Strength of Materials

By
Prof. K. S. N. Abhinav Kumar
 Introduction

 Engineering Mechanics
 Statics
 Dynamics
 Strength of Materials

 Statics and Dynamics – external effects on rigid bodies

 Strength of Materials – Internal effects and deformations that are

caused by applied loads
 Strength of Materials
 Application in Aerospace engineering
 Design should be capable of take the external loads without failing
 With least amount of weight
 Less cost
 Etc,

 The subject which deals with the analytical determination of

“Strength”, deformation characteristics(“Stiffness”) and
“Stability” of different members, is called “Strength of Materials”
 Strength of Materials
 Basic units
 Length – Meter – L
 Mass – Kilogram – M
 Time – seconds – T, etc.
 Derived units
 Area
 Velocity
 Acceleration
 Force
 Pressure
 Stress etc.
 Strength of Materials
 Forces
 Body forces – acts on the whole body
 Gravitational force
 Inertial force etc.
 Surface forces – acts on the surface of the body
 Frictional force
 Internal force – force developed inside the body which stops the body from
deforming
 Stress
 Stress is the Force acting at a point is defined as the force per unit
area acting at that point
 Stress = Resisting Force/Area
 Unit – Pascal or N/m-2
 Types
 Normal stress
 Tangential stress
Stress
 Stress
 Normal stress
 Tensile stress
 Compressive stress
Stress
 Stress
➢ Tangential stress - Shear stress
 Strain
 Strain is the change in dimension with respect to the original
dimension
 Strain = δL/L
 Unit – no dimension or unit less quantity
 Types of strain
 Longitudinal strain or linear strain
 Tangential strain
 Strain
 Linear strain – strain calculated along the direction of the applied
load
 Strain
 Lateral strain – strain calculated perpendicular to the direction of
applied force
Stress – Strain curve
 Types of Materials

 Ductile materials
 Undergoes large strains before rupture
 Brittle materials
 Little to no yielding before rupture
 Types of Materials

 Offset strain = 0.2%

 Elastic Constants
 Hooke's law is a law of physics that states that the force (F) needed to
extend or compress a spring by some distance (x) scales linearly with
respect to that distance—that is,
F(s)=kx
where k is a constant factor characteristic of the spring (i.e., its stiffness),
and x is small compared to the total possible deformation of the spring
 Elasticity – Property by which the material can regain its original
shape and size when the load is removed
 Works only during linear part of stress – strain curve
 Young’s Modulus, E = linear stress/ linear strain
= slope of stress – strain curve
 Esteel=200GPa
 Yield stress will change but Young’s Modulus will not change
 Elastic Constants

 Shear strain = AA’/AD

 Modulus of Rigidity, G
𝜏
 𝐺=
𝛾
τ – Shear stress
γ – Shear strain

 Slope of the curve below the elastic limit = Modulus of Rigidity

 Shear Modulus
 Elastic Constants
 Bulk Modulus
 Volumetric strain = change in volume/original volume = dV/V
 Volumetric Strain
 Uni-axial
 Bi-axial
 Tri-axial
 Relationship between E, G and K
 Volumetric Strain
 Volumetric strain = Change in volume/original volume
∆𝑉
 𝑒𝑉 =
𝑉
 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑧
Volumetric Strain
 Volumetric Strain

 𝑒𝑉
Volumetric Strain
 Volumetric Strain
 Uni-axial Loading
 Volumetric Strain

 Uni-axial Loading
 Volumetric Strain

 Uni-axial Loading
 𝑒𝑉 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑧
 Volumetric Strain

 Bi-axial Loading
 Volumetric Strain
 Bi-axial Loading
 Volumetric Strain
 Bi-axial Loading
 Volumetric Strain

 Tri-axial Loading
 Volumetric Strain
 Tri-axial Loading
 Volumetric Strain

 Tri-axial Loading
 Volumetric Strain

 Tri-axial Loading

 𝑒𝑉
 Relationship between E and K

 Tri-axial Loading
𝜎 𝜎
 Bulk Modulus, 𝐾 = → 𝑒𝑉 =
𝑒𝑉 𝐾
Relationship between E and K
 Relationship between E and K

 Compressive Loading
 Relationship between E and G
 Consider a square element undergoing shear stress
Relationship between E and G

 𝑒𝐴𝐶
Relationship between E and G
Relationship between E and G
Relationship between E, K and G
 Relationship between E, K and G

 Equating (3) and (4)

Relationship between E, K and G
Relationships between E, K and G
Relationship between applied Load and
Deformation
 Deformation

 Deformation in varying cross-section

 Conical bar

 Elemental analysis
 Deformation

 Conical bar
 Deformation

 Conical bar
 Extension of element

 Total change in length

 Deformation

 Conical bar
 Total change in length
 Deformation

 Conical bar
 Total change in length
 Deformation

 Trapezoidal bar of uniform thickness

 Deformation

 Trapezoidal bar of uniform thickness

 Elemental analysis

 Extension of element
 Deformation

 Trapezoidal bar of uniform thickness

 Total elongation
 Deformation

 Trapezoidal bar of uniform thickness

 Total elongation
 Deformation

 Elongation due to self weight

 Elemental analysis
 Deformation

 Elongation due to self weight

 Principle of Super-position

 Total elongation = sum of individual elongations

 Consider
 Principle of Super-position

 Total elongation = sum of individual elongations

 Principle of Super-position

 Example:
 Consider the following circular rod with following dimensions,
Young’s Modulus and loading. Determine the total elongation.
 Principle of Super-position

 Example: Solution
 Loading diagram
 Principle of Super-position

 Example: Solution
 Principle of Super-position

 Example: Solution
 Principle of Super-position

 Example: Solution
 Principle of Super-position

 Example: Solution
 Statically Indeterminate structure

 Simple equations of statics – solve – Determinate structures

 Solving Statically Indeterminate structures
 Deformation characteristics – compatibility equations
 Along with Simple equations of statics
 Types
 Simple statically Indeterminate structures
 Supporting common load
 Composite structures of equal length
 Composite structures of unequal length
 Simple statically Indeterminate structures

 Example
 Simple statically Indeterminate structures

 Solution
 Simple statically Indeterminate structures

 Solution
 Simple statically Indeterminate structures

 Solution
 Supporting common load

 Two or more member supporting a common load

 Example
 Supporting common load

 Solution
 Supporting common load

 Solution
 Supporting common load

 Solution
 Supporting common load

 Solution
 Composite structures of equal length

 Example
 Composite structures of equal length

 Solution
 Composite structures of equal length

 Solution
 Composite structures of equal length

 Solution
 Composite structures of unequal length

 Example

 Properties of Aluminium tube Properties of steel bar

 Composite structures of unequal length

 Solution:
 P1=load required by ‘Al’ tube to reduce in length by 0.5mm
 Composite structures of unequal length

 Solution:
 Composite structures of unequal length

 Solution:
 Composite structures of unequal length

 Solution:
 Composite structures of unequal length

 Solution: