Strength of Materials

By
Prof. K. S. N. Abhinav Kumar
 Thermal stresses

 Thermal stresses in a simple bar

 If expansion is allowed no stress

 If expansion is not allowed stress is developed

 Thermal strain = Extension prevented / original length

 Thermal stress,
 Thermal stresses

 Thermal stresses in a simple bar

 If support yields by Δ
 Thermal strain

 Thermal stress
 Thermal stresses
 Thermal stresses in a tapering cross-section bar
 Thermal stresses
 Thermal stresses in a varying cross-section bar

 Load acting on AB = Load acting on BC

 Total deformation, assuming free to expand

 Thermal stresses
 Example
 Thermal stresses
 Solution
 Thermal stresses
 Solution
 Thermal stresses
 Solution
 Thermal stresses in Composite bar
 Composite bar – two or more materials

 ε = actual strain of composite bar

Thermal stresses in Composite bar
 Thermal stresses in Composite bar
 Solution
 Thermal stresses in Composite bar
 Solution
 Total strain =
 Super-position of Thermal stresses
 Normal loading + Thermal loading
 Steps:
 Find the stresses due to normal loading before any change in temperature
 Find stresses due to thermal loading
 Add both the stresses
 Super-position of Thermal stresses
 Normal loading + Thermal loading
 Steps:
 Find the stresses due to normal loading before any change in temperature
 Find stresses due to thermal loading
 Add both the stresses
 Super-position of Thermal stresses
 Solution
 Super-position of Thermal stresses
 Solution
 Super-position of Thermal stresses
 Solution
 Factor of safety
 Working stress
 The safe stress (below the Elastic limit) to which the structural
element can be stressed is called working stress.
 Factor of safety
 Is the ratio of Elastic limit to working stress
 Used to take care of
 Unexpected loads
 Degradation

 Emergency situation
 Etc.
 Thin walled Pressure vessels
 Pressure vessels
 A hollow spherical or hollow cylindrical vessel which is
subjected to a internal pressure greater than the ambient
pressure
 Thin walled pressure vessel
 Pressure vessel with a diameter greater than 10-15 times the
thickness of the vessel
 Stress is uniformly distributed throughout the wall thickness
 Stresses in Thin walled Pressure vessels
 Cylindrical Pressure vessels
 Circumferential stress

 Longitudinal stress
 Stresses in Thin walled Pressure vessels
 Cylindrical Pressure vessels
 Circumferential stress

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑑𝑙 𝑝𝑑

 𝜎𝑐 = = =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 2𝑡𝑙 2𝑡
 Stresses in Thin walled Pressure vessels
 Cylindrical Pressure vessels
 Longitudinal stress

𝜋
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝× 4 𝑑 2 𝑝𝑑
 𝜎𝑙 = = =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜋𝑑𝑡 4𝑡
 Stresses in Thin walled Pressure vessels
 Spherical Pressure vessels
 Stress

𝜋
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝× 4 𝑑 2 𝑝𝑑
𝜎 = = =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜋𝑑𝑡 4𝑡
 Strain Energy
 Strain energy
 Energy is used to change the dimensions of the body
 This energy is stored in the body as Strain Energy
 Strain energy = work done
 Strain Energy
 Resilience
 Total strain energy stored in the body

 Proof Resilience
 Maximum strain energy that can be stored in the body

 Modulus of Resilience
 Proof Resilience per unit volume
 Strain Energy
 Types of loading
 Gradual loading

 Sudden loading

 Impact loading
 If the load is transferred to the body instantaneously
 Strain Energy
 Gradual loading
 Strain Energy
 Gradual loading
 Strain Energy
 Sudden loading
 Strain Energy
 Sudden loading

 Stress due to sudden loading = twice the stress due to gradual loading
 Strain Energy
 Impact loading
 Strain Energy
 Impact loading

 Solving,
 Stress Tensor

 Stress – resistance per unit area

 Stress Tensor

 Sub – 1 : axis perpendicular to the plane on

which the stress is acting
 Sub – 2 : direction in which the stress is acting
Stress Tensor
Stress Tensor
Stress Tensor
Stress Tensor
Stress Tensor
Principal Stresses
 Principal Stresses

 Analysis of member subjected to direct stress in one direction

 Principal Stresses
 Analysis of member subjected to direct stress in one direction
 Principal Stresses
 Analysis of member subjected to direct stress in one direction
 Principal Stresses
 Analysis of member subjected to direct stress in one direction
 Principal Stresses
 Analysis of member subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct
stresses
 Principal Stresses
 Analysis of member subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct
stresses
 Principal Stresses
 Analysis of member subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct
stresses
 Principal Stresses
 Analysis of member subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct
stresses
 Principal Stresses
 Analysis of member subjected to two mutually perpendicular direct
stresses