CHAPTER 7

CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Stimuli: - The change in the surrounding through which organism react or respond is
called stimuli.

Response The reaction of the organism to the stimuli is called response.

Control and coordination in plants

The plants coordinate their behavior against stimuli by producing hormones. There are
mainly four types of plant hormones called phytohormones involved in the control and
coordination of plants are:-
1. Auxins (Growth Hormone)
(i) They promote cell differentiation and cell enlargement in plants.
(ii) They promote the growth of the fruits.
2. Gibberellins
1. They promote cell enlargement and cell differentiation in the presence of Auxin.
2. They help in breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds.
3. They also promote growth of the fruits.
3. Cytokinins
(i) They promote cell division in plants.
(ii) They delay ageing of leaves.
(iii) They promote the opening of stomata.
4. Abscisic acid(ABA)
(i) They promote the dormancy in seeds and buds.
(ii) They promote the closing of stomata.
(iii) They promote the wilting and falling of leaves.
Q. How auxin promotes the growth of stem:-
(a) Around the support
(b) Towards the light

Ans : Auxin is present on the tip of the stem:-

a) When stem touches a support auxin shifts to another side so that part grows more
and promotes the growth of the stem around the support.

b) When stem get light from one side so auxin shift to shady side and shady side grows
more and promote the growth of stem towards light.
 Plant movement

Plant cannot move from one place to another they can only move their parts or organs
in response to light,gravity,water etc. Generally, these movements are growth movements.
Plant movements are of two types:-
(a) Tropic movement
(b) Nastic movement

A. Tropic movement

A growth movement in which plant part response to the stimulus and direction of
response is determined by the direction of stimulus is called tropic movement.
If the growth movement is towards the stimuli is called positive tropism.
If growth movement is away from the stimuli is called negative tropism.
Tropic movements are of five types:

(i) Phototropism
The movement of plant parts in response of light is called phototropism.
Eg:- Movement of stem towards the light is positive phototropism and movement of
root away from light is called negative phototropism.
(ii) Geotropism
The movement of plant part in response to gravity.
Eg: Growth of roots towards gravity is positive geotropism and growth of stem
away from gravity is negative geotropism.
(iii) Hydrotropism
The movement of the plant in response to water is called hydrotropism.
Eg: Roots always move towards water.
(iv) Chemotropism
The movement of the plant parts in response to chemicals is called chemotropism.
Eg: Growth of pollen tube towards ovule during fertilization.
(v) Thigmotropism
The movement of the plants parts in response to touch is called thigmotropism.
Eg: Movement of tendril around a support.
B. Nastic movement
The movement of a plant part in response to stimuli in which direction of response is
not determined by the direction of stimuli is called nastic movement.

Eg:-
 (i) The folding of the leaves of the sensitive plants (Memosa pudica or touch me not) on
touching.

(ii) Opening of the petals of the dandelion flower in morning light and closing in the
evening.

Q How movement occurs in the leaves of the sensitive plant?

Ans: Sensitive plants has pad like swelling called pulvini at the base of the each leaves which
contains lots of water. When we touch the leaves the water is lost from the pulvini. So, they lose
their firmness and fold.

Q Design an experiment to show hydrotropism?

Ans: Apparatus required

Two glass trough, two sapling, clay pot, water, soil

Procedure

We take two glass trough A and B fill both of them two third with soil .we plant one
sapling in both of them and place one clay pot in trough B .Water the soil in trough A but not in
trough B .We fill clay pot with water. We place this arrangement for some days. After few days
we dig up the sapling carefully without damaging their roots. The roots of sapling A are straight
but the roots of sapling B are bent.

Reason

The roots of sapling in trough A get water from all the sides. So they develop straight
towards gravity. In trough B water comes out of the clay pot and moist soil around it. The roots
in the trough are in dry soil. So, in search of water they bent towards the clay pot.
 Control and Coordination in Humans:

Receptor

A cell or a group of cell presents in a sense organ which is sensitive to the stimuli like
heat, light,pressure, etc is called receptor.

Effector
A body part which given response to the stimulus is called effector.
In human beings control and coordination is done by two systems together Nervous system and
Endocrine system.

A. Nervous system
(i) The functional unit of nervous system is neuron or nerve cell.
(ii) It is the longest cell of the body.

➢ Neuron

It has three components:

(i) Cell body- It is also called cyton or soma like other cells. It also contains cytoplasm and
nucleus.
(ii) Dendrite- They is short fibers stretched out of the cell body. They are more in number.
They receive stimulus from the sense organ or other neuron and pass it to the cell body.

NERVE CELL (OR NEURON)

(iii) Axon- It is a single, long fibre stretched out the cell body. It is covered by an insulating
and protective sheet of myelin. It takes nerve impulses from the cell body and passes it
to another neuron through a junction called synapse.
  SYNAPSE.

A functional and microscopic gap between two neurons over which nerve impulse pass
while going from one neuron to another neuron is called synapse.

One the basis of function neuron is of three types:

i. Sensory neuron

It transmits impulse from receptor to the central nervous system.

ii. Motor neuron

It transmits impulses from central nervous system to the effector.

iii. Relay neuron

It links sensory and motor neuron in the central nervous system.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

(It includes Brain and Spinal cord) (It includes all type of Nerves)

Voluntary Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System

1. Central nervous systems (CNS)

(i) Brain

It is present inside the skull in a bony box called cranium. It is surrounded by three
membranes called meninges. They are filled with the fluid called cerebrospinal fluid which
prevents brain from mechanical shocks.
 Brain has three parts

(i) Fore brain

It is mainly consists of cerebrum. All the voluntary action like thinking, memory,
talking, reasoning, etc are coordinated by fore brain.

(ii) Mid brain

It controls reflex movement of neck, head, eye, muscles, change in pupil size
and shape of the eye lens.

(iii) Hind brain

It has three parts

(a) Pons - It regulates respiration.

(b) Cerebellum-It controls postures and balance of body.
(c) Medulla-It controls involuntary action like heart beat, blood, pressure,
breathing, etc

(ii)Spinal cord

It is a cylindrical structure in continuation of medulla and extends downwards. It

is enclosed in bony cage of vertebral column. It is surrounded by membranes called
meninges .31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord.

Function:

-> It controls reflex actions.

->It conducts nerves impulse to and from the brain.

2. Peripheral nervous system

It includes all the nerves of the body. On the basis of position, nerves are of three types:
Cranial nerves:
They arise from the brain and spread throughout the head.
Spinal nerves:
They arise from the spinal cord and connected to the external body organs.
Visceral nerves:
They arise mostly from the spinal cord and some from the brain and are connected to
internal body organs.

Note:All these nerves carry both sensory and motor neurons.

Peripheral nervous system is of two types:

(i) Autonomic nervous system

This system controls the different activities of the body without thinking about
them.
(ii) Voluntary nervous system
The system which needs thinking and we do knowingly are controlled by
voluntary nervous system.
(iii) Reflex action and reflex arc

Actions which are performed suddenly and automatically are called reflex action
and pathways taken up nerves impulses in reflex action called reflex arc.
 B. Endocrine system

A group of endocrine gland which produces various hormones is called endocrine system.

(i) Endocrine glands

Glands without duct and secrete its products i.e. hormones directly into the
blood are called endocrine glands.

(ii) Hormones:

The chemical substance which coordinates growth and other activities of the
body are called hormones.

Characteristics of hormones

• They are secreted in small amount.

• They are directly secreted into the blood and blood carries them to all the parts of the
body.
• The site of production is away from the site of action.
• They coordinate growth and other activities of the body.
• They act on specific tissue or organ called target organ.

Note: pancreas, testes and ovary are called compound or composite glands as they act as both
endocrine and exocrine glands.

Q. How secretion of hormones is regulated in humans?

Ans. Secretion of hormone is regulated by feedback mechanism.

Feedback mechanism

External stimuli

CNS

Hypothalamus

+ive Pituitary gland -ive

feedback feedback
Less Thyroid gland More

Thyroxine hormone

Regulate metabolism of carbohydrate fat protein

 Name of Hormone
Position Function
Gland

Hypothalamus Present in Releasing or inhibitory Regulate the secretion of pituitary glands.

brain hormone
1

Pituitary Just below Growth hormone Control growth by development of muscles & bones.
2 Gland the mid Its deficiency causes dwarfness and its more
brain amounts make a person very tall or giant.
Control the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and
3 Thyroxin Hormone protein. This hormone contains Iodine, Deficiency of
Thyroid gland Attach to Iodine cause Goiter in which neck swells.
wind pipe

Parathyroid Four in Parathormones(PTH) Regulate the level of calcium & phosphate in blood.
Gland number &
4 are
embedded
in thyroid
gland

5 Thymus Gland Present in Thymus Hormone Develop immune system of the body.
lower part
of neck
6 Pancreas Below the (i) Insulin It lowers the blood glucose level. Its deficiency
stomach causes diabetes in which blood sugar level increases.

(ii) glucagon It increases blood glucose level

.
7 Adrenal gland Two in no Adrenaline It is secreted in more amounts during frightening
present in situation. It increased heart beat, blood pressure,
kidney breathing rate etc & prepare body for action.

8 Testes Two in no Testosterone Develop male sex organs & male features like in
found only moustache, beard deep voice, broad shoulder etc at
in males. the time of puberty.

9 Ovary Two in no Estrogen, Progesterone Develop female sex organs & female features like
found only mammary glands, feminine voice, soft skin etc at the
in females. time of puberty.
Mechanism of action of adrenaline hormone
Adrenal gland (over the kidney) release

Adrenaline hormone in blood

Circulated by blood

Reaches to target organ (heart)

Heart beat fast to circulate it

Increases breathing rate Blood supply decreases to digestive

system &more blood reaches to
muscles

Enable the person to

face the situation
 Differentiate between nervous system and endocrine system

Nervous system Endocrine system

1. Made up of nerve fibers. 1. Made up of endocrine glands.

2. Messages travel in the form of electric 2. Message travel in the forms of
impulse. chemicals called hormones.
3. Message transmitted by nerve fibre. 3. Message transmitted by blood.
4. Messages travel very quickly. 4. Message travel slowly.