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Economics: Principles and Policy
Table of Contents
1. WHAT IS ECONOMICS?
12. MONOPOLY
“There shall never be one lost good! What was shall live
as before;
The evil is null, is nought, is silence implying sound;
What was good shall be good, with, for evil, so much good
more;
On the earth the broken arcs; in the heaven the perfect
round.
—Browning.
Chapter VII
Present-Day Ironsides—General Feng Yu Hsiang
China is a land full of
surprises, and at the
present day there is an
amazing variety of
individual efforts for the
regeneration of the country
by her patriotic sons and
daughters. In some ways
the chaotic political state of
China makes these
individual efforts possible
where perhaps a more
settled government would
not admit of them. For
instance, each province is
governed by a military or
civil governor, or both; and
within a province may be
found large territories
practically controlled by
some autocratic military
official, the presence of
whose army is the potent
INN LAMP. warrant for his wishes
being executed. In the
province of Hunan, roughly
speaking in the centre of China proper, is such an area, of which
Changteh is the army headquarters.
Having travelled for many weeks through districts infested with
robbers, where law and order are mainly conspicuous by their
absence, where the land is one great poppy garden for the opium
trade, it came as a shock of surprise and delight to enter a district
where we found the exact reverse of these things.
In 1918 there was fighting between the forces of the North and of
the South throughout this district, and as the Northern forces were
defeated and the City of Changteh captured by the Southerners,
General Feng was sent from the neighbouring province of Szechuan
to re-take the city. He had not only defeated the Southern Army
there, but had treated them in an entirely new way. Feng disbanded
the Southern troops after disarming them, and presented each
officer with ten dollars and each private with five dollars, so that they
might be able to return to their homes without resorting to pillage, the
source of so much sorrow in China. The General led his troops to
Changteh and found that the Southern forces had withdrawn, so that
he entered the city unopposed, though by no means with the
goodwill of the inhabitants. They were only too familiar with the
tyranny of ordinary Chinese troops; for it is not by foreigners only
that they are evilly spoken of, but by all Chinese.
In the two years which had elapsed since then this attitude was
completely changed, for the army was paid regularly and not obliged
to prey upon the habitants for sustenance, the strictest discipline was
observed, and no soldier was allowed to loaf about the streets. The
city itself underwent a wonderful purification: gambling dens, opium-
smoking halls, houses of ill repute were swept away, and theatres
transformed into schools; now a woman even can walk the streets
day or night without fear. A notice of three days to quit was given to
the above-mentioned houses, and the order was no dead letter.
Severe fines were inflicted on traffickers in opium. The streets of the
town became wonderfully clean in another sense of the word; the
General is so particular about this that if any of the army mules or
horses pass through it they are followed by scavengers in order that
no traces of their passage may remain; for as there is no wheeled
traffic and the streets are extremely narrow there are no side-walks.
There are notices in the centre of the streets with regard to the rule
of the road, but this is too recent an innovation to be quite
understood as yet. Everywhere one is confronted with signs of the
General’s determination to raise the moral of the people. When he
closed the opium dens he opened refuges for the cure of the smoker,
instead of putting him in prison, as is done in certain parts of the
North. The patient was photographed on entering and on leaving (à
la Barnardo). General Feng punishes with death the soldier proved
to have been trafficking in the sale of opium, while the civilian is
punished by being flogged and paraded bare-backed afterwards
through the streets, preceded by a notice board stating his offence.
The city gaol is the only one in the country which has a chapel and
the missionary bodies in the town have charge—a month at a time
by turns. As you pass along the streets your eye is attracted by
posters of a novel kind. They are pictures descriptive of evil habits to
be shunned: a cock is vainly sounding the réveillé to which the
sluggard pays no heed; the vain woman on her little bound feet
watches from afar the industrious woman doing her task in cheerful
comfort with normal feet, and so on. In odious contrast to these
pictures are the British and American cigarette posters to be found
all over the country, and I was told that one of the leading
Englishmen in the trade said regretfully that he thought they had
done the country no good turn in introducing cigarettes to China.
They are considered a curse by thoughtful Chinese, and at the
request of the officers, the General has prohibited the use of them in
the army, though there is no embargo on other tobacco-smoking.
A Man of Mark.
Page 158
Another noticeable feature of the city is the open-air evening
school, the sign of which is a blackboard on a wall, sheltered by a
little roof which may be seen in many an open space. When the
day’s work is over benches are produced from a neighbouring house
and school begins. The General has established over forty night
schools dotted along the five miles of the city on the river-bank,
besides the industrial schools open during the daytime. We visited
one large training school for girls and women, which he has
established and supports in order to promote industry, and to which
workers from the country districts are welcomed. They have six
months’ training and one meal a day gratis, and they are taught
weaving, stocking-making (on machines), dressmaking and tailoring,
etc., and the goods turned out find a ready market. The instructors
are all very well paid, and the work done is thoroughly good, despite
the disparaging remarks of an elderly overseer who evidently had
the conventional contempt for the Chinese woman’s intelligence.
General Feng is a firm believer in women’s education, and has
established a school for the wives of his officers, to which they come
not altogether willingly, I fear. The unwonted routine and discipline
are naturally a trial, especially to women no longer in their première
jeunesse; and despite the fact that he succeeded in persuading a
highly-trained and charming woman to come from the north to take
charge of it, there have been many difficulties to surmount. She
lunched with us one day and told us an instance of this which makes
one realize the situation: a certain lady resented the fact of her
teacher being the wife of a veterinary surgeon (lower in rank than her
husband), and disregarded her continual efforts to curb her feminine
loquacity and make her attend to her studies. Finally there was a
complete rupture between the ladies, and the unwilling pupil
indignantly left the school. The teacher pondered over this and could
not bear the thought of having quarrelled with a fellow Christian. She
determined to try and make it up, so she called upon the lady, who
refused to see her. Nothing daunted, she tried a second time, and
again the lady was “not at home,” but sent her husband to speak to
her. The teacher explained to him all she felt—he was so moved by
her appeal that he fetched his wife, a complete reconciliation took
place, and she returned to school.
The General has a short religious service in his own house every
Sunday morning for these ladies, at which he, his wife and some
officers are present, and at which he invited me to speak.
Having described in outline the changes effected in Changteh by
General Feng, it is time to try and describe the man himself and his
past life. He is tall and powerful, with a resolute, masterful air as
befits a man who is ruler of men; but his ready smile and the
humorous twinkle in his eye reassures the most timid. He was born
in 1881 in the northern province of Nganhwei, of humble parentage,
and had no educational advantages. He has amply made up for this,
however, having a keen sense of the value of knowledge and giving
to others what was not given to him. The study of English is being
eagerly pursued by himself and his officers, and he will soon pick it
up if he comes to England, as he wishes to do.
General Feng entered the army as a common soldier, and in 1900
was present (on duty), but only as an onlooker, at the Boxer
massacre of missionaries at Paotingfu. This was his first contact with
Christian people, and it made a deep impression on him. This was
strengthened by further contact with a medical missionary, who
cured him of a poisoned sore and charged nothing, but told him of
the love of God, Who had sent him to heal the sick. There is no
doubt that medical missions have been one of the best possible
instruments for winning the Chinese to Christianity, and one cannot
but regret that it is now becoming necessary to abandon the practice
of non-payment, except for the most necessitous cases, on account
of the terrible rise in prices and the lack of funds for the upkeep of
our hospitals. However, it appears to be inevitable.
The turning-point in General Feng’s life took place when he was
stationed at Peking in 1911, having already risen to the rank of
Major. He was feared and disliked by officers and men on account of
his fierce temper, which caused him to strike them when he was
angry, while his wife also had to submit to being beaten when she
displeased her lord and master in the most trivial details. There was
as complete a change in his life as in Saul’s when he obeyed the
heavenly vision. This was the result of attendance at a meeting by
Dr. Mott, and he was assigned to Bishop Morris’s care for further
teaching. The strongest influence brought to bear on him at that
time, however, seems to have been that of Pastor Liu, of the
Wesleyan Mission, who became one of his best friends. It is not easy
at the age of thirty-one to conquer an ungoverned temper and
tongue, but the fact remains that he is now adored by his troops, and
that he has never abused or ill-treated his wife (a General’s
daughter) since becoming a Christian. How difficult this is may be
judged by the fact that one of the finest characters among the
Christian Chinese clergy, Pastor Hsi, says that he found it so
impossible to conquer the lifelong habit of abusive language to his
wife that he had to make it a special matter of prayer before he could
succeed, though he was such a saint. The question of bad language
throughout the army is remarkable; an American missionary, after
spending a year constantly in and out amongst the men, said he had
heard none, for the General has a wonderful way of getting his
wishes observed, and has been instrumental in winning the bulk of
both officers and men to Christianity. He has compiled a treatise on
military service, redolent of Christian morality, which every one of his
men can repeat by heart. This treatise has been taken as the basis
of General Wu Pei Fu’s handbook (a friend of General Feng), who
quotes Cromwell’s army of Ironsides as a model for the soldier’s
imitation, though he does not profess to be a Christian! It may be
thought that the Christianizing of the army is of doubtful reality, but
this is certainly not the case; for in the first place the amount of Bible
teaching they are undergoing is far beyond what would ordinarily be
the case here at home before admitting candidates to Church
membership, and the only difficulty about this teaching is to find the
teachers necessary for such numerous candidates: they are keen to
learn about Christianity. Before baptism they have to submit to a
searching examination of their character and behaviour, and must
have an officer’s certificate to that effect. In addition each man must
sign a statement promising to spend time daily in prayer and study of
the Bible, to seek the guidance of the Holy Spirit and to obey the
teaching of the New Testament.
Nevertheless, they have been baptized by hundreds, so that
already more than a third of the army (and I think the proportion must
be much greater now, as over one hundred were postponed as being