed in socio economic patterns etc. Environmental management for hydro
– power projects for restoring| reconstructing natural environment to the extent
possible is as important as project management. Study also highlight about a case
study of Beas Sutluj link project-‘environmental aspect and catchment management
for hydel development in Satluj basin’. Study concluded that, the environmental
aspects of a hydro power development need to be viewed in a properly balanced
perspective. The ecological disturbance can be at time very serious and may require
heavy expenditure for rehabilitation. At the same time the immense benefits from a
hydro electric development cannot be considered with any less importance. It is
essential to have a rational pragmatic balanced approach while planning for water
resources development , giving adequate emphasis to environment.

2. Naidu, (1994) in his article entitled ‘Environmental aspect of chamera hydro

electric project in district chamba of Himachal Pradesh. Study says that, due to the
construction of this project; many families were lost their house and land. Large
numbers of families were also lost their both house and land. 785 ha forest land
area was submergence due to the project. However, better rehabilitation grant,
better compensation and employment were provided to the effected families under
re – settlement and re – habilitation policy of the government. Many development
activities have been also doing under this policy. Study concluded that, the
environment management of a the large project like Chamera has been an unique
experience for NHPC who adopted a two – pronged approach by way of making all
round efforts to maximize the positive impact on upstream side on one hand and to
minimize the negative impact downstream, on the other.
3. Prasad and parasuraman, (1997) study the ‘differential distribution
of social cost – an electricity generation plant in Telangana’. This plant is located
at Ramagundam in karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh. Main objectives of the
study were to study the impacts of electricity generation plant on the socio –
economic lives of south India peoples, to bring out the displacement effects on
institutional mechanisms and analysis the changes in institutional mechanism
through the logic of the ‘cores’ and the ‘fluid zones’. In the study ‘core’ constitute
socio-cultural structures and ecological structures. Other side, ‘fluid zone’
constitutes the economic and political structures. The study covered 1830 project
affected families by adopting three methodological steps as, Tracer method;
household interviews and focus group discussion method. Study observed major
changes in the social structure and cultural lives of peoples after their displacement
the family structure has undergone modification, resulting in changes in intra and
inter – family interaction. The cohesion among the household has also been broken.
Similarly, the traditional eco – technical and socio -cultural resource system have
been lost in the process of re – settlement. Land ownership and size of holding have
been reduced. After the displacement availability of the common property resources
have been reduced, that leading to the reduction in livestock population after the
displacement. Development of the industry after the displacement has been leading
to the destruction of traditional agricultural based economy. That further leading to
the individualistic approach among the families and joint family broke into nuclear
families. Certain groups like women, service castes, scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes find their skills redundant in new environs and bereft to
institutional supports, become all the more vulnerable. Study concluded that
development does not necessarily lead to betterment of all segment of the peoples
in the society. Only, the upper case and higher income groups with specialized skills
and political power are benefited. Study also suggested that project related
displacement should be minimized wherever possible. When displacement is
unavoidable, the criteria should be facilitating re-establishment of the affected

people as a community where people get an opportunity to regain previous standard

of living.
4. D’Souza, et.al, (1998)in his entitled ‘Re – evaluating multi – purpose
river valley project’ in India through a case study on Hirakud, Uki and Indira
Gandhi Nahar pariyojana. The aim of study was to examine if a hiatus existed
between what was delivered in contrast to what was promised. The study was not a
comprehensive survey; rather it is an attempt to serve as a fore runner to more
substantial studies in the framework outlined. Major finding of the study revealed
that, in the absence of post – construction reviews severely hamper assessment of
multi – purpose river valley projects actual performance vis -a – vis its claims. Long
– term effects of these projects remain unaccounted for due to an absence of
comprehensive pre -project environmental impact assessment study. A study of
three projects clearly demonstrates the glaring and complete dichotomy between
pre – construction projections and post -construction realities. Water – logging
salinity, sedimentation and health hazards have a high possibility of occurrence.
Even flood control, irrigation and power generation are not effective as envisaged.
Study also emphasized the need for studied these experiences in depth and made to
constitute an important part of future planning for multipurpose river valley
projects.
5. Madan, (1999) in his article entitled ‘Environmental aspects of
hydropower project in Teesta basin of Sikkim state’. Main objective of the study
was to study the impact of 510 MW Teesta hydro power project stage – V on various
environmental components viz., water, land, biological, socio – economic climate
and weather. The household survey method was use to study the socio – economic
environment of the project affected area. That comprised data based on
demographic pattern, population density, sex ratio, caste, education and
occupational status, basic amenities, economic aspects, health aspect and land use
pattern of the affected families. Remote sensing technique was used to delineate
land use in affected area. Different environmental parameters were use to study the
different environmental components as water, biological, air etc. Major results of
the study say that various environment components study concluded that the
submergence of 67.75 hectares. Of land as a result of this project may not create
any effect on the composition of natural vegetation. The land use pattern may also
get affected to some extant as a result of project development. The construction of
reservoir may act as a sink for sediments and nutrients carried by water body and
this in turn will reduce the nutrient input downstream. However, the construction
of dam and impoundment of water may beneficially protect against floods, improve
power generation and benefit domestic user of water, besides other socio –
economic benefits.
6. Rangachari (2000) in his article entitled “Bhakra Nangal Project
And its socio economic and environmental impacts tried to assess the

Performance of Bhakra Nangal project and found that in the last four decades It
has fulfilled the layed objectives in the sustained manner. In addition to it, The
project has provided various other benefits to the region as well as the Nation
through indirect and secondary impacts.
7. Srivastava and Goel (2000), in their article entitled, “Measures

for effective environmental management in Hydropower and River Valley
Project”. The paper mentioned that it is essential that the environmental aspects
and the process of planning and operation of the river valley should be rightly
taught at different levels of education as well as to the experts of all disciplines.
Supply of structure, rehabilitation, storage of reservoir, silt deposition, stream
flow, wild life conservation, management of aquatic life, water quality

management, control of aquatic weeds, water logging and salinity, eco tourism,
public health are the facts discussed in the article.
8. Srivastava and Goel (2000), in their article, “Measures for

effective environmental management in Hydropower and River Valley Project”.
The paper mentioned that it is essential that the environmental aspects and the
process of planning and operation of the river valley should be rightly taught at
different levels of education as well as to the experts of all disciplines. Supply
of structure, rehabilitation, storage of reservoir, silt deposition, stream flow, wild

life conservation, management of aquatic life, water quality management,
control of aquatic weeds, water logging and salinity, eco tourism, public health
are the facts discussed in the article.
9. Garikipati, (2002) in his study paper entitled ‘Resettlement sites of

Narmada valley project’. Study was selected three resettlement sites namely
such as, krit, kani and kapi for the study purpose. These sites are located in the
baroda city of Gujarat. Study was based on primary and secondary sources of

data. Household survey method was used to collect the primary data regarding
the socio – economic impacts of Sardar Sarovar project in these resettlement

sites. A major result of the study indicates that the size of land holding was
reducing after the dis-placement of these resettled sites. This was mainly due to
the less land allotted to the displaced household compare to the promised. Poor
quality of land was also allotted in fragmented manner to some household. After
displacement some household were become landless.
10. Goel, (2003) in his article entitled ‘Environment impact of water resources
projects in India’. Article highlights the adverse and beneficial environmental

impacts of water resources projects in India. Article concluded that the benefits
accrued from large river valley projects are so immense that they substantially
outweigh the cost of immediate human and environmental disruptions. On the
other hand, long – term adverse effects of not utilizing the water resources would
be catastrophic, due to recurrence of floods, droughts and the resulting

unemployment, which further increased highly populated developing countries;
like India.
11. Panigrahy’s (2003)in his article entitled ‘Tehri the valley of dust’ to
highlight the environmental impact due to hydroelectric projects. He suggested
that if the environmental problem of a Hydroelectric project is not dealt properly

than there is a long term impact on the surrounding area. He emphasized that
even hydroelectric projects are not free from environmental problems. Project
authorities should take adequate steps during construction and also after
construction to implement the guidelines, stipulated by the government to

safeguard environmental problem. The article entitled as, “Tehri the Valley of
Dust,” ( 2003) outlines the environmental crises arising out of the construction
of the Tehri Dam.

12. Goel, ,(2004) in his article entitled ‘Environmental issues related to

hydropower and river valley projects in India’. Article also pinpointing the vital
need of large storage projects in India. Central theme of the article reveal that,
the water is becoming scarcer in India due to bulging population ; but the
environment activism and biased media reporting are creating large scale
obstructions in the execution of hydro projects. Article stressed that non -
development of water storage projects is not viable or available option; due to
the large temporal variations in river flows in Indian monsoonal climate.

Medium and small water projects as well as water harvesting schemes cannot
substitute the need of large water storages but can at best complement the larger
project.
13. Dodeja et al. (2005) in their thesis entitled on’ India Sagar Project
‘had discussed the specific reference and efforts in prediction management and
mitigation of environmental and social consequences. The project would the

biggest in India on its completion in terms of its storage capacity. Due to its
tremendous water holding capacity it will provide water to all the downstream
projects i.e. Omkareshwar project and Maheshwar project in Madhya Pradesh

and Sardar Sarovar in Gujrat. Big storage scheme on the one hand takes care of
monsoon and on the other, also entail environmental consequences .
14. Tiwari, (2007) in his article entitled ‘Role of Nathpa – Jhakri hydro
power project in the economic development of Himachal Pradesh’. The study
also highlights the status of socio – economic development of project affected
families in comparison to state capital Shimla and kinnaur district as well as the
average at state level. Study was concluded that the status of socio – economic
development of project affected people was better not only in comparison to the
people of Shimla and kinnaur district but also in respect of the average at state

level. Measurement of development index in all the districts of Himachal
Pradesh including NJPC project affected area revealed that in terms of overall
socio – economic development the NJPC project affected families were placed
at the top position.
15. Sharma, et al., (2008)In his thesis ‘Case study on the Role of
environmental impact assessment and public involvement in sustainable
development of hydro – power projects in the mountains of the Beas valley in
Himachal Pradesh’. Major objectives of the study were to carry out the
perception survey of the local communities to know their demographic and socio
– cultural features surrounding to Pārbati stage – II and III hydro power projects
; to know the awakening level of environmental impact assessment and

participation of local people in public hearings and to find some preliminary
ways to minimize widening gaps between project authorities and local
communities to strengthen these project further in mountain environment. In

order to fulfill these objectives, a perception survey was conducted with the help
of structured questionnaire in two phases in 25 villages affected by Parbati, stage
II and III hydro projects. Study was using the secondary sources of data from
various departments to support and strengthen the primary information. Study
was focus mainly on the Parbati stage II and III hydro – power project, located
in Parbati valley of kullu district. Total sample size of study was 251 household,
166 households from parbati stage – II and 95 households from stage – III. Major
result of the study reveals that there were very few people familiar with
environmental impact assessment and participated in public hearings.
16. Nayak, (2010)in his thesis entitled ‘Big Dams and protests in India : A
study of Hirakud Dam’. Study examines the movement against the construction of

the Hirakud dam in Orissa. Study also highlights the study of world commission on
Dams report 2000. That found, the large dams display a high variability in
delivering predicted performances and related social benefits with a considerable
falling short of physical and economic target of extensive socio – economic and
environment impacts. Study also found, Hirakud dam project has failed on all of its
objectives – flood management, hydropower production, irrigation and navigation.
Its socio – economic impact has been devastating. Study emphasizes the need for
built the large dams in developing country like India. Due to it remains a necessary
development option for providing water and energy resources to Populations in
developing countries that are in crisis. But large dams should only be constructed
after the assessment of environmental and social issues and where project
authorities, Contractors and consultants have a legal responsibility to follow
whatever contractual conditionality’s are necessary to implement the project as
intended. The process of dam building should be based on a though analysis of
alternatives. Efforts for alternative dam site should be identified on the same river
to fulfill the same objects with least social, cultural and environmental impacts.
17. Raina, et. Al., (2010) conducted a case study on the topic entitled
‘Rehabilitation and Resettlement and socio -economic development in Chamera
hydropower project stage – 1’. Study described about silent feature of project site,
requirement and principles of R&R, national policy on R&R for project affected
families – 2003 and objectives of the policy. Study also described about various
socio – economic development and rehabilitation grant provided by the national
hydro power co -operation to the project affected families. Study concluded that,
NHPC is framing its own R&R policy, which is under finalization stage. The policy
has been drafted on the basis of national R&R policy, considering all the points /
possible adverse of displacement. Every care and sincere efforts have been taken to
provide best and practical packages to the affected people so that they can live their
normal life. NHPC adheres to its commitment to the socio – economic development
of affected families by the construction of various basic infrastructure facilities.
Ladies welfare Association of concerned project is playing a leading role in the
uplift Ent of poor and needy people adjoining the project areas.

18. Yadav and Rajput, (2011) conducted a study on the topic entitled
‘Crisis in energy and prospect in hydro power in India’. Main objectives of the
study were, to evaluate the condition of power sector in terms of installed capacity
and forecast demand of electricity in India; to identify and discuss the potential of
hydro power in India and explain the barriers in the hydro power supply and try to
find out the solution of energy crisis in potential of hydro power. Study was used
secondary source of data to work out the installed capacity; forecast demand of
electricity and potential of hydropower in India. Data was collected from central
electricity authority and Indian national hydropower association for the period
between 1970 -71 to 2004 – 05. Study find that total installed capacity of electricity
generation in power sector of India has been increased more than fifty times since
independence. Similarly, the electricity production and consumption has been also
registered an impressive growth rate. Demand forecast for electric power indicate
that in coming decade electricity demand in India will be rise many more time
compare to its present level. Therefore, study emphasizes the need for develop more
renewable sources of energy particularly hydro – power energy. This will be very
help full in meet out the growing demand for electric power by exploding unutilized
hydro power potential of the country.
19. Kodan, et. Al., (2011) in his study thesis entitled ‘Electricity
consumption and development with reference to the Indian states’. The main
objectives of study were to examine the role of electricity in development and to
examine the disparity of par capita electricity consumption in selected states. Study
was made some hypotheses regarding the electricity consumption in India as: per
capita electricity consumption is significantly associated with the development and
in Indian states the disparity of per capita electricity consumption exists. Study was
based on secondary sources of data. That was collected from government of
Haryana statistical abstract, 2008 and national human development report, 2001.
Simple regression equation model was applied to examine the impact of electricity
consumption on development. Chi square was employed to find out the disparity in
per capita electricity consumption in the different state of India during 2006. After
analysis of the data study found that the state of Punjab rank first in per capita
electricity consumption and Bihar at last. In case of HDI, Kerala rank first and Bihar
at last. Study found that the co – efficient of correlation between per capita
electricity consumption and human development was positive statistically
significant. The chi square result indicates that the disparity of par capita electricity
consumption in different state exists. Thus, government of India should develop the
sustainable and low environmental hazard electricity capacity and should reduce
the transmission and distribution losses with the help of good techniques and man
power and further should ensure the timely and adequate supply of electricity.
20. Sharma, (2011) made a unique attempt to study the ‘Strategies for
technical sustainable development of hydro power project in the mountain
environment by adopting participatory approach’. Study was selected the Parbati

stage II (800 MW) and Parbati III (520 MW) hydro power project for study purpose.
These two projects are constructed on Parbati basin in Kullu district of Himachal
Pradesh. Major approach was employed to know that local community suggestion
for mitigating the adverse impact during construction period. The perception survey
of family heads in different identified 37 effected villages was done to know the
suggestions of peoples for strengthening these projects in the mountain
environment. Total 573 households were identified and surveyed out of which 442
affected by Parbati stage -II and 131 by Parbati stage -III. Major finding of the study
revealed that preventive measures must be used to minimize negative impact and
to maximize positive impact of the project. Affected peoples had given suggestions
to strengthen these projects in the mountain environment. Affected peoples had
demanded reasonable compensation for their damaged land and felled trees. They
were also not satisfied with the compensation as they get. They were also demanded
job to every one person in a family direct affected by project. Study concluded that,
in order to minimize the adverse impact and maximize the benefits from hydro –
power projects in hilly areas like Himachal Pradesh; participation of local
community and local administration in every process of project planning and
construction is very important. Study emphasized the need of more sophisticated
technology for the development of hydro power project in India and Himachal
Pradesh by different Government agencies, N.G.O., researcher’s and project
developer etc. Beside this, many publications, and articles are available on the
environmental impact and other aspects concerning to hydro power projects in India
and Himachal Pradesh. But there are few studies, that have been conducted in the
direction of socio-economic impact of hydro-power projects in Himachal Pradesh
with respect to its impact on land use pattern, production, productivity, assets
formation, gainful employment, income, poverty, saving, investment, and
consumption expenditure etc. The mountain environment in order to meet out the
growing demand of energy. It will also not affect the frazil environment adversely.
Study also emphasized the need to built small and mini projects compare to large
hydro power projects. This is due to fact that small project are more environment
friendly and have low impacts on the local environment.
21. Abdulla’s (2012)in his paper entitled “Socio-Economic Analysis of

the Operational Impacts of Shiroro Hydropower Generation in the Lowland Areas
of Middle River Niger” focused on the socio-economic analysis of the operational
impacts of Shiroro hydroelectric power generation dam in the lowland areas of
middle river Niger in Nigeria. He observed that more than thirty years since the
conception and impoundment of water at Kanji over river Niger a number of action
or inaction capable of altering the socio-economic profile of the riparian
communities around the lowland areas of middle river Niger in Nigeria have taken
place. The study therefore designed and administered a close-ended pre-coded

instrument to conduct a survey of the dam affected communities located in the study
area. The data harvested were analyzed using the Principal Component Analysis
(PCA). The Result obtained shows that the economic engagements of the riparian
communities have been distorted. This is noticeable especially on both fish
biodiversity and ecosystem with a resultant loss of fish-species. There is a dismal
fall in productivity of small holder farmers and fishermen occasioned by avoidable
flooding.
Conclusion
The foregoing literature review reveals that majority of the studies Have
emphasized on the developmental status of hydro power in different Regions and
only a few of them tries to focus on socio-economic and Environmental impacts,
and Labors situation in Hydroelectric Power plant and the survey of researches so
far conducted, underscores the fact that the major thrust of research has been
conceptual Rather than empirical. Various aspects of the problems taken by The
authors received serious consideration. A general framework, However, is still l to
be developed in order to fil l the existing Research status encompassing the findings
of various researches.

A Study on Hydro electric power plant : special reference to Hidkal-dam
Chapter -3
Background of the study

A Study on Hydro electric power plant : special reference to Hidkal-dam
Hydroelectric Power in India
India is blessed with many rivers fed from rainfall. Location of Great
Himalayas has an important role in water resources of India. From Pamir’s in north-west
to tri-junction of India, China and Burma in the east, the Great Himalayan range is drained
by a multitude of streams and rivers. All great peaks of Himalayan Mountains are covered
with snow. Snow/glaciers melt during hot months (March to June) and give large summer
flows in Himalayan Rivers like Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra and their tributaries. Water
is one of the nature’s best renewable gifts in India, which can be harnessed for cheap power
generation. Hydro power potential of India is estimated at 84000 MW (at 60% load factor).
While water is a state subject, electricity is a subject in concurrent list. Development of
hydro power in India is governed by Indian Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 and its
amendment Indian Electricity Act, 2003. India has close to 100 hydropower plants above
25 MW, plus nine pumped storage stations. Hydropower’s share in the electricity mix has,
however, been decreasing over the years, accounting for around 10 per cent of generation,
with the majority (80 per cent) coming from thermal generation. India is 5 th globally for
installed hydroelectric power capacity. As of 31 March 2020, India’s installed utility-scale
hydroelectric capacity was 46,000 MW, or 12.3% of its total utility power generation
capacity. Additional smaller hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4,683 MW
(1.3% of its total utility power generation capacity) have been installed. India’s
hydroelectric power potential is estimated at 148,700 MW at 60% load factor. In the fiscal
year 2019–20, the total hydroelectric power generated in India was 156 TWh (excluding
small hydro) with an average capacity factor of 38.71%. The hydroelectric power plants at
Darjeeling and Shivanasamudra were established In 1898 and 1902, respectively. They
were among the first in Asia and India has been a dominant player in global hydroelectric
power development. India also imports surplus hydroelectric power from Bhutan. Small
hydropower, defined to be generated at facilities with nameplate capacities up to 25 MW,
comes under the ambit of the Ministry of New and Renewable energy (MNRE); whilst
large hydro, defined as above 25 MW, comes under the ambit of Ministry of Power . Koyna
Hydroelectric project is the largest completed Hydroelectric Power plant in India , with a
power capacity of 1969.

A Study On Hydroelectric Power Plant : Special reference to Hidkal-dam
RIVER SYSTEMS IN INDIA
For re-assessment of hydro power potential, India has been divided into 6 major river
systems, viz. Great Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Central River System, East Flowing Rivers of
Southern India and West Flowing Rivers of Southern India. Great Indus Basin has 6 major rivers:
Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej draining Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and
Punjab. Basin receives major runoff from rainfall occurring during monsoon season (July to
September). It also experiences heavy precipitation as snow in upper reaches during winter season
(December to March). This is why most of the rivers of this basin are perennial with wide variation
in monsoon and non-monsoon season.
HISTORY OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
Pace of progress of hydro power development up to independence was rather tardy. In

early years; electricity supply was organized by private enterprises. Apart from passing certain
regulatory and control measures, government did not evince any direct interest in power
development. It was only during the First World War, when government’s attention was focused
on the need to develop water power. By 1930s, provincial governments adopted the policy of
development of power projects (particularly hydro power) under public ownership. As a result,
there was significant development of hydro power in the two decades after the end of 1st World
War. However, the pace of growth of power facilities was greatly affected by the 2nd World War
(1935-45) and the abnormal post-war conditions that followed. Electric supply in India had early
beginning, when 130 KW hydroelectric power station at Sidrapong (Darjeeling) in West Bengal
was commissioned on 10th November, 1897 to provide domestic power to a hill station for the
benefit of British settlement (Varma and Jatena, 1997). In 1913, a hydro power station was set up
in Uttar Pradesh mainly to provide construction facilities for building a weir.

In 1915, Kopili hydro power station was set up by Tatas in order to provide power
Supply to Bombay and for industrial purpose. Indian Industrial Commission, while Reviewing the
industrial development of the country during 1916-18, emphasized On the need for detailed survey
to enable systematic development of water-power Resources.-Several state governments took keen
interest in hydro power Development. These states were Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Punjab (Himachal), Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, which installed 245 MW, 107 MW,
96 MW, 50 MW, 30 MW, 23 MW and 3 MW respectively by the Independence Of the Country.
After independence, coordinated plans of power development Were drawn under successive five
year plans by National Planning Commission. During 1950 to 1970, a number of multipurpose
projects (Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud Dam, Koyna Dam etc.) with hydro power as important
components were executed. During 1970 to 2000, hydroelectric projects were executed by various
public sector Companies of central government. 690 MW Salal (J&K), 540 MW Chamera-I (HP),
480 MW Uri-I (J&K), 1500 MW Nathpa Jhakri (HP)etc. 1200 MW Sardar Sarovar(Gujarat), 1000
MW Tehri (Uttarakhand) etc. .were set after 2000. Since 2000, Private sector also started its role
in hydro power sector development and Projects like 86 MW Malana -II (HP), 192 MW Allain
Duhangan (HP), 300 MW Baspa-ll (HP), 1000 MW Kaarcham Wangtoo (HP), 400 MW Vishnu
Prayag (Uttarakhand) etc. As a result, remarkable progress has been made in last 7 five Year plans.
Aggregate hydro installed capacity, which was merely 508 MW in 1947, Has now (2012) increased
to 38990.4 MW (from schemes with station capacity up To 25 MW). The largest hydro installed
capacity is under construction. State Sector (62.8%) followed by Central Sector, (30.6%) and
Private Sector (6.6%). Another 13332 MW hydro installed capacity is under construction.
The Department of Power
The Ministry of Energy under which the power sector falls located the Department Of
Power. Earlier all the relating matters came under the Ministry of Irrigation and Power which could
no longer remain integrated. All national responsibilities in Formulation and promotion of power,
coordination of relation between the Centre And States, research and development of
nonconventional sources of energy to Generate power such as solar and tidal energy are assigned
to this department, Which is headed by a Secretary and four Joint Secretaries to advise the ministry
on Matters regarding investment and expenditure in the Central sector.

A Study on Hydroelectric Power Plant : Special reference to Hidkal-dam
Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
In 1979, with the setting up of a separate Department of Power, the CEA became a full time
body dealing with national policy planning. A technical wing of the center is regarded to power;
all major projects require its clearance. It thus helps not only in developing a national power policy
and formulating the plans of power development but also through its technical evaluation of
projects, ensures use resources to their optimum level. The CEA is headed by a Chairman who is
assisted by five full time members. The organization is divided into six different wings. All major
projects above one crore need the technical clearance of this agency.
Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)
In 1969, the REC was set up as a public sector undertaking with the main object to finance
rural electrification projects and promotion of rural electrical co-operatives, followed the
guidelines laid down by the Department of Power with the help of the Commercial Banks and the
Agriculture Re-finance and Development Corporation, it has helped finance large scale
agricultural programmes in connection with energisation of pump sets. In 1978-79, it revised its
programme from the earlier aim of rural electrification in the national average. Today, its special
attention is on the development of backward and tribal areas. It also took up the task of helping the
SEBs, drawing up feasibility schemes and implementing them in these a local areas.
Regional Electricity Board (REB)
There are five REBs set up through a government resolution in 1964, to deal with
power on the next administrative level:
❖ Northern: Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, Chandigarh and Delhi.
❖ Western: Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Goa, Daman and Diu, Dadra and nagar
Haveli.
❖ Eastern : Bihar, Orissa, Sikkim and West Bengal
❖ Southern: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry.

❖ North-Eastern: Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.
The Boards help to determine the power available for inter-state transfer and also
formulate the pricing policy for sale and exchange of power between states. They have increased
the functions with the setting up of the interim Load Dispatch Centre’s, which collect system
operation data, prepare the daily generation schedules as well as monthly reports on the regional
level. They also coordinate power exchange during emergencies .
State Electricity Boards (SEBs)
The major responsibility for power generation and distribution rests with the state
governments who have established, in most cases. Electricity Boards to deal with this sector, under
the Electricity Supply Act, 1948. Today SEBs exists in all states, except in some North-East areas
and UTs,to account for nearly two-third of the electric power generation in the country. Most of
the SEBs are headed by full time chairman and two full time members in charge of technical and
financial aspects of the Boards under the Electricity Supply Act, the SEBs were charged with the
following general duties:
• To arrange, in accordance with the generating company or generating companies,

if any, operating in the states, for the supply of electricity that may be required
within the state and for the transmission and distribution of the same in the most
efficient and economical manner with particular reference to those areas which are
not for the time being supplied or adequately supplied with electricity.
• To supply electricity as soon as practicable to a licensee or other person requiring
such supply, if the Board is competent under this Act to do so.
• To exercise such control in relation to the generation, distribution and utilization of
electricity within the state as is provided for under or by this Act.
• To collect the data on the demand for and the use of electricity and to formulate
coordinated perspective plans for the generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity within the state.
• To prepare and carry out schemes for transmission, distribution and generation for
promoting the use of electricity within the state.
• To operate the generating stations under its control in coordination (With other
agencies).
• To collect the data on the demand for and the use of electricity and to formulate
coordinated perspective plans for the generation, transmission and distribution of
electricity within the state.
• To prepare and carry out schemes for transmission, distribution and generation for
promoting the use of electricity within the state.

• To operate the generating stations under its control in coordination with other
agencies). SEBs: Financial Performance .
Important Organizations Associated in Hydroelectric Power Generation in

India
S.No Name of Organizations No of schemes under Total installed

control capacity in
(MW)
1 WAPCOS(Water and power 71 17419

Consultancy services limited)
2 NHPC(National Hydroelectric 43 2135

Power Corporation)
3 NEEPCO(North Eastern 18 4915

Electric Power Corporation
limited)
4 HPSEB(Himachal Pradesh 10 1685

State Electricity Board)
5 SJVN(Satluj Jal Vidyut 2 2065

Nigam)
6 KPCL(Karnataka Power 5 830

Corporation limited)
7 UJVNL(Uttarakhand Jal 6 2301

Vidyut Nigam Limited)

Total 162 50560
Source: Ministry of Power, Govt of India, 2021
Top 10 Hydroelectric Power stations of India (above 25 MW Capacity)

S.No Name of project LC Target Actual % of
generation generation Actual
(MU) (MU) over target
1 Nathpa Jhakri 1500 6800.00 7099.00 104.4
2 Teesta 1200 5300.00 6043.00 114.04
3 Bhakra L&R 1379 4550.00 5435.99 119.47
4 Kharcham 1000 4131.00 4361.44 105.58
Wangtoo
5 Salal 690 3500.00 3632.16 103.78
6 Kol Dam 800 3055.00 3221.41 105.5
7 Tehri 1000 3000.00 3040.27 101.34
8 Dehar 990 2950.00 2993.31 101.47
9 Uri 480 2900.00 2986.37 102.98
10 Teesta V 510 2700.00 2829.83 104.81
Source : Hydro performance data, ministry of Power 2020-21

Hydroelectric power in Karnataka

The hydroelectric projects of Karnataka Power Corporation Limited are built mainly
across rivers Kaveri (Cauvery), Sharavathi, Kali, Krishna, Tungabhadra and their tributaries. The
total installed capacity of KPCL is 8846.305 MW.
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (or KPCL) is a company owned by the government
of Karnataka, and is engaged in the Service of generating electrical power in the state of Karnataka
in India. The modes for generation of electric power are hydroelectric, thermal, diesel, gas, wind
and solar. The company was started on 20.07.1970 due to a vision of the Karnataka government
for separate entities for generation and distribution of electric power. This was done, long before
world bank dictated power sector reforms were initiated in early 21st century in India. Karnataka
Power Corporation Limited began its journey with a humble beginning in 1970. With an installed
capacity of 746 MW (1970), it has expanded its capacity to 8738.305 MW (2019).
Hu Revenue of Rs.77442 Million in 2019 as compared, to Rs.1.30 Million in 1971, speaks volumes
about KPCL’s progress.
KPCL has 34 dams (including the main, pickup and saddle dams) and 24 power stations
across the state with power production capabilities ranging from 0.35 MW to 1035 MW.
. Shivanasamudra Falls is a waterfall in Mandya District of the state of Karnataka. The state
established its first hydroelectric power plant at Shivanasamudra, across the River Kaveri in 1902.
Some main hydroelectric projects of Karnataka
• Shivanasamudra, Shimsha on Cauvery river Gerusoppa,

• Linganamakki, Sharavathi, and Mahatma Gandhi hydropower station on
Sharavathi river.
• Supa, Nagajhari, Kadra and Kodasalli on Kali river.

• Varahi and MariKanive on Varahi river.

Hydroelectric Power generation stations in Karnataka

Name of the Stations Year of Capacity
Commissioning (MW)
Almatti Dam(Bijapura) 2004-2005 290.00
Gerusoppa 240.00
2001-2002
(Uttarakannada)
Ghataprabha (Belagavi) 1992 32.00
Jog(Shimoga) 1949-1952 139.20
Kadra(Uttarakannada,) 1997-1999 150.00
Kalinadi (Uttara kannada) 1979-1984 855.00
Supa(Uttarakannada) 1985 100.00
Kodasalli
1998-1999 120.00
(Uttarakannada)
(Linganamakki )
1979-1980 55.00
(Shimoga)
Munirabad(Vijayanagara) 1962-1965 28.00
Sharavathi(Shimoga) 1965-1977 1035.00
Shivanasamudra(Mandya) 1922-1934 42.00
Varahi(Shimoga) 1989-2009 460.00
Bhadra(Chikkamagaluru) 1965 26.00
TB Dam(Vijayanagara) 1957-1964 36.00
Hampi(Bellary) 1958-1964 36.00
Source : Ministry of Power, Govt of India 2021
Rani Channamma University Vidyasangama , Belagavi

Conclusion
Total hydro potential in India can be divided into five major region of the country as
Northern (30155 M.W. Hydro potential), Western (5679 M.W.), Southern (10763 M.W.), Eastern
(5590 M.W.) and North-eastern (31857 M.W.). Western region of the India have been utilized more
than 60 per cent of its total hydro potential that is highest percentage of hydro power utilization
compare to the other region. Other side, north-eastern and northern region has been only utilized
5 and 27 per cent of its total hydro potential respectively.
The conceptual analysis of hydro electric power in India and Karnataka reveals that there
are vast potentials of hydro development, yet only a small proportion of this could be developed
so far the hydropower generation in India is controlled through the various organizations and in
Karnataka state the Hydropower power generation is controlled by KPTCL (Karnataka power
transmission corporation limited) . which is owned by Government of Karnataka. In Karnataka
there are total 14 Hydroelectric Power stations Under KPCL .

Chapter -4
Profile of the study Area

History of Belagavi
Headquarters in North Karnataka. It houses the second legislative building, Where the
Karnataka Legislature will meet once a year. According to the 2011 Census Of India, it has a
population of 4,778,439 of which 24.03% live in urban Areas,[2] making it the second most
populous district in Karnataka (out of 30), After Bangalore.[3] The district has an area of 13,415
square kilometers, and is bounded On the west and north by Maharashtra state, on the northeast by
Bijapura District, on the East by Bagalkote District, on the southeast by Gadaga District, on the
south By Dharwad District and Uttara Kannada districts, and on the southwest by the state Of Goa.
Belgaum is the Divisional Headquarters of North Karnataka The ancient name of The town of
Belgaum was Venugrama, meaning Bamboo Village. It is also called as Malnad Pradesh. The most
ancient place in the district is Halsi; and this, according to Inscriptions on copper plates discovered
in its neighborhood, was once the capital of a Dynasty of nine Kadamba kings. It appears that from
the middle of the 6th century to About 760 the area was held by the Chalukyas, who were succeeded
by The Rashtrakutas. After the break-up of the Rashtrakutas power a portion of it survived In the
Rattas (875–1250), who from 1210 onward made Venugrama their capital. Inscriptions give
evidence of a long struggle between the Rattas and The Kadambas of Goa, who succeeded in the
latter years of the 12th century in Acquiring and holding part of the district. By 1208, however, the
Kadambas had been Overthrown by the Rattas, who in their turn succumbed to the Yadav’s of
Devagiri in 1250. After the overthrow of the Yadav’s by the Delhi Sultanate (1320), Belgaum was
For a short time under the rule of the latter; but only a few years later the part south of The
Ghataprabha River was subject to the Hindu rajas of Vijayanagara. In 1347 the Northern part was
conquered by the Bahmani Sultanate, which in 1473 took the town of Belgaum and conquered the
southern part also. When Aurangzeb overthrew The Bijapura sultans in 1686, Belgaum passed to
the Mughals. In 1776 the country was Overrun by Hyder Ali of Mysore, but was taken by the
MadhavraoPeshwa with British Assistance. In 1818 it was handed over to the British East India
Company, and was made part of the district of Dharwad. In 1836 this was divided into two parts,
the Northern district becoming Belgaum.
Yadur is situated beside Krishna river, there is famous veerbhadra temple. Many Devotees
visit this place from Karnataka and Maharashtra. Hooli is one of the oldest Villages in Belgaum
district. There are many Chalukya temples in the village and the ‘Panchaligeswara temple is very
famous. Kittur in Belgaum district is a place of historical importance. Rani Channamma of Kittur
(1778–1829) is known for her resistance to British rule. The British had a sizable infantry post
here, having realized the military Importance of its geographic location. It is one of the reasons for
Belgaum’s Sobriquet The Cradle of Infantry. Development of a rail network for the movement of
Resources and later troops was one of the means employed by both the British East India Company
and the British to exert control over India. Belgaum’s railway station, The Mahatma Gandhi

Railway Station was established by the British. A signboard Declaring the sobriquet can be seen
hung on Platform 1 at the station.
Demographics
According to the 2011 census Belagavi district has a population of 4,779,661, roughly
equal to the nation of Singapore or the US state of Alabama. This gives it a ranking of 25th in India
(out of a total of 640).The district has a population density of 356 inhabitants per square kilometer
(920/Sq. mi). Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 13.38%.There were 969
females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 73.94%. 25.34% of the population lives in
urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 12.08% and 6.22% of the population
respectively. Hindus are the biggest religion in the district with 84.49% of the population. Muslims
are the second-largest with 11.06% and Jains are 3.73% At the time of the 2011 census, 68.40% of
the population spoke Kannada, 18.70% Marathi and 9.79% Urdu as their first language .
Education
Belgaum district is a home to three universities: Visvesvaraya Technological University,

Rani Channamma University, Belagavi and KLE University. Also, it has a nine engineering
colleges, two medical colleges, two dental colleges, 15 polytechnics, 7 Indian system of medical
colleges, and 180 degree colleges.
History of Hukkeri
In 1327, Mohammed bin Tughluk appointed an Amir here. It is known that Hukkeri and the
area around it was under the command of fateh bahadur, a dictator of the dynasty, and in 1502 it

was taken over by Yusuf Adil Shah, the Sultan of Bijapura. During his time, Ain-ul-Mulk Jilani
built Hukkeri’s fortress, palace, and water fountains. In 1542, he along with the Buran Nizamshah
of Ahmednagar opposed the Sultan of Bijapura. But, he once again befriended the Shah of Bijapura
after Buran Nizamshah was defeated. He was then given the kingdom of Kittur. After Ain-ul-Mulk
Jilani, his brother Fateh Mulk occupied the throne. Subsequently, in 1569, Ranadullakhan of
Bijapura and his son Rustam Zaman came to power in 1616. After that, Abdul Qadar took the
control of Hukkeri.
Demographics
As of 2011 India census,[4] Hukkeri had a population of 25014. Males constitute 51% of
the population and females 49%. Hukkeri has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the
national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 55%. In Hukkeri, 14% of
the population is under 6 years of age.
Hukkeri Rural Electric Co-operative society Ltd (HRECS)
The Hukkeri Rural Electric Co-Operative Society Ltd is the First Rural Electric Co-
operative Society to be registered in India.[citation needed] Hukkeri Society is one of the last
surviving epitomes of the co-operative movement in India.[citation needed]. The Society is daring
all odds as amidst L74% IP set consumption, the highest ever for any distribution areas in the state,
without receiving any subsidy from the Government.[citation needed] Whole of Hukkeri Taluk
and some villages of Belgaum, Gokak and Chikkodi taluks are serviced by Hukkeri Rural
Electricity Co-operative Society. HRECS covers an area of 30.00 km2, with a population of over
4Lacs. The organization has five zones which are called as
Hukkeri (East)
Hukkeri (West)
Sankeshwar
Yamakanmardi
Hidkal Dam
Hukkeri Society is the only Rural Electric Cooperative Society in the state of Karnataka
serving about 83,000 consumers in Hukkeri, Taluka,Sutagatti and Maranahole villages of Belgaum
taluk, Kamatyanatti of Chikkodi taluk and water supply works of Mallapur village in Gokak taluk.

The organization was formed as a co-operative society under the Karnataka Co-operative
Societies Act, 1959 as one of the five pilot Rural Electric Co-operative Societies (RECS)
established on 21-07-1969 through Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (REC), New Delhi,
as per the decision of Government of India and based on sponsorship from United States Agency
for International Development (USAID) in collaboration with National Rural Electric Cooperative
Association (NRECA), of the United States of America. Initially, the Government of Karnataka
(GoK) granted the license for distribution of electricity to the Society on 12-10-1970. Since then,
the Society is engaged in the distribution of electricity to Hukkeri Taluk. Thereafter, Karnataka
Electric Regulatory Commission (KERC) was constituted under the Karnataka Electricity Reforms
Act, 1999. The Society was granted the license initially for a period of five years, in October, 2001
thereafter, KERC, by its order No L/1/06 dated 14 November 2006 for a period of twenty five (25)
years from 19 October 2006.
History of HIDKAL-DAM
. Hidkal is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India. According
to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Hidkal village is 597617. Hidkal
village is located in Hukkeri taluk of Belgaum district in
Karnataka, India. It is situated 16km away from sub-district headquarter Hukkeri
(tehsildar office) and 48km away from district headquarter Belgaum. As per 2009 stats,
Hospet is the gram panchayat of Hidkal village. The total geographical area of village is 625.71
hectares. Hidkal has a total population of 956 peoples, out of which male population is 492 while
female population is 464. Literacy rate of Hidkal village is
63.49% out of which 75.00% males and 51.29% females are literate. There are about 211 houses
in Hidkal village. Pin code of Hidkal village locality is 591107. Hukkeri is nearest town to Hidkal
all major economic activities, which is approximately 16km away.
Near by villages of Hidkal are : Badakundri, Yargatti, Yarnal, Hosur, Ingali, Hospet,
Chilbhavi, Aralikatti, Shindhihatti, Nadigudiketra , Hattialur, Hunnur etc.
Hidkal dam Village is known for a Dam which is also called as Raja lakhamagouda Dam the dam
constructed across the Ghataprabha River in the Krishna River basin. It is situated at Hidkal village
in Hukkeri Taluk of Belagavi district in North Karnataka, India. The dam with the height of 62.48
metres and 10 Vertical Crest Gates, impounds a large reservoir with a gross surface area of 63.38

Square kilometers’, and storage capacity of 51.16 Tmcft. It is an earthen and masonry dam which
caters to the Irrigation needs for over 8,20,000 acres, and Hydel power generation. It is constructed
as a part of the Ghataprabha Irrigation project which completed in three phases and finished in
2009. The dam is named after Raja Lakhamagouda the philanthropist of Vantamuri.

A Study On Hydroelectric power plant : special reference to Hidkal dam
Hidkal village is also known for its education purpose, HDP High school is one of best
school in Belgaum district. which is in Hidkal village. HDP High School HIDAKAL DAM was
established in 1969 and it is managed by the Pvt. Aided. It is located in Rural area. It is located in
HUKKERI block of BELAGAVI CHIKKODI district of Karnataka. The school consists of Grades
from 8 to 10. The school is Co-educational and it have an attached pre-primary section. The school
is N/A in nature and is not using school building as a shift-school. Kannada is the medium of
instructions in this school. This school is approachable by all weather road. In this school academic
session starts in April.
Tourist Attractions in Hidkal village
1. HIDKAL-DAM Garden
The garden in Hidkal dam is maintained by Horticulture department , it is full of

lush green, and it is also a small children park it is very beautiful and clean and it is located
beside the river.

2. Hunnur fort
Hunnur fort is located on a hill that overlooks Hidkal reservoir. There is water on 3 sides
and the view is amazing. We won’t get entire view from one spot, will have to walk a bit. Hunnur
fort, also referred to as Hunnurgad is made of mud and stones Centuries ago. Hunnur fort has
withstood nature but shows signs of aging.
3. Hunnur inspection bungalow
Hunnur inspection bungalow is a best place to view a Hidkal dam back water it is situated
on top of the mountain it is made for government staff. It is one of the highly visited place by
tourists In Hidkal dam.

A Study On Hydroelectric power plant : special reference to Hidkal dam
4. Hunnur Vittal temple
The Hunnur Vittal temple is also one of the tourist attraction near Hidkal village it is built
in the year in the year 1928 and the temple was submerged in Hidkal dam in 1975 the temple is
submerged for 10 months in a year, and rest of 2 months it can be seen for the devotees, due to
the reason of summer season.
5. Badakundri Hollemma devi temple
Badakundri Hollemma devi temple is situated beside Hiranyakeshi river and also it is near
to Hidkal dam, and many devotees visit this temple and also the devotees visit from Maharashtra
it is a very old temple .

Social structure of Hidkal Village
As per available data from the year 2009, 956 persons live in 211 house holds in the village
Hidkal. There are 464 female individuals and 492 male individuals in the village. Females
constitute 48.54% and males constitute 51.46% of the total population.
There are 225 scheduled castes persons of which 111 are females and 114 are males.
Females constitute 49.33% and males constitute 50.67% of the scheduled castes population.
Scheduled castes constitute 23.54% of the total population. There are 24 scheduled tribes persons
of which 13 are females and 11 are males. Females constitute 54.17% and males constitute 45.83%
of the scheduled tribes population. Scheduled tribes constitute 2.51% of the total population.
Population density of Hidkal is 152.79 persons per square kilometer.
Land and natural resources in Hidkal
Total area of Hidkal is 625.71 Hectares as per the data available for the year 2009. Total
sown/agricultural area is 0.6 ha. About 0.6 ha is un-irrigated area. About 625.11 ha is covered by
barren and un-cultivable land.
Transportation
The Hidkal dam Village can be connected by Public bus services via Hukkeri taluk,
Chikkodi taluk ,Belagavi district , Sankeshwar, and Hattargi towns, also there are 2 railway
stations one is Paraknatti railway station which is 3 to 4 Kms away from Hidkal dam Village
another one is Pachapur railway station which is 6 to 7 Kms away from Hidkal dam Village also
it can be connected by Airlines which is 60 Kms away from Hidkal dam Village.

A Study On Hydroelectric Power Plant : Special reference to Hidkal-dam
Chapter-5
Results and Discussions
Rani Channamma University Vidyasangama , Belagavi

A Study On Hydroelectric Power plant : special reference to Hidkal-dam
This chapter contain the information based on the primary data which I have conducted
through Questionnaire by interviewing 50 Respondents, who work in Hydroelectric Power plant
of Hidkal dam which explain the situation of workers in Hydroelectric Power plant and process of
Hydroelectric power plant I have conducted this survey under Hydroelectric Power plant through
labours and workers of different section of Hydroelectric power plant .
Table No - 1 Gender
S.No Classification Frequency Percentage %
1 Male 47 94
2 Female 3 6
3 Transgender 0 0
Total 50 100
Source: Primary Data
Figure - 1 Gender
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Male Female Transgender
Frequency Percentage
The above table shows that out of 50 Respondents 47% respondents are male and 6%
respondents are female in Hidkal dam Hydroelectricity power plant there Is majority of male
workers and the reason for less majority of female workers is because of Rural area and High Risk
of Danger Etc.

A Study On Hydroelectric Power plant : Special Reference To Hidkal-dam
Table No - 2 Age
Serial no Classification Frequency Percentage
1 18-30 years 10 20
2 30-40 years 20 40
3 40-50 years 15 30
4 50 years above 5 10
Total 50 100
Source : Primary Data
Figure - 2 Age
20
15
10
5 Percentage
0
18-30 Years 30-40 Years 40-50 Years 50 Years above
Percentage
The above table shows that the age of workers in Hydroelectric Power plant out of 50
Respondents 20% of Workers age is between 18-30 Years 40% of workers age is 30-40 years and
30% of workers age is 40-50year the workers are hired as per their experience as per their
qualification.

Table No - 3 Caste
Serial. No Classification Frequency Percentage

1 SC 15 30
2 ST 20 40
3 OBC 11 22
4 Others 4 8
Total 50 100
Figure -3 Caste
SC ST OBC Others
In the given above table out of 50 Respondents there are 30% of SC Caste Workers and 40%
ST Caste Workers and 22% of OBC Caste Workers 8% Of Other caste workers. The Workers are
placed as per the government reservation laws.

Table No - 4 Education Qualification

1 Illiterate 0 0
2 Primary 0 0
3 Secondary 15 30
4 Higher 35 70
Total 50 100
Figure - 4 Education Qualification
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Illiterate Primary Secondary Higher
Percentage
Out of 50 Respondents there are 30% of respondents have secondary (PUC) Qualification
and 35% Of respondents have Higher level (UG/PG) Qualification and there are no Illiterates or
Primary Education Qualifiers because the workers in Hydroelectric Power plant are hired on the
base of Qualification on a particular Degrees.

Table No - 5 Work Experience

1 1-3 years 7 14
2 3-6Years 14 28
3 6-9Years 24 48
4 9Years above 5 10
Total 50 100
Figure - 5 Work Experience
9 Years above
6-9Years
3-6 Years
1-3Years
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Percentage
In Hydroelectric Power plant out of 50 Respondents of workers there are 14% of workers 1
to 3 years of experience and 28% of workers have 3 to 6 years of experience 48% of workers have
6-9 years of experience and 10% of workers have above 9 years of experience.

Table No – 6 Working Section

Serial No Classification Frequency Percentage
1 Engineer office 4 8
2 Supervisor 16 32
3 Maintenance worker 27 54
4 Attender 10 20
Total 50 100
Figure - 6 Section of workers
The above table shows that out of 50 Respondents 8% of workers are working in Engineer
Office 32% of workers are working as Supervisor 54% of workers are working as Maintenance
Workers and 20% of workers are working as attenders Hence the workers in Hydroelectric Power
plant are hired as per working process requirements .
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Classification Engineer office Supervisor Maintenance Attender
Frequency worker
percentage
Series1 Series2

Table No -7 Vehicle Facilities

1 Office Vehicle 18 36
2 Personal Vehicle 14 28
3 Government Buses 18 36
4 Others 0 0
Total 50 100
Figure - 7 Vehicle Facilities
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Classification Engineer office Supervisor Maintenance Attender
Frequency worker
percentage
Series1 Series2
In the above given table out of 50 Respondents 36% of workers use Office Vehicle Facilities
and 28% of workers use personal Vehicle 36% of workers use the Government Buses to come
daily for a Job. The office Vehicle (Hydroelectric Power plant vehicle)is used only by a Head
officers remaining peoples use their own vehicle or Government Buses to come daily for a job.

Table No - 8 Working Hours

1 6 Hours 0 0
2 7 Hours 15 30
3 8 Hours 32 64
4 9 Hours 3 6
Total 50 100
Figure - 8 Working Hours
6 Hours 7 Hours 8 Hours 9 Hours
In the given above table out of 50 Respondents 30% of workers work for 7 Hours 64% of
people work for 8 Hours only 6 % of people work for 9 hours , in Hydroelectric power plant
Maximum working hours are 8 hours but some times the workers may work for Over time(OT) .
or for any other Situations ,also in Hydroelectric Power plant the workers work shift wise.

Table No - 9 Work type

1 Full time 33 66
2 Part time 9 18
3 Internship student 8 16
Total 50 100
Figure - 9 Work type
Internship student
Part time
Full time
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
In the given above table out 50 Respondents 66% of workers are full time workers 18%
of workers are part time workers 16% of workers are Internship students, in Hidkal dam
Hydroelectric Power plant the Technical students(Engineers, Diploma,ITI) are Trained in form of
Internship for a particular Time.

Table No -10 Internship Certificate issue For Students

1 Yes 50 100
2 No 0 0
Total 50 100
Figure - 10 Internship Certificate for Students
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No
Series1 Series2
The given above table shows that in the Hydroelectric Power plant the students who are
working as Interns for their training for them the Hydroelectric Power plant issue the give the
certification of working in Hydroelectric Power plant. For a particular Time.

Table No - 11 Facilities for Workers In Hydroelectric Power plant

1 Water 25 50
2 Food 0 0
3 Toilet 12 24
4 Others 13 26
Total 50 100
Figure - 11 Facilities for workers
Water Food Toilet Others

The given above table shows that what all facilities are given to workers of Hydroelectric
power plant and workers out of 50 responded that what all facilities are given in Hidkal dam
Hydroelectric Power plant the water facility, toilet facilities, others facilities like Ambulance
facility etc. are given for workers.
Table - 12 Salary of Workers

1 10,000-20,000 29 58
2 20,000-30,000 12 24
3 30,000-40,000 6 12
4 40,000 above 3 6
Total 50 100
Figure - 12 Salary
30
25
20
15
10
0
10,000-20,000 20,000-30,000 30,000-40,000 40,000 above
Series1 Series2

The given above table shows that In Hidkal dam Hydroelectric Power plant out of 50 58%
of workers get10,000-20,000 of salary and 6% of workers get 40,000 above salary in Hidkal dam
Hydroelectric Power plant the salary is given according to their section and as per their work.
Table - 13 Salary for Right time for Workers

1 Yes 43 86
2 No 7 14
Total 50 100
Figure - 13 Salary For Right time to workers
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Yes Yes
In the given above table shows that does the workers get salary for right time or no out of
50 Respondents 86% of workers says that the salary will get right time for people and 14% of
people said the salary is given by right time because due to some of their work issues.

Table No – 14 Compensation Funds For Workers For Injuries

1 Yes 41 82
2 NO 9 18
Total 50 100
Figure - 14 Compensation Funds For Workers
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
No Yes
The given above table shows that Weather the Compensation Funds For Injuries are provided
or not Out of 50 Respondents 82% percentage of workers said that the Compensation Funds are

provided for the workers for certain injuries and 18% Percentage of people said that the funds are
not provided because the compensation funds are not provided to all injuries and the reason of
delay in sanctioning the compensation funds.
Table No - 15 Dangerous Scenarios faced by Workers in Hydroelectric

Power plant

1 Short Circuit 11 22%
2 Accident 14 28%
3 Fire & Explosion 16 32%
4 Food Poisoning 9 18%
Total 50 100%
Figure - 15 Dangerous Scenarios faced by Workers
Chart No 15
Short Circuit Accident Fire& Explosion Food Poison

The given above table shows that in Hydroelectric Power plant the out of 50 Respondents 32%
of workers are facing danger of Fire & Explosion and 18% of workers are danger of Food
Poisoning, the workers are facing the dangerous scenarios as per their work issues, but the workers
are aware about dangerous situations and they work carefully .
Table No - 16 Protection materials for workers

1 Glouse 19 38
2 Helmet 7 14
3 Shoes 13 26
4 Others 0 0
5 All of the above 11 22
Total 50 100
Figure - 16 Protection materials for workers
20
15
10
0
Glouse Helmet Shoes Others All of the
above

The given above table shows that in Hydroelectric Power plant what all protection materials
are given to workers to protect them by certain dangerous scenarios, out of 50 Respondents the
protection materials are given to workers a per their working sections and working situation .
Table No - 17 Beneficiary Village’s from Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric

Power plant

1 2 9 18
2 3 5 10
3 4 15 30
4 More than 4 21 42
Total 50 100
Figure- 17 Beneficiary Village’s from Hidkal-dam

More than 4
0 5 10 15 20 25
Percentage Frequency
The above table shows that How many villages are beneficiary from Hidkal-dam
Hydroelectric Power plant out 50 Respondents 42% of have told that more than 4 Villages are
beneficial from Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power plant. And rest of them told various answers, but
by study we come to know that more than 4 Villages are beneficial from Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric
Power plant. For certain reasons, it is very helpful to local people.
Table No - 18 Hidkal dam Hydroelectric Power plant is advantage or

Disadvantage ?

1 Advantage 32 64
2 Disadvantage 18 36
Total 50 100
Figure - 18 Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power plant is advantage or

Disadvantage

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Advantage Disadvantage
The given above table shows that the opinion of workers on Hidkal dam Hydroelectric power
plant out of 50 Respondents maximum 64% of workers said that ,The Hidkal dam Hydroelectric
Power plant is advantage and 36% of workers especially local workers said that The Hidkal dam
Hydroelectric Power plant is Disadvantage because for this project the some villages have been
displaced and till today they won’t have all basic facilities correctly.
Table No - 19 Benefits for Local people from Hidkal-dam

Hydroelectric Power Plant

1 Employment 17 34
2 Electric facility 23 46
3 Transportation 10 20
4 Others 0 0
Total 50 100

Figure - 19 Benefits From Hydroelectric Power plant
Employment Electric facility Transportation Others
The given above table shows that How many benefits does local people get from Hidkal-
dam Hydroelectric Power plant out of 50 Respondents Maximum 46% of people said that Electric
Facilities and 20% of people said that transportation facilities , therefore the given above all
benefits from Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power plant are used by Hidkal-dam surrounding people.
Table No - 20 Benefits for Local people From Hidkal-dam

1 Irrigation 12 24
2 Drinking water 18 36
3 Electric power 12 24
4 All of the above 8 16
Total 50 100

Figure - 20 Benefits of Hidkal-dam
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Classification Irrigation Drinking water Electric power All of the
above
Series1 Series2 Series3
The given above table shows that the benefits for local people from Hidkal-dam out of 50
Respondents 36% of people said that Drinking Water is the main benefit for local people from
Hidkal-dam, the given all above benefits Irrigation, Drinking Water, Electric power etc.benifits are
taken by people from Hidkal-dam the Irrigation and Drinking Water are the main objective of
Hidkal dam.
Conclusion
The study attempted to explore, situation of workers in Hydroelectric Power plant of Hidkal-
dam and advantages and disadvantages from Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power plant to local
people the analysis of 20 figures and 20 tables shows that the process of Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric
Power plant and the situation of workers in Hydroelectric Power plant. Socio economic status of
workers of Hydroelectric Power plant . according to respondents (workers ) the provides which
are given to them are better and the Hidkal-dam and Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power project is
advantage to society but also it has snatched the thousands of people’s life, the majority of
respondents are neutral about The Hydroelectric Power projects.


CHAPTER -6
SUMMARY OF THE REPORT
Introduction
These chapter is based on primary data , in these chapter we can see the features of study
topic which are called as findings there are many findings in Hydroelectric Power plant the major
the study describes about Hydroelectric Power plant and the situation of workers in Hydroelectric
Power plant and Hidkal-dam advantages and disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power plant and the
facilities given for workers in Hydroelectric Power Plant. The findings are found in field work of
study area the findings are key to suggestions and findings tell that how briefly we have studied
on our study topic.
Findings-

➢ Ghataprabha Hydroelectric Power Project 32MW of capacity, it is a major

project.
➢ In Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power plant there are 2 units
➢ There are 2 Turbines in Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power Project.
➢ The Operating Company of Hidkal dam Hydroelectric Power Project is KPCL
(Karnataka Power Corporation limited).
➢ There are more than 50 workers in Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power plant.
➢ The workers work as per their shift time
➢ In Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric power plant there are 94% of Male workers
➢ In Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric power plant there are only 6% of Female workers
➢ There is a lack of Government transport facilities to reach Hidkal dam
Hydroelectric Power plant.
➢ The workers of Hydroelectric Power plant are faced by many dangerous
situations.
➢ The Workers are provided the protection materials as per their working sections.
➢ The workers in Hydroelectric Power plant are divided into sections.
➢ HIDKAL-DAM Hydroelectric Power plant is Benefit to local people it
generates the employment. And it gives various benefits to local people.
➢ Hidkal Dam Hydroelectric Power project is also disadvantage to some people,
they have been displaced from their home town and still they are not able to
meet the basic facilities.
➢ The surrounding farmer’s have irrigation facilities from Hidkal-dam and also
they are facing flood situations during heavy Rainy Seasons.
➢ The Hidkal-dam on Ghataprabha River is also called as life of Farmers of
Belagavi and Bagalkote Districts .
➢ 38% of Helmet facilities are given to Workers in Hydroelectric Power plant.
Suggestions-
We here discuses regarding the problems of Hydroelectric Power plant of Hidkal Dam
providing the reliable suggestions and comprehensive planning. The following issues are
involving in both planning and development of Hidkal dam Hydroelectric Power plant.
❖ The Transportation Facilities to Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power plant should be

done for the workers also for public.
❖ The some Restrictions for entry of Hidkal-dam should be done less for the public
to know about the history of Hidkal dam.

❖ The good Environment is the key to develop, so the premises of Hydroelectric

Power plant should be maintained Cleanly and Neatly.
❖ The old Monuments of Hidkal-dam or a Historical places should be maintained and
note should be mentioned for the particular monuments to make them to know for
public.
❖ The workers should maintain the laws and rules of a Power plant .
❖ The safe protection materials should be provided to workers of the Hydroelectric
Power plant.
❖ The Health Facility for Workers should be done near by the Hydroelectric Power
plant or Surrounding premises of the Hydroelectric Power plant.
❖ The Compensation Funds to Injuries should be given in time for injured workers.
❖ The allotted facilities from the government for Hidkal Dam must be done quickly
and sustainably without rising problem for public .
❖ The People who are Displaced for the reason of Hidkal dam project must be
facilitated by basic Infrastructure.
❖ The Information of Hidkal-dam and Hydroelectric Power plant must be given
accurately for public through media’s and other sources.
❖ Emergency plans must be done for various scenarios arising from natural
calamities.
❖ The Female employees also should be hired at least in office work.
Conclusion
Hydropower projects plays important role in generating electricity with minimum costs.
Moreover , these hydropower project generate good revenue and these projects also have
significant contribution for the development of the nation, but its adverse impact on human being,
Although hydropower projects generate power to our nation but construction of Large size hydro
power projects affected people very adversely. To Mitigate the impact of hydropower projects, the
preparation and implementation of a Rehabilitation and Resettlement Action plan by team of
experts must be developed and Implemented seriously and honestly. Moreover, an emphasis on

construction of small Hydropower projects should be given in future. Professional Social Work
Intervention at Individual, families and community level can address the problems and issues of
Project-affected families to great extent. Therefore, the concerned authorities should use The
potential of professionally trained social workers by creating job positions at various Levels.
The study has shown that present situation of workers in Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power
plant and the some facts about HIDKAL-dam , A case study on Hydroelectric Power plant of
Hidkal dam conclusion can be given like this :
The Hidkal-dam Hydroelectric Power plant has been producing power from since 1992,
the Hydroelectric Power plant of Hidkal-dam has given a lot of benefits to local people, by
generating the employment, meeting the facility of electricity, and more than 50 workers work in
Hydroelectric Power plant and also the Hidkal-dam has given Irrigation facilities for 2 districts of
Karnataka one is Belagavi and another one is Bagalkote and also drinking facilities, by this the
public have taken many advantages and even workers have good facilities in Hydroelectric Power
plant but the maintenance of surrounding premises are not done correctly and the allotted
resources for Hidkal-dam are not used timely and correctly .
The Findings of Case study of Hydroelectric Power plant of Hidkal dam can be said like
this that The Hydroelectric Power plants is Advantage and also Disadvantage to public the benefits
are also taken by public and also some people’s life can be exploited, the large no of people can
loss their House’s, Lands, Properties , and the people have been displaced, and the large amount
of land remained unused the forests are destroyed, but also it is a low cost renewable energy source
and helpful For Development of Country.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
✓ Hydro Performance data,(2020 – 2021)
✓ KPCL Annual Report (2021)

✓ Preliminary Feasibility Report (2021) Government of India, Central electricity

Authority
✓ Singh, N (2003) Hydroelectric Potential of the riverine resources of Garhwal
Region. In Ram Prakash Man Science and Environment.
✓ Singh. M (2012), Hydro power potential of India, Electrical India.
✓ Tilt, B., Braun, Y. and Daming, H. (2008) Social impacts of large dam projects:
A comparison of international case studies and implications for best
Practice, Journal of Environmental Management.
✓ World Atlas and Industry Guide(2011)The International Journal on
Hydropower and Dams .
✓ Vajpayee, Atal Bihari (2003), 50,000 MW Hydro Electric Initiatives, Ministry
Of Power, Govt, of India.
✓ Economic Survey, (2011-12), Economic and Statistics Department Karnataka.
✓ Dodeja S.K. et.al (2005), Environmental Sustainability in large Dam Projects :
A Case of Indira Gandhi Sagar Project (1000 MW) on River Narmada.
✓ Garikilpati, Supriya (2002) Resettlement Sites of Narmada Valley Project,
Economic and Political Weekly.
✓ Internet Reference/ Websites
✓ Google
✓ www.shodhganga.Inflibnet.ac.in
✓ https://www.statista.com
✓ Wikipedia
✓ https://www.swapdial.com

Rani Channamma University

Vidyasangama ,Belagavi
Questionnaire on
A Study on Hydro Electric power plant : Special
reference to
HIDKAL DAM
1. Name :
2. Gender :
A) Male ( )
B) Female ( )
C) Transgender. ( )
3. Age :
A)18-30Years. ( )
B) 30-40Years ( )
C) 40-50 Years. ( )
D) 50 above. ( )
4. Caste :
A) SC ( )
B) ST. ( )
C) OBC ( )
D) Others ( )

5. Qualification:
A) Illiterate ( )
B) Primary ( )
C) Secondary ( )
D) Higher ( )
6. From how many years do you work in this Hydroelectric

Power plant?
A) 1-3 Years ( )
B) 3-6 Years ( )
C) 6-9 Years ( )
D) 9 Years above ( )
7. In which section do you work ?

A)Engineer Office ( )
B) Supervisor ( )
C) Maintenance Worker. ( )
D) Attender ( )
8. There are how many units in this Hydroelectric Power plant?

A) 2 ( )
B) 3 ( )
C) 4 ( )
D) More than 4. ( )
9. There are how many turbines in this Hydroelectric Power plant?
A) 1 ( )
B) 2 ( )
C) 3 ( )
D) More than 3 ( )
10. Which type of Hydroelectric power project is this?

A)Major. ( )
B) Micro (Small). ( )
11. Which is the operating company of this Hydroelectric power
Plant ?
A) National Hydroelectric Power Corporation. ( )
B) Karnataka Power Corporation limited. ( )
C) North East electric power Company. ( )
12. How do you come daily for a job?
A) Office Vehicle ( )
B) Personal Vehicle ( )
C) Government Buses ( )
D) Others ( )
13. How many Hours do you work in a day?
A) 6Hours ( )
B) 7Hours ( )
C) 8Hours ( )
D) 9Hours. ( )
14. Do you work as a :
A) Full time ( )
B) Part time ( )
C) Internship student. ( )
15. If you are internship student do you get any certificate or
Salary:
A) Yes. ( )
B) No. ( )
16. What all facilities do you get in working Hours in Hydroelectric
Power plant
A) Water. ( )
B) Food. ( )
C) Toilet. ( )
D)Other facilities ( )

17. How much salary do you earn from this job?

A) 10,000-20,000Rs. ( )
B) 20,000-30,000Rs ( )
C) 30,000-40,000Rs ( )
D) 40,000above ( )
18. In which form do you get a salary?

A) Cash ( )
B) Cheque ( )
C) Direct transformation to Bank account ( )
19. Do you get salary for right time?
A) Yes. ( )
B). No. ( )
20. Do you get any extra funds during festivals like, :
A) Bonous. ( )
B) Extra payment ( )
C) Nothing
21. Do you get any pensions, or extra salary, compensation funds,
If you get injury in working Hours ?
A) Yes. ( )
B) No ( )
22. What all dangerous things do you face while working in

Hydroelectric Power plant ?
À) Short Circuit ( )
B) Accidents ( )
C) Fire & Explosion ( )
D) Food Poisoning. ( )

23. Do you get Protection materials like :

A)Glouse ( )
B) Helmet. ( )
C) Shoes. ( )
D) Others ( )
E) All of the above ( )
24. How many villages are beneficiary from this Hydroelectric
Power plant?
A) 2. ( )
B) 3. ( )
C) 4 ( )
D) More than 4 ( )
25. What is your thought about Hydroelectric Power Plant ?
A) Advantage ( )
B) Disadvantage ( )
26. What all benefits does local people get from Hydroelectric
Power plant?
A) Employment. ( )
B) Electric Facilities ( )
C) Transportation ( )
D) Others ( )
27. What all benefits does local people get from Hidkal-dam?
A) Irrigation ( )
B) Drinking Water ( )
C) Electric power ( )
D) All of the above. ( )

28. How many villages are beneficiary from Hidkal-dam Hidkal-

dam
A) 2 ( )
. B) 3. ( )
C) 4. ( )
D) More than 4 ( )
29. Any Suggestions for development of Hydroelectric power plant
of Hidkal-dam
A)
B)
C)
D)


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A study on Hydroelectric power plant : special reference to Hidkal-dam

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama , Belagavi

Meaning of hydro electric power

Hydroelectric Power Historical Background

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi

Advantages of Hydro electric power plant

1. It is clean and sustainable.

2. It is a very flexible resource.

3. It stabilizes the power grid by preventing intermittency.

4. It reduces the risk of flooding.

5. It helps reclaim marshy areas.

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama , Belagavi

6. It enhances tourist areas and water sports.

8. Water carries huge amounts of energy.

Disadvantages of Hydro electric power plant

1. It Has an Environmental Impact. Perhaps the largest disadvantage of hydroelectric

4. There are Limited Reservoirs.

5. There are Droughts.

6. It’s Not Always Safe.

Economics of Hydro power

Hydropower is the cheapest way to generate electricity today. No other energy

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi

Objectives of the Hydroelectric Power plant

1. To reduce green house effect .

Objectives of the study

Hypotheses of the study

1. There is a continuous sustainable development in Hydroelectric power plant .

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama , Belagavi

Secondary data : Have been collected from the following resources

• Annual report of Central electricity authority (CEA) .

Limitations of the study

• Interviewing the Workers separately is difficult due to the disturbance of workers

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi

Chapter – 2 Review of Literature

Chapter – 3 Background of the study

Chapter – 4 Profile of the study Area

Chapter – 5 Results and Discussions

Chapter – 6 Findings, Suggestions , Summary ,and Conclusion

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama , Belagavi

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi

1. Goyal and Bharadwaj, (1992) in his article entitled ‘environmental aspects of

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama , Belagavi

2. Naidu, (1994) in his article entitled ‘Environmental aspect of chamera hydro

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi

people as a community where people get an opportunity to regain previous standard

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama , Belagavi

through indirect and secondary impacts.

7. Srivastava and Goel (2000), in their article entitled, “Measures

flow, wild life conservation, management of aquatic life, water quality

public health are the facts discussed in the article.

8. Srivastava and Goel (2000), in their article, “Measures for

of structure, rehabilitation, storage of reservoir, silt deposition, stream flow, wild

are the facts discussed in the article.

9. Garikipati, (2002) in his study paper entitled ‘Resettlement sites of

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama, Belagavi

the socio – economic impacts of Sardar Sarovar project in these resettlement

displacement some household were become landless.

projects in India’. Article highlights the adverse and beneficial environmental

be catastrophic, due to recurrence of floods, droughts and the resulting

that if the environmental problem of a Hydroelectric project is not dealt properly

construction to implement the guidelines, stipulated by the government to

of the Tehri Dam.

Rani Channamma University, Vidyasangama , Belagavi