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Organizational Behavior, 8e by McShane / Von Glinow helps everyone make sense
of Organizational Behavior, and provides the conceptual tools to work more
effectively in the workplace. This author duo continue the trailblazing innovations
that made the previous editions of Organizational Behavior recognized and adopted
by the new generation organizational behavior instructor.

The McShane and Von Glinow product is acclaimed for:

Readability, presentation of current knowledge

Linking OB concepts and theories with reality
Strong International / Global orientation
Contemporary Theory Foundation (without the jargon)
Active Learning and Critical Thinking Support
Textbook's philosophy OB knowledge is for everyone, not just traditional managers.
Organizational Behavior, 8e is written in the context of these emerging workplace
realities. This edition explains how emotions are the foundation of employee
motivation, attitudes, and decisions; how social networks generate power and shape
communication patterns; how self-concept influences individual behavior, team
cohesion, and leadership; and how adopting a global mindset has become an
important employee characteristic in this increasingly interconnected world. This
book also presents the reality that organizational behavior is not just for managers;
it is relevant and valuable to anyone who works in and around organizations.

About the Author

Steven L. McShane is Conjoint Professor at Newcastle Business School, University
of Newcastle (Australia). He previously held the positions of Adjunct Professor at
Gustavson School of Business, University of Victoria (Canada), Professor at Simon
Fraser University’s Faculty of Business Administration (Canada), and Winthrop
Professor of Management at the University of Western Australia Graduate School
of Management and Business School. He currently teaches organizational behavior
in the IMBA program at the Antai College of Economics and Management at
Shanghai Jiao Tong University in Shanghai, China. Steve has received awards for
his teaching quality and innovation, and receives high ratings from students in Perth,
Shanghai, Singapore, Manila, and other cities where he has taught. He is also
a popular visiting speaker, having given dozens of invited talks and seminars to
faculty and students in the United States, China, Canada, Malaysia, India, and other
countries.

Steve earned his PhD from Michigan State University, where he specialized in
organizational behavior and labor relations. He also holds a Master’s of Industrial
Relations from the University of Toronto and an undergraduate degree from Queen’s
University in Canada. Steve is a past president of the Administrative Sciences
Association of Canada (the Canadian equivalent of the Academy of Management)
and served as Director of Graduate Programs in Simon Fraser University’s business
faculty. He has conducted executive programs with Nokia, TÜV-SÜD, Wesfarmers
Group, Main Roads WA, McGraw-Hill, ALCOA World Alumina Australia, and
many other organizations.

Along with coauthoring Organizational Behavior, Ninth Edition, Steve is lead

coauthor of Canadian Organizational Behaviour, Tenth Edition (2018),
Organisational Behaviour: Asia Pacific, Sixth Edition (2019), and M: Organizational
Behavior, Fourth Edition (2019). He is also coauthor of editions or translations of
his organizational behavior books in other countries. Steve has published several
dozen articles and conference papers on workplace values, training transfer,
organizational learning, exit–voice–loyalty, employee socialization, wrongful
dismissal, media bias
in business magazines, and other diverse topics. Steve enjoys spending his leisure
time hiking, swimming, body board surfing, canoeing, skiing, and traveling with his
wife and two daughters.

Dr. Von Glinow is a Knight Ridder Eminent Scholar Chair in International

Management at Florida International University and is senior editor for the Journal
of International Business Studies (JIBS). She served as 2010 to 2012 president of
the Academy of International Business (AIB) and the 1994–1995 president of the
Academy of Management (AOM). Previously on the Marshall School faculty of the
University of Southern California, she has an MBA and a PhD in management
science from Ohio State University, and is a Fellow of the Academy of Management,
Mary Ann Von Glinow Courtesy of Donna McClement the Academy of
International Business, and the Pan-Pacific Business Association.
She sits on 13 editorial review boards and numerous international panels and teaches
in executive programs in Latin America, Asia, and the United States.

Dr. Von Glinow has authored over 100 journal articles and 13 books, most of
which have been translated into Chinese, Hindi, and Spanish. Her book on
organizational learning capability won a Gold Book Award from the Ministry of
Economic Affairs in Taiwan in 2002. She is the 2005 recipient of the Academy of
Management’s Distinguished Service Award, one of the highest honors bestowed by
the Academy.

Mary Ann has consulted widely and is on the board of directors of several
organizations, including the advisory board to Volvo-Geely in China. She is actively
involved in several animal welfare organizations and received the 1996
Humanitarian Award of the Year from Miami’s Adopt-a-Pet.

Product details
 Publisher : McGraw Hill; 8th edition (February 22, 2017)
 Language : English
 Hardcover : 624 pages
 ISBN-10 : 1259562794
 ISBN-13 : 978-1259562792
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 Fig. 48.—Scenedesmus quadricauda.
Order 5. Protococcaceæ. The cells are motionless, free or
affixed on a stalk (e.g. Characium, Fig. 49), either separate or
loosely bound to one another; they never form multicellular
individuals. Multiplication by division is nearly always wanting.
Reproduction takes place by swarmspores, which have 1 or 2 cilia,
and sexual reproduction in some by gamete-conjugation. The
principal genera are: Chlorococcum, Chlorochytrium, Chlorocystis,
Scotinosphæra, Endosphæra, Phyllobium, Characium, Ophiocytium,
Sciadium.
 Fig. 49.—Characium strictum. A The
cell-contents have divided into many
swarmspores. B Swarmspores escaping.
Order 6. Hydrodictyaceæ. The individuals are unicellular but
several unite after the zoospore-stage into definitely formed families
(cœnobia). Ordinary vegetative division is wanting, but asexual
reproduction takes place by zoospores (or by motionless cells
without cilia), which unite and form a family similar to the mother-
family, inside the mother-cell, or in a mucilaginous envelope. Where
sexual reproduction is found it takes place by gamete-conjugation.
The principal genera are: Pediastrum (Fig. 50), Cœlastrum,
Hydrodictyon (Fig. 51).
Fig. 5O.—Pediastrum asperum.
 Fig. 51.—Hydrodictyou reticulatum. A A cell where the
zoospores are on the point of arranging themselves to form
a net. B A cell with gametes swarming out.
The cœnobium of Hydrodictyon reticulatum (Water-net) is formed
of a large number of cells which are cylindrical, and attached to one
another by the ends (Fig. 51). The asexual reproduction takes place
by zoospores, which are formed in large numbers (7,000–20,000) in
each mother-cell, within which they move about for a time, and then
come to rest and arrange themselves into a new net (Fig. 51 A)
which is set free by the dissolution of the wall of the mother-cell,
grows, and becomes a new cœnobium. The sexual reproduction
takes place by gamete-conjugation. The gametes are formed in the
same manner as the zoospores, but in larger numbers (30,000–
100,000), and swarm out of the mother-cell (Fig. 51 B). The zygote
forms, on germination, 2–5 large zoospores, each with one or two
cilia, these generally swarm about for a time, and after a period of
rest become irregular thorny bodies (polyhedra); their contents again
divide into zoospores, the thorny external coating of the polyhedra is
cast off, and the zoospores, surrounded by the dilated internal
coating, unite to form a small family, which produces several others
in the manner described.

Family 2. Confervoideæ.
The individuals are always multicellular, the cells firmly bound
together and united into unbranched or branched filaments,
expansions, or masses of cells which grow by intercallary divisions
or have apical growth. In the first seven orders the cells are
uninuclear, but the cells of the remaining three orders contain
several nuclei. Asexual reproduction by zoospores, akinetes or
aplanospores. Sexual reproduction by isogamous or oogamous
fertilisation.
The Confervoideæ, through the Ulvaceæ, are connected with the
Tetrasporaceæ, and from the Coleochætaceæ, which is the most highly developed
order, there are the best reasons for supposing that the Mosses have taken their
origin. The Cladophoraceæ show the nearest approach to the Siphoneæ.
Order 1. Ulvaceæ. The thallus consists of one or two layers of
parenchymatous cells, connected together to form either a flat
membrane (Monostroma, Ulva) or a hollow tube (Enteromorpha),
and may be either simple, lobed, or branched. Reproduction takes
place by detached portions of the thallus; or asexually by zoospores
or akinetes. Gamete-conjugation is known to take place in some
members of this order, the zygote germinating without any resting-
stage. The majority are found in salt or brackish water.
 Fig. 52.—Ulothrix zonata: a portion of a filament with zoospores, which are
formed two in each cell (zoosporangium); the dark spots are the red “eye-spots”; 1,
2, 3, 4, denote successive stages in the development of the zoospores; b a single
zoospore, v the pulsating vacuole; c portion of a filament with gametes, sixteen are
produced in each gametangium; d free gametes, solitary or in the act of
conjugation; e the conjugation is completed, and the formed zygote has assumed
the resting-stage.
Order 2. Ulothricaceæ. The thallus consists normally of a simple
unbranched filament (sometimes a small expansion consisting of
one layer of cells is formed, as in Schizomeris and Prasiola which
were formerly described as separate genera). Asexual reproduction
takes place by means of zoospores (with 1, 2, or 4 cilia), akinetes or
aplanospores; the last named may germinate immediately, or only
after a period of rest. Sexual reproduction takes place by the
conjugation of gametes of about the same size, each having two cilia
(Fig. 52 d). The zygote of Ulothrix, on germination, produces a brood
of zoospores which swarm for a time and then elongate to become
Ulothrix-filaments (alternation of generations). The gametes may
also germinate without conjugation in the same manner as the
zoospores. The principal genera are: Ulothrix, Hormidium, Conferva,
Microspora.—Ulothrix zonata is very common in running fresh water.
Nearly all the species of Hormidium occur on damp soil, tree-stems
and stones.
Order 3. Chætophoraceæ. The thallus consists of a single,
branched, erect or creeping filament of cells, often surrounded by
mucilage. The cells have only one nucleus. Asexual reproduction by
zoospores with 2 or 4 cilia, by akinetes, or aplanospores. In many,
conjugation between gametes with 2 cilia may be found. They
approach on one side, Ulothricaceæ, and on the other,
Mycoideaceæ. The principal genera are: Stigeoclonium,
Draparnaldia, Chætophora, Entoderma, Aphanochæte,
Herposteiron, Phæothamnion, Chlorotylium, Trichophilus,
Gongrosira, Trentepohlia. Most of the species of Trentepohlia are
coloured red by the presence of a red colouring material, which
occurs in addition to the chlorophyll. They are aerial Algæ which live
on stones (T. jolithus, “violet stone,” so named on account of its
violet-like odour in rainy weather), on bark and old wood (T.
umbrina), or on damp rocks (T. aurea). Trichophilus welckeri lives in
the hair of Bradypus.
 Order 4. Mycoideaceæ. The thallus is discoid, consisting of one or more cell-
layers, and is always attached. Asexual reproduction by zoospores with 2 or 4
cilia. Sexual reproduction in some species by the conjugation of gametes with 2
cilia. This order forms the connecting link between Chætophoraceæ and
Coleochætaceæ. The species occur in fresh water (Chætopeltis) as well as in salt
(Pringsheimia), on the carapace of tortoises (Dermatophyton = Epiclemmydia), or
endophytic between the cuticle and the epidermal cells of the leaves of tropical
plants, destroying the leaf-tissue (Mycoidea).

Order 5. Cylindrocapsaceæ. The thallus consists of a simple

(rarely, in parts, formed of many rows) unbranched filament,
attached in the young condition, which has short cells with a single
nucleus, and is enveloped in a thick envelope with a laminated
structure. Asexual reproduction by zoospores with 2 cilia, which are
formed 1, 2, or 4 in each vegetative cell. The antheridia are
produced by a single cell, or a group of cells, in a filament, dividing
several times without increasing in size. Two egg-shaped
spermatozoids, each with 2 cilia (Fig. 53 D), are formed in each
antheridium, and escape through an aperture in the side; in the first
stages they are enclosed in a bladder-like membrane (Fig. 53 B, C).
Other cells of the filament swell out and form oogonia (Fig. 53 A),
which resemble those of Œdogonium. After fertilisation, the oospore
surrounds itself with a thick wall, and assumes a reddish colour. The
germination is unknown. The unfertilised oospheres remain green,
divide often into 2–4 daughter-cells, and grow into new filaments.
 Fig. 53.—Cylindrocopsa involuta. A Oogonium with oosphere (o)
surrounded by spermatozoids (s). B Two antheridia, each with two
spermatozoids. C Spermatozoids surrounded by their bladder-like
membrane. D Free spermatozoid.
This order, which only includes one genus, Cylindrocapsa, forms
the connecting link between Ulothricaceæ and Œdogoniaceæ. The
few species (4) occur only in fresh water.
 Order 6. Œdogoniaceæ. The thallus consists of branched
(Bulbochæte) or unbranched (Œdogonium) filaments, attached in the
early stages. The cells may be longer or shorter, and have one
nucleus. Asexual reproduction by zoospores, which have a chaplet
of cilia round the base of the colourless end (Fig. 6 a). Sexual
reproduction takes place by oogamous fertilisation. On the
germination of the oospore, 4 zoospores are formed (Fig. 54 F).
They occur only in fresh or slightly brackish water. The division of the
cells takes place in quite a peculiar and unusual manner. At the
upper end of the cell which is about to divide, a ring-shaped
thickening of soft cellulose is formed transversely round the wall; the
cell-nucleus of the mother-cell and the protoplasm then divide by a
transverse wall into two portions of similar size, and the cell-wall
bursts transversely along the central line of the thickened ring. The
cell-wall thus divides into two parts—the upper one short, the “cap,”
and the lower one much longer, the “sheath.” The portions of the
original cell-wall now separate from each other, the cellulose ring
extending, and supplying an additional length of cell-wall between
them. The cap and sheath will project a little in front of the piece thus
inserted. The dividing wall between the two new cells is formed near
to the uppermost edge of the sheath, and gradually becomes thicker
and firmer. The inserted piece of wall forms the larger part of the wall
of the upper cell: the remainder is formed by the cap. This mode of
division is repeated exactly in the same way, and new caps are
formed close below the first one, one for every division.
 Fig. 54.—A Œdogonium ciliatum. A Female plant with
three oogonia (og) and dwarf-males (m). B An oogonium
with spermatozoid (z) seen entering the oosphere (o)
 having passed through an aperture near the summit of the
oogonium; m dwarf-male. C Ripe oospore. D Œdogonium
gemelliparum. F Portion of a male filament from which
spermatozoids (z) are emerging. E Portion of filament of
Bulbochæte; the upper oogonium still encloses the
oospore, in the central one the oospore is escaping while
the lower one is empty. F Four zoospores developed from
an oospore. G Zoospore germinating.
Fertilisation takes place in the following way. The oogonium is a
large ellipsoidal, swollen cell (og, in Fig. 54 A), whose contents are
rounded off into an oosphere with a colourless receptive-spot (see
B); an aperture is formed in the wall of the oogonium, through which
the spermatozoids are enabled to enter (B). The spermatozoids are
produced either directly, as in D (in pairs), in basal cells of the
filament, or indirectly. In the latter case a swarmspore (androspore)
is formed which comes to rest, attaches itself to an oogonium,
germinates, and gives rise to a filament of a very few cells—dwarf-
male (A, B, m). The spermatozoids are formed in the upper cell of
the dwarf-male (m), and are set free by the summit of the
antheridium lifting off like a lid. On the germination of the oospore
(C), which takes place in the following spring, 4 zoospores are
produced (F) (i.e. the sexual generation); these swarm about for a
time, and ultimately grow into new filaments.
 Fig. 55.—Coleochæte pulvinata. A A portion of a thallus with organs of
reproduction; a oogonium before, b after fertilisation; c an antheridium, closed; d
open, with emerging spermatozoid. B Ripe oogonium, with envelope. C
Germination of the oospore. D Zoospore. E Spermatozoid.
Order 7. Coleochætaceæ. The thallus is always attached, and of
a disc- or cushion-shape, formed by the dichotomous branching of
filaments of cells united in a pseudo-parenchymatous manner. Each
cell has only one nucleus. Asexual reproduction by zoospores with 2
cilia (Fig. 55 D), which may arise in all the cells. Sexual reproduction
by oogamous fertilisation. The spermatozoids resemble the
swarmspores, but are smaller (E), and originate singly (in the
species figured) in small conical cells (c, d in A). The oogonia are
developed at the extremities of certain branches: they are bottle-
shaped cells with very long and thin necks (trichogyne), open at the
end (a in A); at the base of each oogonium is a spherical oosphere.
The spermatozoids reach the oosphere through the trichogyne, or
through an aperture in the wall when the trichogyne is absent, and
fertilisation having taken place, the oogonium becomes surrounded
by a cell-layer (envelope), which grows out from the cells near its
base (b in A), and in this way a kind of fruit is formed (B)
(spermocarp, cystocarp).
The oospore, next spring, divides and forms a parenchymatous
tissue (homologous with the Moss-sporophyte); this bursts open the
envelope (C), and a zoospore (homologous with the spores of the
Moss-capsule) arises in each of the cells, and produces a new
Coleochæte. We have then, in this case, a still more distinct
alternation of generations than in Œdogonium. Only one genus,
Coleochæte, is known, but it contains several species, all living in
fresh water.
Order 8. Cladophoraceæ. This order is probably derived from the
Ulothricaceæ. The thallus consists of a single, unbranched or
branched filament, generally with an apical cell. The cells have each
2 or more nuclei. Asexual reproduction by zoospores with 2 or 4 cilia,
and by akinetes. Conjugation of gametes with 2 cilia is found in
some genera. They occur in salt as well as in fresh water. The
principal genera are: Urospora, Chætomorpha, Rhizoclonium,
Cladophora; of the last named genus the species C. lanosa and C.
rupestris are common in salt water; C. fracta and C. glomerata in
fresh water.
Order 9. Gomontiaceæ. Gomontia polyrrhiza, the only species hitherto known,
is found on old calcareous shells of certain salt water Molluscs.
Order 10. Sphæropleaceæ. The thallus consists of free,
unbranched filaments, with very elongated multinuclear cells. The
vegetative cells form no zoospores. Sexual reproduction by
oogamous fertilisation (see page 13, Fig. 10 B). The oospore has a
thick wall (Fig. 10 D) studded with warts, and assumes a colour
resembling red lead. It germinates only in the following spring, and
produces 1–8 zoospores, each with 2 cilia (Fig. 10 E), which grow
into new filaments. Only one species, Sphæroplea annulina, is
known.

Family 3. Siphoneæ.
The thallus has apical growth, and in the vegetative condition
consists generally of one single (in the Valoniaceæ most frequently
of more) multinuclear cell, which may be much branched, and whose
separate parts in the higher forms (e.g. Bryopsis, Fig. 57; Caulerpa,
Fig. 59, etc.) may be differentiated to perform the various
physiological functions (as root, stem and leaf). Vegetative
multiplication by detached portions of the thallus (gemmæ); asexual
reproduction by zoospores, akinetes, or aplanospores. Sexual
reproduction by gamete-conjugation, rarely by oogamous
fertilisation. The zygote or oospore germinates as a rule without any
resting-stage.

Fig. 56.—Botrydium granulatum: a an entire plant forming swarmspores; b

swamspores; c an individual with gametangia; d, gamete; e, f, g conjugation; h
zygote seen from above; i the same in a lateral view.
Most of the Siphoneæ occur in salt water or on damp soil. Many
(e.g. Dasycladaceæ) are very much incrusted with lime, and occur,
in the fossilized condition, in the deposits from the Cretaceous period
to the present time. The Siphoneæ are connected by their lowest
forms (Botrydiaceæ or Valonia) with the Protococcaceæ, but show
also, through the Valoniaceæ, points of relationship to the
Cladophoraceæ.
Order 1. Botrydiaceæ. The thallus in the vegetative condition is
unicellular, club-shaped, with a small single (Codiolum) or repeatedly
dichotomously branched system of colourless rhizoids (Botrydium,
Fig. 56 a), by which it is attached to objects immersed in salt water
(Codiolum) or to damp clay soil (Botrydium). Asexual reproduction by
zoospores with one (Botrydium) or two cilia, and by aplanospores.
The sexual reproduction is only known in Botrydium, and takes place
in the following manner: in the part of the thallus which is above
ground and in an active vegetative condition, several round cells
(Fig. 56 c) are formed, which may be green or red according as they
grow under water, or exposed to the strong light of the sun. These
cells must be considered as “gametangia” as they produce many
gametes (d) provided with two cilia. The zygote (h, i) formed by the
conjugation (e, f, g) may either germinate immediately, or become a
thick-walled resting-cell of an irregular, angular form.
Order 2. Bryopsidaceæ. The thallus in the vegetative condition is unicellular,
and consists at the lower extremity of branched rhizoids, while the upper portion is
prolonged into a stem-like structure of unlimited growth, producing, acropetally,
branches and leaf-like structures. The latter have limited growth, and are
separated by a cross wall from the stem, and become gametangia, or drop off. The
gametes have two cilia, and are of two kinds: the female, which are green and
large and the male, which are of brownish colour and smaller. Zoospores or any
other method of asexual reproduction are unknown. Only one genus, Bryopsis,
living in salt water.
 Fig. 57.—Bryopsis plumosa. A the plant, natural size. B A
portion (enlarged) which shows the growing point (v), and the
leaves derived from it in acropetal succession.
Order 3. Derbesiaceæ. Only one genus, Derbesia, living in saltwater. The
zoospores, which are formed in a few lateral, swollen zoosporangia, possess one
nucleus which has arisen through the coalescence of several, and they resemble
the zoospores of Œdogonium by having a circle of cilia attached at the base of the
colourless spot.

Order 4. Vaucheriaceæ. The thallus consists, in the vegetative

condition, of a single irregularly or dichotomously branched cell,
without differentiation into stem or leaf; root-like organs of
attachment may however occur. Asexual reproduction by zoospores,
which are formed singly in the extremity of a branch cut off by a
transverse wall. They contain many nuclei, and bear small cilia
situated in pairs, which give the appearance of a fine “pile” covering
the whole or a great part of the surface. Akinetes, aplanospores, and
phytoamœbæ (naked masses of protoplasm, without cilia, which
creep like an amœba on a substratum) may occur under certain
conditions.
The sexual reproductive organs are formed on short lateral
branches, and are separated from the vegetative cell (Fig. 58 A) by
cell-walls. Numerous spermatozoids, each with two cilia, are
developed in the coiled antheridium (A, b). The oogonium is a thick,
egg-shaped, often oblique cell, with its protoplasm rounded into an
oosphere, which has a hyaline “receptive-spot” (A, a) immediately
beneath the aperture formed in the wall of the oogonium. A slimy
mass, which serves to receive the spermatozoids, is formed in some
species in this aperture. The spermatozoids when liberated swim
towards and enter the oosphere, which then immediately surrounds
itself with a thick cell-wall. The mature oospore (B) contains a large
quantity of oil. At germination the outer cell-wall bursts and a new
plant is formed. There is only one genus, Vaucheria, with species
living in salt as well as in fresh water and on damp soil.

Fig. 58.—Vaucheria sessilis. A Fertilisation; b the antheridia; a the

oogonia; a the receptive spot. B Oospore.
Order 5. Phyllosiphonaceæ are parasites in the leaves and stalks of
Flowering-plants.
Order 6. Caulerpaceæ. The thallus has distinct differentiation into
root, stem and leaf-like members (Fig. 59); it is unicellular. Within the
cell, strong, branched threads of cellulose extend from one side to
the other serving as stays to support the thallus. Reproduction takes
place by detached portions of the thallus; no other modes of
reproduction are known. This order may most approximately be
classed with the Bryopsidaceæ. The genus Caulerpa consists of
more than seventy species which inhabit the tropical seas.
 Order 7. Codiaceæ. The thallus has various forms, but without
distinct differentiation in stem- or leaf-structures, sometimes (e.g.
Halimeda) it is very much incrusted with lime. In the early stages it is
unicellular (later, often multicellular), very much branched, with the
branches, at any rate partly, so united or grown in amongst one
another (Fig. 60) that an apparently parenchymatous cellular body is
formed. Akinetes or aplanospores are wanting; zoospores (or
gametes?) may be developed in some species, however, in special
swollen sporangia. Fertilisation similar to that in Bryopsis occurs
perhaps in Codium. They are all salt water forms.
Order 8. Valoniaceæ. The thallus is generally multicellular, without
differentation into stem- or leaf-structures, but the cells are sometimes united
together and form a leaf-like reticulate expansion (e.g. Anadyomene). Zoospores
are known in some, and they are then formed directly in the vegetative cells. In
others (e.g. Valonia), a mass of protoplasm, which maybe separated through the
damaging of a cell, can surround itself with a cell-wall, and grow into a new plant.
No other modes of reproduction are known. The most important genera are:
Valonia, Siphonocladus, Chamædoris, Struvea, Microdictyon, Anadyomene. They
are all salt water forms.
 Fig. 59.—Caulerpa prolifera (natural size).
As already pointed out, the Valoniaceæ occupy a somewhat central position
among the Siphoneæ, and present points of similarity and contrast with the
Botrydiaceæ and the Bryopsidaceæ through Valonia, with the Dasycladaceæ
through Chamædoris, and also with the Cladophoraceæ through Siphonocladus,
and Struvea.

Order 9. Dasycladaceæ. The thallus consists of an axile

longitudinal cell, destitute of transverse walls, attached at the base
by root-like organs of attachment, and producing acropetally whorls
of united, single or branched, leaf-like structures with limited growth.
Asexual reproduction is wanting. Sexual reproduction by conjugation