UNIT4

SIMPLE, COMPOUND & COMPLEX SENTENCES

Objectives:
1. to identify sentence as simple or compound sentence
2. to combine independent clauses to form compound sentence
3. to recognize Adverb Clauses
4. to combine simple sentence and adverb clause to make a complex sentence
5. to write a paragraph using simple, compound and complex sentences

I. SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence has the most basic elements that make it a sentence: a subject, a verb, and a
completed thought.
Examples of simple sentences include the following:

1. Joe waited for the train.  "Joe" = subject, "waited" = verb

2. The train was late.  "The train" = subject, "was" = verb

3. Mary and Samantha took the bus.  "Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "took" = verb

4. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station.  "I" = subject, "looked" = verb

5. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station early but waited until noon for the bus.
 "Mary and Samantha" = compound subject, "arrived" and "waited" = compound verb

Exercise
Complete the following simple sentences:

1. The students and the teacher ………..…………………………………………………………………..

2. IPB ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. English ………………………………………and ……………………………………….……………
4. The teacher ………………………………… or …………………………….…………..……………
5. We …………………………………………………………………………………………………….…

II. COMPOUND SENTENCE

A compound sentence refers to a sentence made up of two independent clauses (or complete
sentences) connected to one another with a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating conjunctions are
easy to remember if you think of the words "FAN BOYS": For And Nor But Or Yet
So

Examples of compound sentences include the following:

1. Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
2. I looked for Mary and Samantha at the bus station, but they arrived at the station before noon and
left on the bus before I arrived.
3. Mary and Samantha arrived at the bus station before noon, and they left on the bus before I arrived.
4. Mary and Samantha left on the bus before I arrived, so I did not see them at the bus station.

Further examples:

For – He couldn't go home, for he had no place to go.

And – I took a taxi, and she drove home.
Nor – He didn't want help, nor did she offer it.
But – I wanted to go late, but she wanted to go on time.
Or – She cooked dinner, or she went out to a restaurant.
Yet – She owned a car, yet she didn't know how to drive it.
So – She had to go, so she called a friend to drive her.

A special use of semi-colons - the Conjunctive Adverb

Sometimes mistaken for a FANBOY, a conjunctive adverb actually joins two sentences with a semi-
colon AND has additional punctuation inside the second sentence.

For example:
I hate spinach; however, I love broccoli.
I want to graduate with honors; furthermore, I want to go to law school.
I don't want to go out tonight; besides, I have homework to do.

Some common conjunctive adverbs include accordingly, also, however, furthermore, nevertheless,
consequently, finally, likewise, and meanwhile.

Exercise 1
Complete the following sentences.

1. The dangers of smoking are well known, yet ……………………………………………………….

2. An assignment notebook helps you stay organized; so ………………………………………………
3. You will be able to see better if you sit at the front of the classroom, and…………………………..

Exercise 2
Combine the following sentences using the conjunctive adverbs.
1. Tony is an excellent student. He received a scholarship.
2. The library is a quiet place to study. Many students prefer to study at home.
3. Some rivers are endangered. Many people are working to protect them.

III. ADVERB CLAUSE

An adverbial clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adverb; that is, the entire clause modifies
a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. As with all clauses, it contains a subject and predicate, although
the subject as well as the (predicate) verb may sometimes be omitted and implied (see below).
Since they are dependent clauses, they must have a subordinating conjunction to connect them to the
other clause.

Subordinating conjunctions can be arranged according to the purpose of the clause they begin. Here are
some examples of subordinating conjunctions:

TIME after, when, whenever, until, After the chores are done, we will eat ice
before, once, while, as soon as, cream. When the clock strikes midnight, she has to
by the time, as, since leave.

PLACE where, wherever Wherever there is music, people will often

dance. If you know where they live, you can drop
in for a visit.
CAUSE & because, as, since, in order She passed the course because she worked
EFFECT that, now that, as hard. Since he has long hair, he wears a ponytail.

PURPOSE so that He took off his shoes so that he would not ruin the
carpet
CONTRAST while, whereas I was writing a letter while she was watching TV.

CONCESSION though, although, while,
whereas, even though
CONDITION if, whether or not, provided
that, in case, unless, even if,
Even though you are 13, you can’t go to that
movie. Although you gave it your best, you did not
win the match.
If you save some money, you can buy a new
game. Unless you hurry, you will be late for school.

REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES

When the subject of the main clause and the subject of the adverb clause are the same person or
thing, the adverb clause can be reduced (shortened). Reduced adverb clauses do not contain a verb or a
subject. They consist of a marker and a participle (either a present or a past participle) or a marker and
an adjective.

When astronauts are orbiting the earth, they don’t feel the force of gravity.
 When orbiting the earth, astronauts don’t feel the force of gravity.
(reduced clause with present participle)

Although it had been damaged, the machine was still operational.

 Although damaged, the machine was still operational.
(reduced clause with past participle)

Although he was nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.

 Although nervous, he gave a wonderful speech.
 (reduced clause with an adjective)

You will most often see reduced adverb clauses with the markers although, while, if, whom, before,
after, and until. Reduced adverb clauses are NEVER used after because).

Exercise 1
Complete the following sentences.
1. We must make reservations before …………………………………………………………………
2. We can swim in the pool as soon as .………………………………………………………………
3. The fireworks show will start after …………………………………………………………………
4. We study very hard so that …………………………………………………………………………
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 UNIT 4
EXERCISES

I. Simple and Compound Sentences

Exercise 1
Complete the following simple sentences

1. They ………………..………….. and ……………………………….. excellent work.

2. The teacher and the students …………………………………………………………………. .
3. The company ……………………………………………………………………………………
4. Diploma Program of IPB ……………………………………………………………………….
5. The class ………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Bogor ……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Young people …………………………… and ………………………………………………..
8. The Bogor Botanical Garden ……………………………………………….………………….
9. My mobile phone……………………………………………………………………………….
10. We ………………………………… but ……………………………………………………….

Exercise 2
Complete the following compound sentences.

1. We have never been to Australia, nor ………………………………………………………………

2. Should we start class now, or ………………………………………………………………………
3. Everyone was busy; therefore, ……………………………………………………………………..
4. I really want to go to work; however, ………………………………………………………………
5. He didn’t want to go to the dentist, yet …………………………………………………………….
6. She did not cheat on the test, for …………………………………………………………….……..
7. He turned in the research paper on Friday; otherwise ……………………………………….……..
8. The sky is clear; in addition, ………………………………………………………………………..
9. He can buy the book, or ……………………………………………………………………………
10. Cats are good pets, for ………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3
Combine the following simple sentences into compound sentences using FANBOYS or Conjunctive
Adverbs.

1. Peter drove to visit his friend. They went out for dinner.
 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Mary thinks she should go to school. She wants to get qualifications for a new profession.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. Alan invested a lot of money in the business. The business went bankrupt.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Doug didn't understand the homework assignment. He asked the teacher for help.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. The students didn't prepare for the test. They didn't realize how important the test was.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. Susan thinks she should stay home and relax. She also thinks she should go on vacation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

7. The doctors looked at the x-rays. They decided to operate on the patient.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. We went out on the town. We came home late.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. Jack flew to London to visit his Uncle. He also wanted to visit the National Museum.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. It is raining. It is very cold.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 4
Combine the following sentences into compound sentences.

Fans love to watch Anna. She dances beautifully. She is a graceful dancer. People enjoy watching her.
She hasn't taken dance lessons. She doesn't need to. Her technique is unconventional. The effect is
striking. She can fill an audience with joy. She can bring people to tears. Other dancers try to imitate her
style. They have not succeeded. She is talented. She will attract fans for many years to come.

II. ADVERB CLAUSE

Exercise 1
Complete the sentences by inserting the appropriate words.

1. _______________the speaker was sick, the program was canceled.

2. _______________ credit cards are so convenient, many people use them.
3. _______________ Mr. Crane earns a good salary, he never saves any money.
4. _______________ Rosa was tired, she stayed up late.
5. Some people arrived in taxis ______________ others took the subway.
6. ______ the automobile had not been invented, what would people use for basic transportation?
7. I won’t go _____________ you do.
8. Your heart rate increases ________________ you exercise.
9. Some people like to listen to music _____________ they are studying.
10. One train was arriving ______________ another was departing.
11. We haven’t seen Professor Hill ___________ she returned from her trip.
12. Don’t put off going to the dentist ____________ you have a problem.
13. ___________ the dean arrives, the meeting can begin.
14. ____________ he left the country, he bought some traveler’s checks.
15. She will give a short speech __________ she is presented with the award.

Exercise 2
Complete the following sentences.

1. Maxi was tired because ……………………………………………………………………………..………

2. Valerie started to work immediately after …………………………………………………………
3. I didn't speak a word of English before …………………………………………..……………………
4. He spoke slowly so that ………………………………………………………….……………………………
5. We can swim in the pool as soon as …………………………………………………………………….
6. I never knew how wonderful life could be until ……………………………………………………
7. Learning how to write is important since ……………………………….……………………………
8. Global warming will not slow down unless ………………………………………………………….
9. He looks as if ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. You should keep the milk in the refrigerator so that ……………………………………………….

Exercise 2
Complete the following sentences.

1. Whether you like it or not, …………………………………………………………………………

2. Unless you run fast, ………………………………………………….……………………………
3. Although she has a business degree, ………………………………………………………………
4. As we bought the tickets, the overture was beginning. …………………………………………..
5. Before we go on vacation, …………………………………………………………………………
6. when you get back from your trip, …………………………………………………………………
7. Wherever there is a beach, …………………………………………………………………………
8. Since my father has high blood pressure, …………………………………………………………
9. Although the ozone levels are high, ………………………………………………………………
10. While the farmers were cleaning the field, …………………………………………………………

Exercise 3
Combine the following simple sentences using..

1. My English is not improving. I am not studying enough.

 …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. Chatting online can be beneficial. It is certainly not the same as real interaction with human
beings.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. I intend to work abroad. I have finished studying.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. I will keep studying hard. I pass the exam.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5. He went to the gym. He could lose weight.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. The e-readers are popular. Most people still prefer books.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. He wasn't feeling well. He decided to stay home and not go to school.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Oil is an irreplaceable natural resource. We must do whatever we can in order to conserve it.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9. You go. I shall follow you
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. We lie beneath the stars. We realize how small we are.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exercise 4
Write a paragraph of 150 words by choosing ONE of the following topic sentence. The paragraph must
contain simple, compound, and adverb clause.

1. Global warming is a common topic these days.

2. Global warming causes environmental problems.
3. There are tough challenges associated with global warming.

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