Final Enset Value Chain analysis 014

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SIDAMA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE
JOB, SKILL AND ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT BEUREAU
EXTENDED VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS ON
ENSET PRODUCTION
PREPARED BY
S.N Participant Name Working place
1 Seyoum Abreham Arbegona TVET college
2 Lamiso Shura Hawassa university
3 Tejitu Mude Sidama national regional state Job, skill and enterprises
development bureau
4 Enicha Husen Aleta wondo TVET College
5 Fiseha Dansamo Hawassa city Agricultural office
November, 2021
Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
i
Table of Contents Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iv
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ v
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v
ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................... vi
DEFINITION OF KEY WORDS ............................................................................................................... vii
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Statement of the Problem ......................................................................................................................... 3
3.1 General objective ................................................................................................................................ 3
3.2 Specific objectives .............................................................................................................................. 3
3.2 Scope of the value chain ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.3 Significance of the value chain analysis ............................................................................................. 4
3.4 Benefits of the value chain analysis of enset production .................................................................... 4
4. VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Selection of value chain for enset production ..................................................................................... 5
4.2 value chain analysis Selection Criteria ............................................................................................... 6
5. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................. 7
5.1 Data collection .................................................................................................................................... 7
5.1.2 Planning and Preparation ............................................................................................................. 7
5.1.3 Survey Area. ................................................................................................................................ 7
5.1.4 Survey Period: .............................................................................................................................. 7
5.1.5 Target Respondents. ..................................................................................................................... 7
5.1.6 Study Team. ................................................................................................................................. 8
5.2 Gathering Tool Development.............................................................................................................. 8
a. Composition of respondents .................................................................................................................. 8
b. Academic Background .......................................................................................................................... 9
5.4 Mapping Value Chain Activities (AS IS) ............................................................................................. 19
6. Truth and facts of AS IS ......................................................................................................................... 20
6.1 Traditional Seed Propagation ............................................................................................................ 21
6.3 Traditional planting system............................................................................................................... 22
6.4 Traditional field management ........................................................................................................... 22
6.5 Traditional "enset’ processing in the study area (AS IS) .................................................................. 24
6.6 Pit preparation ................................................................................................................................... 24
6.8 Detaching pseudostem ...................................................................................................................... 26
6.8 Decortication of pseudostem......................................................................................................... 27
ii
6.9 Extraction of the liquid fluid from the scraped pseudostem tissue ............................................... 28
6.10 Pulverization ............................................................................................................................... 28
6.11 Fermentation ............................................................................................................................... 29
7. Bench mark selection .............................................................................................................................. 30
8. MAPPING VALUE CHAIN ACTIVITIES (BENCH MARK) ............................................................. 32
9. Truth and facts of BENCH MARK (TO BE).......................................................................................... 33
9.1 Propagation techniques ..................................................................................................................... 33
9.2 Corm preparation .............................................................................................................................. 33
9.3 Improved/novel rapid propagation technologies............................................................................... 34
9.4 Planting methods ............................................................................................................................... 35
9.5 Field Management......................................................................................................................... 36
9.6 Enset processing methods (Bench mark) .......................................................................................... 36
9.6.1 Decortication /scraping .............................................................................................................. 36
1.1.1.1.Engine Driven Corm pulverizing Machine ............................................................................. 37
9.6.2 Squeezing devices ...................................................................................................................... 38
9.6.3 Improved Fermentation /sauerkraut jar ...................................................................................... 39
10. Comparing AS IS and TO BE ................................................................................................................. 1
IN PUT ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
11. Value Chain Analysis for Enset Production ........................................................................................... 1
12. Mapping Value Chain Activities (TO BE) ............................................................................................. 4
13. Prioritizing the Technology gaps/Constraints ......................................................................................... 5
13.1 Rating identified technology with the rating criteria ........................................................................ 5
14. Categorization of Technology............................................................................................................... 15
15. Technology Identification and Categorization ...................................................................................... 16
16. Integrating Sectors Responsible for the Identified Technologies by Table ............................................ 1
17. Conclusion and Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 2
17.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 2
17.2 Recommendation .............................................................................................................................. 4
18. References ............................................................................................................................................... 6
19. Appendices.............................................................................................................................................. 7
Appendix A: Questionnaire to be filed by the farmers ............................................................................. 7
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, we would like to say thanks to Sidama National and Regional State Bureau of Job,
skill and enterprises development, ESTRIP Program (Hawassa Poly Technic College), Sidama
National and Regional StateColleges whichis facilitated and budgeted tothe Extended Value
chain. Next, we express to these extended value chain enset productionis the federal TVET
Agencies Expert, Sidama National and Regional State Bureau of Job, skill and enterprises
developmentExperts and coordinatorsforthese Enset production value chain has persistent
inspiration, facilitating, coordinating and constructive professional comments.
Finally, wethanks also All theCollege of Deans/vice-Deans, the farmers of Hula, Teticha and
Aleta wondo woredas in both who participated in this Extended Enset production value chain.
iv
List of Tables
Table 1: GTP Priority Sectors ......................................................................................................... 5
Table 2: Value Chain Selection Criteria ......................................................................................... 6
Table 3: Survey Team Members ..................................................................................................... 8
Table 4: Respondents profile .......................................................................................................... 9
Table 5 : Comparative analysis using four parameters ((Yield, Quality, Cost and Time) ............. 3
Table 6: Disease management ........................................................................................................ 5
Table 15: Prioritizing technology gaps and description ............................................................... 14
List of Figures
Figure 1: Study area map ................................................................................................................ 7
Figure 2:academic back ground of the respondents ........................................................................ 9
Figure 3:The developmental stages of enset at study areas : ........................................................ 20
Figure 4: picture representation of enset bodies ........................................................................... 21
Figure 5: Traditional macro-propagation of enset seedlings ........................................................ 22
Figure 6: wilting disease and field cleared by the disease in Gase kebele Hula. .......................... 24
Figure 7: Traditional enset harvesting and processing tools in study area: worime ..................... 25
Figure 8: Storing pits for mix and bulla: ...................................................................................... 25
Figure 9: Discarding pseudostem for scraping ............................................................................. 26
Figure 10: Fixing wooden board (Meta) for scraping ................................................................... 26
Figure 11: Traditional Decorticating pseudostem......................................................................... 27
Figure 12: Squeezing scraped pseudostem for “bulla” ................................................................. 28
Figure 13: Traditional pulverizing corm ....................................................................................... 28
Figure 14: Traditional fermentation processes ............................................................................. 29
Figure 15:Vegitative propagation method: ................................................................................... 33
Figure 16:Improved/novel rapid propagation technologies .......................................................... 35
Figure 17: Spaced, Row and Crowded planting system ............................................................... 35
Figure 18: Developed machine model and its detail views .......................................................... 36
Figure 19: Enset decorticator field test ......................................................................................... 37
Figure 20: Corm pulverizing machine .......................................................................................... 38
Figure 21: Innovative technology for squeezing tissues of pseudostem....................................... 39
Figure 22: Improved fermentation Techniques: A-clay pots B-ceramic pots............................... 39
v
ACRONYMS
MSEs Micro and Small Enterprises
TVET Technical and Vocational, Education and Training
TeCAT Technology Accumulation and Transfer
IES Industrial Extension and Services
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
GDP Gross Domestic Product
TT Technology Transfer
S ME Small and medium manufacturing enterprise
VC Value chain
TAP Technical advisory panel
TEP Technical expert’s panel
MoA Ministry of Agriculture
vi
DEFINITION OF KEY WORDS
AS IS - is the actual or existing sequence of activities to deliver a product or services to the
market by an enterprise.
BENCHMARKING - The process of comparing own performance parameters with the
performance parameters of businesses or value chains considered the leaders in the field.
Enset processing technologies-In this value chain, enset processing technologies means
the technologies that are to processing enset scrapers and squeezers devices which aimed to
solve the problems related to traditional enset processing methods which are inconvenient
to and unhealthy to women. As it requires bowing or raising one leg and pressing the
pseudo stem leaf sheaths with heal so that it will not slip down. All these processed also
make the processed unhygienic.
GAP - is something missing from an activity or a system that prevents it from being
complete or perfect; the difference between As Is and To Be/benchmark.
INDUSTRY EXTENSION SERVICE - Newly developed instrument to capacitate
micro and small enterprises by applying the four packages called; technical skills gap
training, kaizen, technology transfer and entrepreneurship training.
KAIZEN - continuous improvement in production or service providing activities.
MAIN CHAIN - is a major activity of workflow in a value chain.
SKILLS GAP TRAINING - is training given by the TVETs to the operators of
the MSEs after they identify their skill gap.
SUB CHAIN - is a sub/support activity of workflow in a value chain.
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER - is TVETs’ creating, producing, transferring of new
means of production or service to the MSEs for better productivity and profitability.
TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING -form of
education where learners acquire skills, knowledge and attitudes.
TO BE - represents the benchmark or the standard, or a set of standards, used as a point of
reference for evaluating performance or level of quality.
VALUE CHAIN-is a sequence of target-oriented combinations of production factors
(From input to the market for specific product/services) that create a marketable Product or
service to the final consumption.
VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS - describes the activities within and around an organization,
and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the organization.
KOCHO – a staple food processing from false banana pseudo steam
BULLA – a staple food processing from leaf sheaths
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1. INTRODUCTION
Enset is commonly known as "false banana" and it is a traditional staple crop or co-staple food in
the densely populated Sidama, South and South-Western parts of Ethiopia. It serves as food
security for about twelve million people in Sidama and Southern region of Ethiopia (Brandt et al.
1997). It is a multipurpose crop used as human food, animal feed, to shade other crops like
coffee, decoration, is a drought resistant crop which makes it risk avoidance crop. It resembles
the banana plant and is produced primarily for the large quantity of carbohydrate – rich food
found in the false stem (pseudo stem) and an underground bulb (corm). Enset is grown at an
altitude that ranges from 1,100 to more than 3,000 meters above sea level (Brandt et al. 1997).
However, the enset value chain is made to improve the processing aspect of the crop and thus
traditional processes are predominantly used by farmers. Both men and women are involved in
growing and managing enset at field level in most cases, however, there are places where it is
most commonly associated with women. Women are mainly responsible for harvesting and
processing enset. Enset processing requires more labor and thus it is additional burden for
women beside to handling daily house routines. The burden remains as a challenge of women for
a long time and this has influence on gender relations at household level.
The different technologies that farmers used in the area were traditional and introduced
technologies. The introduced technologies mainly differ from traditional methods in terms of
time and labor taking, and their provided yield of quantities and qualities. Traditional methods
are processing the whole plant is uprooted with the help of a special knife and brought to the
processing site-an open place within the plantation. The traditional harvesting and post
harvesting procedures are cumbersome; labor intensive, unhygienic, impose a lot of
inconvenience to the working women, and associated with great yield lose. On the other hand the
introduced technologies improve the process of the enset products, some devices such as enset
scraper and squeezer.
The Agricultural sector is one of the most important GTP corridor that the government gives
great consideration in addition to this the sector has a great potential to accommodate many un
employed people.
This false banana production value chain is mainly play a significant role on in
Agricultural sector and add values on the production method of the false banana (enset) .
1
The total area under enset crop in Ethiopia is 312,171.98 hectares, whereas the total area
under this crop in Southern Nations Nationalities and Peoples Regional State is 217,724.64,
Oromia 94,044.94 and Gambella region 382.82 hectares (CSA, 2013).However, there is still
huge potential for yield improvement .Enset crop production for market requires
reorientation of the production system and development of a knowledge based and
responsive organizational support(Azageetal., 200).According to Berhanu (2012),collaboration,
cooperation and partnership of agricultural products value chain actors is needed to
transform smallholder farmers. The actors can share responsibilities, pool technical resources
and optimize efficient utilization of resources to achieve common objectives while avoiding
conflicts. Rethinking the impact of enset crop products production puts partnership with effective
Value chain analysis of Enset production linkage among and between value chain actors
(Tsedale 2009). The major actors in the value chain of enset products are input suppliers,
enset product producers, collectors, wholesalers, retailers, hotels/restaurants and consumers
(Abebe, 2015). Though it may be difficult to establish formal relationship with all value chain
actors, in formal relationship, roles, responsibilities and obligations of actors are spelled out
in a written agreement with believe that they pull resources for innovativeness. This helps
farmers to commercial transformations which can raise their income, improve food and
nutritional security, help them escape persistent poverty taps and strengthen their ability to
make long term investment in their livelihoods.
Enset importance in improving welfare of farmers through household income, food security,
poverty reduction and promotion of nutritional status, its actors’ role and is not well
distinguished. Likewise, a share of benefit along the chain is not well identified in Sidama
Regional state. Similarly, consumers’ preference for enset is increasing in urban areas of the
study area. Due to institutional and socio-economic factors affecting producers, the participation
of farmers to urban consumer’s and hotel owner are threatened. In addition, there is less
institutional support for producer and limited organization among enset value chain actors
performing different activities from design of enset to production, transporting and marketing.
However, there is limited value chain analysis conducted to address existing challenges in the
area. Thus, this study aimed to examine the entire value chain of enset filling the gaps along
enset value chain.
2
2. Statement of theProblem
Women in rural community of Ethiopia have more workload in general as compared to men. The
workload is expressed in household, farm and social activities. Almost all the household
activities (including child care) are performed by women alone. Therefore, women are busy all
the day from very early in the morning to late in the evening.
Poor marketing and institutional services like lack of credit, transport facility and limited
extension services has affected producer’s market participation and outlet choices for cereal crop
products. But these effects accompanied by social institutional demographic and infrastructural
challenges were not well studied for enset at study area. Despite, enset importance in improving
welfare of farmers through household income, food security, poverty reduction and promotion of
nutritional status, its actors’ role and is not well distinguished. Likewise, a share of benefit along
the chain is not well identified in Sidama regional state. Similarly, consumers’ preference for
enset is increasing in urban areas of the study area. Due to institutional and socio-economic
factors affecting producers, the participation of farmers to urban consumer’s and hotel owner are
threatened. In addition, there is less institutional support for producer and limited organization
among enset value chain actors performing different activities from design of enset to
production, transporting and marketing. However, there is limited research conducted to address
existing challenges in the study area. Thus, this study aimed to examine the entire value chain of
enset filling the gaps along enset value chain.
3. Objectives
3.1 General objective
The overall objective of this value chain analysis is to develop a competitive and well-organized
value chain analysis on enset production in order to identify viable technologies to bring a
sustainable development in enset production particularly in Sidama National Regional State and
generally enset growing areas of the country.
3.2 Specific objectives

x To identify the usual activities in practices of enset production
x To select best practices in the production of enset
x To identify technology gaps between usual activities and best practices
x To select appropriate technologies in order to fill the gaps
3
3.2 Scope of the value chain
The study focus in the area of Agricultural sector specifically focus on enset production in
Teticha and Hula woredas. The study involves a range of Benefit activities along various levels
of the value chain which include land preparation, corm preparation, harvesting, field
management, processing and marketing.
3.3 Significance of the value chain analysis

The value chain approach, intensively being used by governments (priority Sector), private
sector, agents and development agencies to both identify options for agricultural development
and implementation was adopted by SME in Sidama National Regional State to enhance
Economic development in the country. The Value chain analysis solves constraints and brings
change for the national agricultural crop especially enset production competitiveness. The
attractiveness of the value chain approach, among other things, originates from its capacity to
deal with a new business environment prevalent in agricultural development in Ethiopian
context as described above. A value chain is defined as a set of business activities and
relationships engaged in creating a final product (or service) Technology. It comes from the
fact that a product which is rarely consumed in its original form must be transformed,
combined with other technologies of products, transportation, packaging and market until it
reaches the final consumer. Thus the agricultural and enset value chain describes how
producers, processors, buyers, sellers, and consumers, separated by time and space gradually
add value to products as they pass from one link to the next.
3.4 Benefits of the value chain analysis of enset production

Enable actors to produce more products with low cost and quality service
Increases customer’s satisfaction
Improve co-operation and coordination with stakeholders, suppliers and other concerned
bodies to make use of appropriate technology
4
4. VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Selection of value chain for enset production
Generally, value chain selection is the process of prioritizing sectors, industries or value chains
based on criteria including GTP Priority Sectors just as shown in table 1 and other value chain
selection criteria like, Size of Subsector, Growth Potential, Potential impact on MSE’s, youth,
Conservation importance and Women Empowerment as indicated in table2.
Table 1: GTP Priority Sectors
GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATION PLAN (GTP)
PRIORITY SECTORS
1 Agriculture 4.2 Road Transport
(Enset production)
2 Industry development 4.3 Shipping Transport
2. 1 Textile and Garment 4.4 Air Transport
2. 2 Leather Industry 4.5 Energy
2. 3 Sugar 4.6 Water and Irrigation
2. 4 Cement 4.7 Telecommunication
2. 5 Metal Engineering 4.8 Urban Development
2. 6 Chemical 5 Trade
2. 7 Agro Processing 6 Health
3 Mining 7 Culture, Tourism and Sport
4 Economy and infrastructure 8 Social and labor service
4. 1 Rail Transport
5
4.2 value chain analysis Selection Criteria
Table 2: Value Chain Selection Criteria
No Criteria Enset production Banana production Avocado production
5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1 Size of Sub sector * * *
2 Employment * * *
3 GDP share * * *
4 Market share * * *
5 Share of Export * * *
6 Growth potential * * *
7 Market potential * * *
8 Factor Condition * * *
(human, material,
knowledge,
capital,
infrastructure)
9 Product * * *
Diversification
10 Potential impact to * * *
MSE
11 Conservation * * *
importance
12 Women * * *
Empowerment
TOTAL RATING: 46 39 37
Comments According to total rating ,enset production was selected for value chain
development
6
5. Methodology
5.1 Data collection

5.1.2 Planning and Preparation
After the selection of sector and sub sector to develop value chain analysis for enset production,
the following were taking into consideration in planning and preparation stage;
5.1.3 Survey Area.
The team visited survey areas in order to acquire the existing situation (AS IS) for value chain in
Sidama National Regional State. The survey area covers 3 Woreda namely Hula (GaseKebele,
Wita Bono), Teticha (Dabichakebele, HangaeKebele, SolleCharichokebele and WonjalaKebele)
Aletawondoworeda (BultumaKebele, Woto, Gowadamo) and 1 town administration
(Aletawondo town Chefe and Mesalemeyakebele)
Figure 1: Study area map

5.1.4 Survey Period:
The survey will be conducted for the period from Hidar 15 to 17/2014 E.C in both woredas to
obtain ASIS activities
5.1.5 Target Respondents.
Specific number, name of producer/ service provider within the target survey area.Farmers,
kebele DAs.
7
5.1.6 Study Team.
For this enset value chain development the following experts were involved. The members of
team were composed of different technical expertise related with the sector and subsector for
value chain development as shown in the table 3.
Table 3: Survey Team Members
S.N Participant Name Working place Phone No

1 Seyoum Abraham Arbegona TVET college +251939813452
2 Lamiso Shura Hawassa university +251913642516
3 Tejitu Mude SNRS Job, Skill and Enterprises
+251916851374
Development Bureau
4 Enicha Husen Aleta wondo TVET College +251916649687
5 Fiseha Dansamo Hawassa city Agricultural office +251916134426
5.2 Gathering Tool Development

In able to collect all the information needed for value chain development, a set of gathering tools
were developed. To do the mapping of the AS IS which define as the existing activities and
practices of products of enset, a composition of qualitative and quantitative questions was
developed. Varieties of tools (questionnaires, interviews, literature reviews, observations etc.)
were used to assist in the data gathering process during vale chain development on enset
production. Each type of tool provides alternative means to illustrate, explain and specify exactly
what must be delivered to meet the intended goals. The gathering tool covered the name of the
product and services selected, the background and information of the selected model farmers, the
inputs or initial resources to start production of enset at farmer’s level, the main chain or the
sequence of the main process and also the sub chain or the activities supporting the main chain.
The tool also includes the statement of the real problems and solutions existing within the
farmers and finally the interventions given by the governmental and non-governmental
organizations.
5.3 Data collected during field study
a. Composition of respondents
During data collection the team addresses farmers service providers and merchants. the overall
profiles of the respondents were as shown in the following table.
8
Table 4: Respondents profile
N No of only No of only No of service Both (farmers and Total

o farmers merchants providers merchants) respondents
1 M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T
4 6 10 - - - 1 1 2 0 4 4 5 11 16
From the above data the composition of the respondents is justified as follows:
male respondents accounts 31.25% and female respondents accounts 68.75% from here
according to their career only farmers accounts 62.5%, service providers accounts 12.5% and
both farmers and merchants accounts 25%. Majority of the respondents were depending on the
agriculture and therefore, almost 75-100% out of their incomes from the agriculture.
b. Academic Background
12
10
10
8
8
6
4 3
2 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 1
0
0
M F T M F T M F T M F T
Illiterate(less than Elementary less than high Secondary school Diploma

elementary school
Figure 2: academic back ground of the respondents

As it is indicated in the figure 2, Illiterate accounts 62.5%, elementary less than high school
accounts 6.25%, secondary school accounts 18.75% and diploma accounts 12.5%.
c) Regarding the work experiences on the Agriculture production.

No Year of experiences
0 year experience 10-20 years 20-30 years 30-40 years Above 40
1 1 2 - 4 4 2 1 3 0 4 4 2 1 3
9
4 .5 4 4 4 4
4
3 .5 3 3
3
2 .5 2 2 2
2
1 .5 1 1 1 1
1
0 .5 0 0
0
From the above data 0 year experienced (not farmers) accounts12.5%,10-20 years 25%,20-30
years are 18.75%,30-40 years experienced are 25% and above 40 years’ accounts 18.75%.
d) The responses for question how many hectare of land covered with the enset
production?
Size of the field in Hectares approximately

0.125 0.25 0.5 hectares 0.75 1 Above
hectares hectares hectares hectares 1hectare
No of total 4 7 1 1 1
respondents
No of total respondents
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.125 hectares 0.25 hectares 0.5 hectares 0.75 hectares 1 hectares Above
1hectare
From the above data 28.6% planted enset for 0.125 hectares, 50% planted on 0.25 hectares, and
7.1% planted on 0.75 hectares, and 7.1% also planted on the 1 hectare.
Note:-Out of the total 16 respondents 2 respondents are not included since they are not farmers
and in the above table only 14 respondents are included.
10
5.4 Mapping Value Chain Activities (AS IS)
Seed propagation Land Planting & Field Harvesting Processing Marketing
Input
preparation transplanting Management
Land resources Corn preparation Preparing Burning corms Weeding Selecting matured enset Preparing places Transportatio
places for n
Corms corms and Soil management Removing leaf sheaths Scraping pseudo Whole sales
Planting
Preparing small sized suckers stem
corms Dig out pits for Removing leaves
Tools Transplanting Fertilizer/organic Squeezing for Retailers
co r m
Traditional macro Peel off pseudo stem extract more
Farm tools propagation Disease management fluid End users
Fallowing land
Dig out corm
Harvesting for suckers
Producing sucker Drought management Pulverization of
tools co r m
Processing Frost Squeezing for

tools managementmanage bulla
Manuring ment
Mixing scraped
pseudo stem
&chopped
corm tissues
Kocho
Pit fermentation
Storing and
packing
Turning, mixing
& chopping for
fermentation
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6. Truth and facts of AS IS
In study areas compared to other crops the production of enset involves many stages. The major
activities include propagation, transplanting, Manuring, weeding, harvesting and processing. In
Sidama, enset cultivation from propagation to harvesting involves five different successional
stages. These stages locally named as Funticho, Moggicho, Simancho, Mallancho, itaancho as
shown in the (Figure 2).
Figure 3:The developmental stages of enset at study areas : Stages 1. Corms cut from3 yrs. old Enset plants called
Simancho 2. Funta…1 and ½ yrs. old suckers ready for transplanting. 3. Mogicho transplanted suckers left for one
year; 4. Simancho three years old plants that can be used as mother plant for initiating suckers or left for definite
growth; 5. Mallaancho intermediate stage between Simancho and Etancho; 6.Itaancho mature enset plant for harvest
20
The following figure shows pictorial representation of enset bodies
Figure 4: picture representation of enset bodies
6.1 Traditional Seed Propagation

As with wild enset, cultivated enset often produces seed. However, cultivated enset is
predominantly propagated vegetatively. Traditional vegetative macro-propagation methods can
rapidly multiply large quantities of planting materials and are sustainable in the absence of pests
(e.g., the enset root mealy bug) or diseases (e.g., Xanthomonas wilt of enset). However, when
pest/disease-affected plants are present in a field, it becomes more difficult to produce healthy
planting material using traditional propagation methods. This makes enset farming systems
vulnerable, particularly in the context of biotic factors and climate change/higher temperatures
that could worsen the situation (Brandt et al., 1997; McKnight, 2013). Propagation by seed is
possible, but for reasons of regular food scarcity, family or social obligations and annual
ceremonies, and an often limited number of enset plants per farm, households most often harvest
enset before the plant reaches full maturity and a bunch/fruits with seeds is developed
(Pankhurst, 1996). In addition, enset plants should preferably be harvested at or immediately
after flower emergence to produce optimum quantities and quality of kocho (i.e., fermented
starch obtained from grated rhizome, real stem and pseudostem leaf sheath tissue) (Tsegaye and
21
Struik, 2002; Yemataw et al., 2014). At the farm-level, propagation of enset cultivars is primarily
vegetative, through the production of suckers. a typical enset farm, the main activities include
preparing and planting corms for sucker production, production of young suckers (Figure 1).
Figure 5: Traditional macro-propagation of enset seedlings
6.3 Traditional planting system

Farmers in study areas, suckers are directly planted in a crowded manner and after a year, weak
or less competent suckers are uprooted and replanted elsewhere in free spaces (transplanting).
This actions repeatedly done in planting system. Frequent transplanting often delays flowering
and results in higher yields per plant (Tsegaye&Struik 2000), which also allow farmers to have
enset plants at different developmental stages in order to have enough mature enset plants that
can be harvested for food every year. The direct transplanting of suckers into permanent fields in
overcrowded way believed to help to escape the frost effect prevailing. Moreover, thinning is
commonly practiced throughout, and shoots are used both for feeding cattle.
6.4 Traditional field management

Field management of enset involves Manuring and weeding. Hoeing and weeding is done by
hand using traditional tools and it is mainly the activity of men. On the other hand, application of
manure is the task of women. Enset requires heavy application of manure especially during its
early stage of growth (Kebede 2013). In general, enset cultivation solely rely on use of organic
fertilizers such as cattle manure and household wastes, especially ash and they never use
22
inorganic fertilizers to enset. Regarding to diseases management, the farmers in survey areas
remove/ avoid the infected plant from the field and buried in underground and if many plants are
affected they remove the whole enset from the field and cultivating after 2 or three years. To
enhance drought resistance farmers’, use techniques like mulching, covering the exposed root of
the plant using soil and cutting of older leaves to reduce evapotranspiration. Discussants reported
a unique technique on how to prevent frost effect at early seedling stage that they prevent it
fencing with branched bamboo twigs in the incoming direction of frost. Moreover, dried older
leaves are also left hanging with the mature enset plants for same purpose.
23
Figure 6: wilting disease and field cleared by the disease in Gase kebele Hula.
6.5 Traditional "enset’ processing in the study area (AS IS)

In Sidama, the optimum harvesting time for enset is shortly after flowering. Age of flowering
depends on type of enset landrace, climatic condition and management. Hence, flowering time in
enset varies but optimally 6 to 8 years. However, enset plant can also be harvested at its
premature stage especially when there is lack of food. According to the local people, the enset
plant at flowering stage would give high quality yields of Bulla and Kocho since it has its
maximum storage of food at its flowering stage. In the study area, harvesting is usually done
during the dry season mainly December to January to avoid excess water content, which may
affect the taste of the food. The selection of matured plant done by either women or men and
sometimes both select the plants. After selection of matured plants, the processing areas are
selected and prepared by women and the processing carried out by them. Generally, the work of
harvesting and processing of enset for food is generally laborious and tiresome and is undertaken
by women.
6.6 Pit preparation

After selection of matured enset plants and processing places, the next job is pit preparation.
Three pits are prepared for the processes. Two are prepared in scarping places and one is
prepared separately. One pit in scarping place is used for fixing of wooden board with strong
enset while the second pit in the same place is used storing fluid discharged from mass of
scraped pseudostem tissue (locally called “Abicho”) in order to obtain bulla after sedimentation
and the third pit is prepared separately somewhere else near to scraping place. This pit used for
the two purposes one is for pulverizing corms (locally called “Hamicho”) and other is as for
storing mixed crashed mass of corm (locally called “Dassa” and scraped tissue of pseudostem
where fermentation takes place as shown in (figure 4A). After the activity of pit preparation
completed, old leaves and leaf sheaths from matured and selected enset plant for harvesting are
removed using traditional harvesting tool locally called worime as shown (Figure 3c).
24
Figure 7: Traditional enset harvesting and processing tools in study area: A-sischo,B-Qeho& C-
worime
Next to removing leaves and leaf sheaths, pits are carefully covered by these cut leaves and leaf
sheaths. Then after covering the pits with these leaves and leaf sheaths connecting the two pits in
scraping place to prevent the juicy part from leaking into the ground while keeping scraped
pseudo stem clean and to allow the juicy part to flow down gently and accumulate separately as
shown in (Figure 4B).
B
A
Figure 8: Storing pits for mix and bulla: A-Storage for abicho & B-Sedimentation pit for bulla
25
6.8 Detaching pseudostem
Next to pit preparations and the thick dry outer bark of the "enset" plant are removed from
harvesting enset plant, the fresh light green and fleshy stems that are immediately visible should
be detached and readied for scraping as it is shown in the (figure 6).
Figure 9: Discarding pseudostem for scraping

After the preparation of pseudostem for decortication, the wooden board (locally called “meta” is
fixed with the pit and strong enset plant in order to be secure it from falling and being suitable
for scraping or decorticating process for pseudostem (locally called “Shafincho”) as shown in the
(figure 6).
Wooden board or Meta
Strong enset
Pit
Figure 10: Fixing wooden board (Meta) for scraping
26
6.8 Decortication of pseudostem
After fixing of wooden board a single pseudostem is secured on the wooden pole with leg. Using
a bamboo split, the woman from a strenuous sitting position scrapes the fleshy part of the
pseudostem down towards the pit. She secures the pseudostem on the board by raising one leg
and pressing it with her legs so that the stem will not slip down as shown in the figure 7 below.
This process leaves the fiber in the stem. The other half of the scrapped pseudostem is also
turned upside down, and the stem is secured with the fiber extracted from the first scraping. This
processing separates the fleshy part of the pseudostem from the fiber (about 1 meter and 10 cm
in length) while letting the juice flow down in the pit lined with "enset" leaves and leaf sheaths.
After a short while the juicy part sediments into a moist sticky substance known as "bulla".
Usually the clear solution on the "bulla" sediment is discarded. The remaining thick sticky white
substance, "bulla", is spread in order to be dehydrated. Later on, a handful of "bulla" is wrapped
with fresh "enset" leaves and tied with "hoficho" string in order to be fermented. Care is taken
not to expose the "bulla" to air and light in order to avoid an unwanted color change, i.e., white
"bulla" has more market value than non-white "bulla".
Figure 11: Traditional Decorticating pseudostem
27
6.9 Extraction of the liquid fluid from the scraped pseudostem tissue
"Bulla", by which the milky liquid food is known in Sidama, is extracted by squeezing it out
from the accumulated mass of scraped tissue. This operation carried out the second day of
scraping so that good quality “bulla” is to be produced. The operation is done by labor force
with bare cleaned feet; the operator repeatedly steps on the juicy food stuff placed under
"enset" leaves to squeeze out the liquid. This operation is tedious and time consuming.
Figure 12: Squeezing scraped pseudostem for “bulla”

6.10 Pulverization
Using a local digging hoe, the corm (root part) is dug out and transported to where the
pseudostem is processed. A serrated animal bone (scapula which is locally called “Qeho”) is
used to pulverize the corm (Fig. 4). This process turns the corm into smaller grated pieces which
have to be kept aside in order to be mixed with the fleshy scraped pseudostem.
Figure 13: Traditionalpulverizing corm

28
6.11 Fermentation
Before the fermentation processes, traditional fermenting yeast (locally known as “Gama
ancho”) needs to be prepared. Yeast preparation methods are as mentioned below.
Firstly, pulverize corms until its outer portion removed by forelimb bones of cattle locally
known as “Qeho” to obtain its inner portion. Secondly, the inner portion of the corm is rubbed
with the spoilage from pseudostem and corm waste (locally called “Shigido”). Thirdly, after
rubbing the inner portion of corm, it is covered with the inner core leaf (shoot) for about 8 days.
Fourthly, after 8 days resting, it is opened for sunlight for about 3 days. Fifthly, again cover it
well with the inner core shoots and allowing rest for about 5 days.
Through the above five step traditional processes, the quality yeast or gamancho is obtained. In
research studies the quality of kocho was reported to be poor and variable and is therefore sold for a lower
price compared to other crops in Ethiopia; thus, it needs improved technology for the fermentation to
replace the traditional processes.
This yeast or gamaancho is pulverized and mixed with already mixed pseudostem and pulverized
corm in mixing pit. The process of turning, mixing and chopping will continue until the mixture
fermented to what good Kocho (locally called “Waasa”). According to the informants, the total
period of fermentation takes from 15 to 30 days. The traditional fermentation process has been
reported as the main cause for the production loss in enset (Tsegaye&Struik 2003) and the
process of extraction is highly tedious.
Figure 14: Traditional fermentation processes
29
7. Bench mark selection
Bench mark to be was selected from different areas of the country due to absence of other
countries cultivating enset crops. For selecting benchmark areas like West Shewa, Gurage, and
Gamo were competed based on bench mark selection criteria as shown in the following tables.
1. West Shewa
No CRITERIA West Shewa Remark
5 4 3 2 1
1 Quality x
2 production/yield x
3 level of technology x
4 Cost x
5 employment/ labor intensive x
6 Skill x
7 Environmental issues x
Total rating comments 34
2. Gurage
No CRITERIA Gurage Remark
5 4 3 2 1
1 Quality x
4 Cost x
6 Skill x
30
3. Gamo
No CRITERIA Gamo Remark
5 4 3 2 1
1 Quality x
4 Cost x
6 S ki l l x
According to the weighting criteria West Shewa scores higher value of all. Therefore, West
Shewa was selected as bench mark for value chain analysis on enset production.
31
8. MAPPING VALUE CHAIN ACTIVITIES (BENCH MARK)
Input Seed Land Planting Field Harvesting Kocho Processing Marketing
propagation and Management
Preparation
transplant
Ploughing
ing Soil management Selecting matured plants Transportation
Land Corm preparation Spaced Place preparation
Resource plating
s Removing leaf sheaths Mechanical Whole sales
Smoothing Organic
Corms Large sized corm decortications of pseudo
Row stem method
planting Removing leaves
Squeezing for extract Retailers
Farm Buried separately Inorganic more fluid
Tools Leaf sheaths
Improved/Novel Disease management Pulverization method of
propagationtech Peel off pseudo stem co r m
Harvestin niques Drought management
g tools Dig out corm Mixing scraped pseudo
Producing Frost stem &chopped corm
suckers/Funta managementmanage tissues
M o d er n ment
Processin
g tools Squeezing improved for
bulla
fertilizers
Improved Fermentation
/sauerkraut jar
Kocho
Storing and packing
squeezing
sieving
32
preparing food
9. Truth and facts of BENCH MARK (TO BE)
9.1 Propagation techniques
A propagation technique in TO BE is somewhat different from the traditional way of propagation
just as following details.
9.2 Corm preparation

In traditional method in the study areas corm produced from young 2-3 years old enset plants but
in in Gedeo Corms prepared from matured large sized enset plants. They cut the mother plant
above the junction of the pseudostem and the corm to prepare it for propagation. Then they
scrape out and remove the central part of the corm to induce sucker production as shown in
(figure 12). The number of suckers per mother plant depends on soil condition, types of clones, size and
age of the mother plant, amount of rainfall, land preparation, and time of planting (Shumblo et al., 2012).
Yet, in this method of propagation the number of suckers obtained from a single mother plant range from
200-300 seedlings.
Figure 15:Vegitative propagation method:(A) Enset plant pseudostem prepared for

harvesting and sexual propagation (B) Cutting at the bottom to use the underground part
33
for propagation and the upper part for kocho harvesting (C) The underground part divided
into four parts and small portion of the middle part removed to initiate sprouting
9.3 Improved/novel rapid propagation technologies

Several novel methods for rapid propagation of enset are found in the literature. Alternative
pathways for the rapid propagation of enset are discussed extensively by Diro and Van Staden
(2004), including zygotic embryo culture (Bezuneh, 1980; Negash et al., 2000, 2001; Diro and
Van Staden, 2003), shoot tip culture (George and Sherrington, 1984; Nehra and Kartha, 1994;
Afza et al., 1996; Morpurgo et al., 1996; Zeweldu, 1997; Negash et al., 2000), and callus culture
and somatic embryogenesis (George and Sherrington, 1984; Zeweldu, 1997; Afza et al., 1996;
Morpurgo et al., 1996; Mathew et al., 2000; Mathew and Philip, 2003).
Macro-propagation and micro-propagation (syn. tissue culture or in vitro) are useful
technologies to provide large numbers of replacement plants where diseases have reduced
plantations or to locally multiply desired cultivars for distribution. Makiso (1996) refers to a
macro-propagation method to regenerate enset plants by cutting the rhizome, with leaf bases
intact, vertically into small pieces and planting in plastic tubes or bags, and raising them in a
growth chamber with proper temperature and humidity (20 °C and moist medium of soil or any
other material).
These technologies may also help reduce the vulnerability of enset farming systems in several
ways.
Firstly, in combination with a field gene bank collection, the use of improved micro-
propagation (syn. tissue culture or in vitro culture) enables conservation,rapid propagation
and distribution of clean planting materials (Negash, 2001).
Secondly, improved micro-propagation facilitates the use of rapid screening of enset cultivars
for tolerance or resistance to pests and pathogens, as in the case of banana (e.g., Dochez et al.,
2000; Tripathi et al., 2008).
Thirdly, enset breeding may profit from improved micro-propagation through somatic
hybridization and recombinant DNA techniques applied to callus culture to obtain new
genotypes, or by facilitating seed germination (Diro and Van Staden, 2004).
34
Figure 16:Improved/novel rapid propagation technologies
9.4 Planting methods

In study areas suckers planted crowdedly but here spaced and row planting system is
carried out. The spacing provided is a minimum of one-meter and a maximum of two-
meter space among seedlings in the main is provided. Plant spacing affects growth,
development, and production of enset. Narrow plant spacing affects harvestable
pseudostem and yield (Shumblo et al., 2012). On the other hand, wider spacing beside
yield increment reduces the duration of maturity (Shumblo et al., 2012).
Spaced planting Crowdedly planting
old planting
Figure 17: Spaced, Row and Crowded planting system
35
9.5 Field Management
Field management in bench mark carried out especially for soil fertility besides organic
fertilizers in organic fertilizers like URE and DAP used. Fore stance uses of 250kg Urea and
100kg DAP ha-1 y-1 for two years resulted in better growth and yield of enset.
9.6 Enset processing methods (Bench mark)

9.6.1 Decortication /scraping
More than twenty percent of Ethiopia’s population used Enset for human food, fiber, animal
forage, construction materials, and medicines. In Ethiopia Enset are decorticated traditionally
using a locally made bamboo scraper against a wooden plank. This traditional method is
inefficient, unhygienic, gender based, less productive and time consuming. To alleviate this
problem, three horse power engine driven Enset decorticator is developed and its performance is
evaluated in both laboratory and field. The laboratory field for specifications and field test for its
operational condition by Tarekegn Elias Dalelo under advising Dr. Amana Wako in Adama
Science and Technology University in 2018.The evaluate on test revealed that the machine was
most stable, and the machine was easy to start, operate and stop. The preliminary test conducted
at decorticating gap of < 2mm, 2 mm and >2mm with drum speed of 650 rpm, 850 rpm and 1050
rpm shows better decorticating performance but at 2mm decorticating clearance with drum speed
of 1050 rpm gave best operation result than others.
The test result showed that the mean values of decorticating capacity varied from 42.97 kg/hr. to
45.46 kg/hr. at >2 mm decorticating clearance. In the same way the mean value of decorticating
capacity varied from 44.64 kg/hr. to 53.05 kg/hr. and from 51.9 kg/hr. to 57.2 kg/hr. at <2mm
and 2mm decorticating clearances respectively. The following figures shows development
machine model and Enset decorticator field test.
Figure 18: Developed machine model and its detail views
36
Figure 19: Enset decorticator field test
1.1.1.1.Engine Driven Corm pulverizing Machine
Enset corm processing is labor demanding and time consuming activity which calls for
technology to make it efficient and lighten the burden on women. Engine operated inset corm
pulverizing machine was developed and the test was carried out at three levels drum speed
(2000, 2200 and 2400rpm) for the most dominate three varieties (Baladati, Farise and Sharte) at
farmer’s farm. Performance of the machine was evaluated interims of pulverizing capacity
(Kg/hr.) and pulverizing uniformity (%) for all varieties. The mean pulverizing capacity of
1048.3Kg/har (~1ton/hr) is recorded for the prototype. The optimum pulverizing capacity of
1277Kg/hr was observed when the drum was operated at velocity of 2200rpm at whereas the
minimum pulverizing capacity of 604.0Kg/hr was observed when the drum speed was 2000 rpm.
Fuel consumption of 1.32lit/hr was recorded at drum speed of 2400rpm. The machine can be
used by farmers for all varieties at drum speed range of 2200 – 2400rpm.
37
Figure 20: Corm pulverizing machine
9.6.2 Squeezing devices
Traditionally women squeeze pseudostem to discharge liquid from scraped pseudostem in order
to obtain bulla. For these activity women squeezes scraped tissue of pseudostem by applying
pressure on using their own weight standing on the mass of scraped tissues as shown in the
(figure 19A). This activity is laborious and time consuming. To alleviate the problem, the device
as shown in the (figure 19B) is developed and it makes the operation very easy and time saving.
38
Figure 21: Innovative technology for squeezing tissues of pseudo stem and fermented Kocho
9.6.3 Improved Fermentation /sauerkraut jar
Enset does not produce edible fruit, but its pseudo stem and corm are fermented to obtain Kocho.
The traditional fermentation processing is accomplished in pits and it is laborious and time
intensive. To minimize such problems innovative fermentation technology is developed. The
innovative technology of kocho fermentation is accomplished by using clay pots with lids and
small perforations at the bottom to discharge excess liquids as shown in the (figure 20A).
Another technology for the fermentation is using of sauerkraut jar made of ceramics had a
volume of 10 liters and the height was 33.5 cm, excluding the lid. Each jar had two heavy plates
of 15 cm intended for compaction and a water lock was applied to create anaerobic conditions.
The in and outside of the jar was first glazed (lead-free) and then the jars were baked at 1185 °C
as shown in (figure 20 B). Currently, not only fermentation tools developed but also innovative
yeast which rapid the fermentation period is developed.
Figure 22: Improved fermentationTechniques: A-clay pots B-ceramic pots
A 39 B
10. Comparing AS IS and TO BE
ACTIVITY AS IS TO BE
IN PUT
Tools Traditional tools: Modern tools:
1. K o t o : 1. pointed grab hoe:
Koto which is traditional device used for break down or  it used for both cultivating and hardtop soil tilling
pulverization of hard top soil.
breaking
Advantages of koto:  it is manufactured by locally available
 locally available/locally manufactured materials/low cost/
 simple to operate and maintenance  it consumes less power (since the force is
 low cost concentrated on the pointed edge its penetration is
 durable. high)
 it consumes less time (it cultivates large place in
disadvantages: -
short time) since it multiplies forces.
 power consuming  its yield is also high compared with the ordinary
 the yield of this tool is low/yield per time is very one (koto, helako, zafa) since its energy
slow compared to the modern ploughing tools multiplying quality
 the quality of the work is also low since the  the quality of the work becomes good since it
penetration power of the tool depends on the energy
penetrates down a better number of centimeters
of the tiller.
from the existing one.
 it takes long time to till small hectares/of land/so it
consumes too long times days and weeks to finish the
piece of hectares of land.
 since it takes long time, its yield is low and low
quality its cost of power, time, cost is so high.
1
2
Propagation Traditional macro propagation Improved /novel rapid propagation
is very tedious and laborious, results in a poor syn. tissue culture or in vitro
propagation rate and requires a large land area.
fairly large number of clones are lost in cultivation Help reduce the vulnerability of enset farming
owing to diseases systems in several ways.
abiotic selection pressures, or changes in land use 1. Firstly, in combination with a field gene bank
systems collection, the use of improved micro-propagation
(syn. tissue culture
or in vitro culture) enables conservation, rapid
propagation and distribution of clean planting
materials (Negash, 2001)
Secondly, improved micro-propagation facilitates the
use of rapid screening of enset cultivars for tolerance
or resistance to pests and pathogens, as in the case of
banana (e.g., Dochez et al., 2000; Tripathi et al.,
2008).
Thirdly, enset breeding may profit from
improved micro-propagation through somatic
hybridization and recombinant DNA techniques
applied to callus culture to obtain new genotypes, or
by facilitating seed germination
(Diro and Van Staden, 2004).
Land preparation Land prepared in shallow depth due to using back ward farm land prepared in deep using modern well pointed tools
tools
Planting Direct planting Transplanting

 In direct planting plants are planted crowdedly thus it  Spaced planting in row
provides less yield per plant since there is high  transplanting will result in higher yields per plant
competition for nutrients  for twice transplanted plants compared to once
transplanted.
3
Disease  Removing infected enset plants or totally removing and  Propagating and distributing disease resistant landraces
management replanting after 2 years
Processing
Decortication Traditional decortication system Innovative decortication method:

 method is inefficient, unhygienic, gender based, less  performing decorticating activity more efficient and
productive, tedious and time consuming effective, hygienic, productive, save time, and not gender
 Less rate of decortication (adult women can scrap 1 plant based.
/day)  One Plant decorticating /hour or
 Less quality of scraped tissue  the mean values of decorticating capacity varied from
42.97 kg/hr. to 45.46 kg/hr. at >2 mm decorticating
clearance.
 In the same way the mean value of decorticating
capacity varied from 44.64 kg/hr. to 53.05 kg/hr. at
<2mm. and
 from 51.9 kg/hr. to 57.2 kg/hr. and 2 mm
decorticating clearances respectively.
4
Video link: https://youtu.be/HhZdi2stIhM
Squeezing  Discharging fluid from scraped pseudo stem and  Time saving
fermented Kocho by man power  Labor saving
 it is time consuming and tedious  No harm effect
 causes injury
Pulverization A serrated animal bone (scapula) or “Qeho” is used to Engine motorized machine is used
pulverize the corm. x Pulverization is uniform
x Time saving
 Pulverization is not uniform
x reduce women drudgery and
5
x Enset corm processing is labour demanding and time x also pulverizes the corm of enset high quality in a
consuming activity short period of time.
x Adult women pulverize 3 corms weigh 40kg per x Machine can pulverize 26 corms weighting 40kg per
day(120kg/day) hour (around 1 tone/hr)
Fermentation Use of Pit with leaves and leaf sheath use of some wide mouthed clay pots with lids and small
The quality of kocho is reported to be poor and variable and perforations at the bottom to ooze the excess liquids
is therefore sold for a lower price compared to other crops in
Ethiopia.
Glazed layer made the jars waterproof

The sauerkraut jar made of ceramics had a volume of 10 liters
and the height was 33.5 cm, excluding the lid. Each jar had
two heavy plates of 15 cm intended for compaction and a
water lock was applied to create anaerobic conditions. The in
6
and outside of the jar was first glazed (lead-free) and then the
jars were baked at 1185 °C.
7
11. Value Chain Analysis for Enset Production
Activity Yield Quality Cost Time
AS I S T OB E AS I S T OB E AS I S T OB E AS I S T OB E
INPUT
Land Resources
Corms Small sized Large sized low High high Low Need More time Save time
Farm Tools Shallow Deep plough Low High Less high Time consume Save time
Harvesting tools Low High Low High Less high Less High
Fertilizer Organic Inorganic fertilizers Less High

fertilizer/Manuring
Manure, home use of 250kg Urea and Less High Low High Mo r e Less
wastes and provide 100kg DAP ha-1 y-1
good yield for two years resulted
in better growth and
yield of enset
Seed propagation
Corm preparation Small sized & many Large sized & less in Less High Low High Mo r e Less
corm as seed is number corms
produced from obtained from 5-7
young enset 2- years old enset plants
3years old
Producing sucker Less number of Mo r e number of weak strong High Low Take more time Take less
suckers (20-30) suckers (200-300) for growth time for
produced from from single ;upper growth
single plant ; parts used for kocho
underground parts
cattle food
Land preparation
1
Preparing places for Less High Less High Take time for No time for
corms and suckers preparation preparation
Dig out pits for corm High No Require time Save time
Fallowing land for Shallow De e p Low High Less High More time Less time
suckers
Planting and transplanting
Planting Crowded Spaced ,1-2m interval Less Moderate Less Less Less Save time
Transplanting Crowded Spaced ,1-2m interval Less High Less High Mo r e Less time
Field Management
Soil management
Disease management Isolated infected Selecting bacteria Less high Less high Waste time Save time
plant resistant landraces
Processing
Preparing places Low High High No Time consuming Save time
Scraping pseudo 33Kg/hr. 53-56.05kg/hr.@ Contact Clean tissues of Mo r e 4 2 .2 4 More time Save time
stem/decortication/shaf different drum speed with soil pseudostem labour ETB/hr.
ina Hoga cost
Squeezing for extract 70 Kg/hr. 110KG/hr Less High high Less 103min/plant 66min/plan/s
more fluid from /squeezing term queezing
fermented Kocho termt
Pulverization of corm
Pulverization method Adult women can The machine can Less(not High(uniform) High Less Consuming time Save time
o f co r m pulverizes three pulverizes 26 inset uniform)
corm of 40kg per a corm of 40kg per hour.
( Engine Driven Corm d ay
pulverizing Machine)
Fermentation Pit fermentation Sauerkraut Jars Less High 15-30 days Less time
Kocho 37.3kg/plant 72kg/plant less high high Less Take time Save time
2
Storing and packing
Marketing
Transportation Less High Less High Less High Less High
Whole sales Less High Less High Less High Less High
Retailers Less High Less High Less High Less High
Table 5 : Comparative analysis using four parameters ((Yield, Quality, Cost and Time)
3
12. Mapping Value Chain Activities (TO BE)
Input Seed Land Planting and Field Harvesting Kocho Processing Marketing
propagatio transplanting Management
Preparation
n
Land Corm Ploughing Spaced Soil management Selecting matured Place preparation Transportation
Resource preparation plating plants
s Smoothin Removing leaf sheaths Mechanical Whole sales
Corms Organic decortication of pseudo
Large sized corm g Row
planting Removing leaves stem method
Squeezing for extract Retailers
Farm Buried separately Inorganic
Tools more fluid
Leaf sheaths
Improved/Novel Disease management Pulverization method of
Harvestin propagationtechn Peel off pseudo stem co r m
g tools iques Drought
management Dig out corm
Mixing scraped pseudo
M o d er n Producing Frost
stem &chopped corm
Processin suckers/Funta managementmanag tissues
g tools ement
Squeezing improved for
fertilizers bulla
Improved Fermentation
/sauerkraut jar
Kocho
K EY
Storing and packing
Main chain
Main chain gap
Sub chain
Sub chain gap
4
13. Prioritizing the Technology gaps/Constraints
13.1 Rating identified technology with the rating criteria
Table 6: Disease management
No Criteria Rating Remark
Diseases management 5 4 3 2 1
1 Marketability Attractiveness to potential buyers
2 Profitability Able to yield a profit or financial gain
3 Capability and Usefulness able to be used for a practical purpose or in several ways
4 Functionality The quality of being suited to serve a purpose well
5 Import Substitution Able to replace the product imported from outside of the country
6 Feasibility State or degree of being easily or conveniently done within MSE’s level
7 Adaptability Able to adjust into a local condition
8 Potential Impact to the MSE Able to strengthen the linkages with large industries
9 Woman Empowerment Able to offer equal rights to men and women
10 Employment Ability to utilize available manpower including persons with disability and
can reduce the unemployment rate in the country
TOTAL RATING 17
5
Table 7: Planting and transplanting
Storing and packing 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL RATING 19
6
Table 8: Storing and packing
Storing and packing 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL RATING 21
7
Table 9: Field (soil fertility) management
Field (soil fertility) management 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL RATING 21
8
Table 10: Fermentation technology
Fermentation technology 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL RATING 26
9
Table 11: Improved squeezing devices for bulla
Improved squeezing devices for bulla 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL RATING 34
10
Table 12: Pulverization of corms/Hamicho dassa
Pulverization of corms/Hamicho dassa 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL RATING 37
11
Table 13: Decortication /shafina hoga
Decortication /shafina hoga 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL RATING 41
12
Table 14: Seed propagation
Seed propagation 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL RATING 24
13
Table 7: Prioritizing technology gaps and description
Rank Gap/constraints Describe reason for prioritization
1 Decortications /shafina hoga Engine Driven Decorticating machine perform decorticating activity more efficient and
effective, hygienic, productive, save time, and gender specific
2 Pulverization of corms/Ha'micho dassa Pulverizing machine helps to save time and reduce women drudgery and also pulverizes the
corm of enset with high quality in a short period of time.
3 Improved squeezing devices for Juice in decorticated large mass of tissue discharged within short period of time with less
bulla/fermented Kocho energy and squeeze large amount of fermented Kocho with low effort.
4 Fermentation technology Scientifically produced yield used for fermentation of Kocho to be fermented in jar
5 Field (soil fertility) management Using 250kg Urea and 100kg DAP ha-1 y-1 for two years as alternative fertilizers other than
organic (Manuring & home wastes) resulted in better growth and yield of enset
6 Seed propagation A large number of suckers (Funta) from large sized corm obtained from 5-7 years old single
plant
Improved/novel rapid propagation technologies or Micro-propagation are useful technologies
to improve the efficiency of sucker production and to provide clean replacement plants in
locations where diseases have affected plantations or to locally multiply newly introduced
cultivars for distribution.
7 Storing and packing Koch needed to be stored in jar or clay pots with lids for good quality, and smell
8 Planting and transplanting Spaced planting system results good growth and high yields.
9 Diseases management Selecting and planting diseases resisting landraces
14
14. Categorization of Technology
The process of segregating identified technologies according to four categories of technologies namely Techno ware, Human
ware, Info ware and Orga ware. The definitions of the four are follows:
TECHNOLOGIES DESCRIPTION
TECHNOWARE Transportationmachine,ensetscrapingmanual,squeezermachine,post
harvestingmachine,cultivationmachine,ensetprocessingtechnology,gardencoach plant holder
,water pump
HUMANWARE (SKILLS) Includes human knowledge, ability and experience. This component is the person-
embodied art-of-doing technologies, like ingenuity, craftsmanship, skills in performing the
task.
Training on the way to how the enset produced, knowledge Design tools
INFOWARE (FACTS) Includes organized information, work processes, design etc. This component is the
record-embodies know-what–why-how-type technologies, like systematized concepts and
technical specifications (parameters, diagrams, formulae, theories and manuals).
Charts of the process, processing manual
ORGAWARE (SETUPS) Includes organizational structures, setups, methods of doing things etc. This
component is the organization-embodied work-operations-schemes-type technologies. Like
Soil testing Laboratory, Food Processing Plant
Kocho fermentationShop layout, seed center ,Kaizen
15
15. Technology Identification and Categorization
Rank Gap/constraints Techno-ware Human-ware Info-ware Orga-ware
1 Decortication /shafina Engine driven Enset Training on operation and Manual for starting , operating
hoga decorticator maintenance of the and stopping the machine
machine ,designs ,blue prints
2 Pulverization of Engine Driven Corm Training farmers on Manual for description ,design Lab center and
corms/Hamicho dassa pulverizing Machine operation and analysis and calculation, pilot site
maintenance of machine operation and maintenance of
machine
3 Improved squeezing Squeezing device s for Training women on use Demonstration

devices for bulla/Fermented of the device center
bulla/fermented Kocho Kocho/press/twist
squeezing machine
4 Fermentation technology clay pots with lids and Training on preparation of Manual for dosage
small clay pots with lids
perforations at the
bottom to ooze the
excess liquids or
sauerkraut jar made of
ceramic and scientifically
produced yeast
5 Field (soil fertility) training farmers on using Manual for applying

management fertilizers fertilizersdozes
6 Seed propagation Tissue culture Training on in vitro Tissue culture processing Lab center and
instruments propagation methods pilot site
7 Storing and packing Storing and packing Training Storing processes system
equipment’s
8 Planting and Training farmers Planting systems
transplanting
9 Diseases management Training on tissue culture Tissue culture system
system
16
16. Integrating Sectors Responsible for the Identified Technologies by Table
Technology Category Rank Responsible sector
Decortication /shafina hoga Techno-ware 1st TVET colleges ,Universities ,Agricultural research
enters
Field (soil fertility) Info-ware 5t h Agricultural research centers
management
Planting and transplanting Info-ware 8t h Agricultural research centers

Improved squeezing Techno-ware 3rd TVET colleges ,Universities ,Agricultural research
devices for bulla enters
Seed propagation Info-ware 6t h Agricultural research centers
Dieses management Human - 9t h Agricultural research centers
ware
Pulverization of Techno-ware 2n d TVET colleges ,Universities ,Agricultural research
corms/Hamicho dassa enters
Storing and packing Info-ware 7t h Agricultural research centers
Fermentation technology Techno-ware 4t h Agricultural research centers
1
17. Conclusion and Recommendation
17.1 Conclusion
The Value chain analysis was conducted in Sidama National Regional State of in four Woredas or local
villages. This conclusion has been drawn from the main findings of the Value chain analysis in which
sources of information were triangulated. The triangulation includes the secondary information collected
during interview and the primary data gathered at field work in Hula, Teticha, Aleta wondo woreda and
Aleta wondo Ketema.
The main objective of the Value chain analysis was to find out the performance of the introduced enset
processing technologies relative to the traditional methods in terms of time saving, income change, and
role distribution. This Value chain analysis consists of the conclusion and recommendations parts; where
the conclusions are explained briefly about the findings of the Value chain analysis while the
recommendations are compiled based on the results.
This Value chain analysis study showed that in the Value chain analysis area, enset processing is mostly
carried out using traditional methods. Enset processing is still mainly performed by women even after
introduced technology (such as enset scraper and squeezer) is used. However, only few farmers used the
introduced technologies often.
Based on the value chain analysis experts working for the rural development and agriculture office and
responses of the women, the reasons for low adoption could be attributed to a number of factors
 The technologies are not sufficiently available due to the limited human and financial capacity of
the rural technology centers in the country
 Enset agriculture seems to be given low emphasis by policymakers. Because it is not a cash crop,
not a high production crop, region specific crop and it is usually a women crop but in some cases
men are involved growing enset
 Lack of follow up by the responsible body and low communication among different organization
working on promoting enset processing technologies to maintain the introduced technologies,
which are available in the hands of the farmers
 Low adoption could be attributed to lack of financial resources to buy the technologies
 The technologies are saved women time and energy than the traditional methods, they had a little
bit defects such as the squeezer hole and the flat scraper are narrow; as a result taking longer
time to produce bulla and kocho
 lack of money and access to buy the technologies
2
 Lack of institutional support that would provide credit for farmers to buy these technologies.
In general, the adoption rates of these technologies were low. However, it could invite women in the
adoption decisions positively since the burden of their work load and labor will reduce due to
involvement of their partner’s men and other male household members by applying these technologies.
The purpose of this Value chain analysis was to assess Enset products in Agricultural sector in Sidama
regional state and identify potential products within the sector which could be growth enhancing.
Based on the value chain selection criteria; Enset product were identified as potential product. The value
chain analysis was further aimed at identifying factors which constrain the growth of Enset products. It
has investigated possible role of actors, stakeholders and technology interventions wherever necessary to
increase Enset production output.
A number of constraints facing in Sidama regional state Farmers who farm Enset were identified in this
Value chain analysis and the key findings are marketing and demand forecasting, Farming equipment,
identification of different production processes, product handling and storage, and supply which in turn
affects the productivity and competitiveness in a market.
To alleviate constraints facing in Enset production and to propose the best bench mark, a number of
related literature reviews have been carried out. As a result, Gedeo Enset production is selected as TO BE.
Following the review, the collective approach of the three literatures has been customized and final bench
mark has been drawn.
In order to carry out the value chain analysis, a number of data analysis methods were implemented. To
mention few: mapping the AS-IS value chain, mapping the bench mark value chain (To Be), Cause and
effect analysis are the major ones.
Generally, following the analysis result, the study figured out that the bench mark (To Be) has depicted a
lot of gaps/constraints with its possible solutions and the corresponding actors and stakeholders.
3
17.2 Recommendation
Based on the major of this Value chain analysis the following recommendations are presented as follows:
Farmer’s adoption rate is very low on account of a number of factors. This requires a number of
potential tasks to be done, which include:
1. The technologies should sufficiently be made available through increasing the limited human and
financial capacity of the rural technology centers in the region
2. All stake holders and ‘policymakers should give particular attention on enset agriculture
3. There should be a follow up and a feedback mechanism to improve the acceptability and
efficiency of the next generation of enset processing technologies by the value chain analysis and
the rural technology centers or establishing collaboration between partners to maintain the
introduced technologies, which are available in the hands of the farmers
4. Increasing the financial resources of farmers to buy the technologies would reduce the constraint
that hinders most farmers from adopting the technologies. Therefore, linking farmers with credit
institutions is significantly important.
It is imperative to create mechanisms to make the technologies easily accessible to farmers. The
introduced technologies are not fully reached by women with regards to moving farmers from their
traditional methods of the enset processing practices in the study areas. In the process of providing the
introduced technologies to farmers, it was identified that less efforts influenced farmer’s adoption
rates because of lack of continuity and complexity of procedures that make farmers reluctant to use
the technologies.
Designing strong strategy is essential to make access the introduced technologies to the majority of
farmers and it is also necessary that the technology institutes should provide better new technologies
and maintenance service on existing technologies on regular basis. For this purpose, consideration of
farmers’ feedback is vital to enhance their efficiency.
It is necessary to establish strong network and collaboration between partners among the farmers and
institutes related with the area of enset processing programs and projects (like Sodo Rural Promotion
Centre, Bako agricultural research institution, university of Hawassa agriculture, EnemorenaEner
agriculture office and women and children Affairs office and other Non-governmental organizations
such as world vision, and catholic, church, ESTRIP project (Hawassa poly). This will help to make
the technology better accessible to women and to enhance the adoption rates of the technologies.
Empowering women in the household is an important measure to Improving gender relationships.
The involvement of men on enset processing mainly in scraping, squeezing and fermentation tasks can
change the existing cultural aspects of gap between men and women towards involving with enset
4
processing activities. The introduced technologies changed the role of enset processing activities
particularly enset scraper and squeezer devices among the household members. As a result, it is
necessary to involve men equally when the enset technologies are being demonstrated and providing
training either by manufactured institutions or extension workers.
It is also important to involve men and women in introduction of a new technology but also in the
design and the testing because then some of the technological problems (like tedious rope, in
conveniences of short scrapers and narrower of squeezing hole Work) can be avoided.
Finally, it is vital to conduct continuous education to raise the awareness of the community to improve
the participation of male in enset processing activities particularly the enset scraping, squeezing and
fermentation processes. This will have paramount advantages for the overall communities in the study
areas to reduce women farmers work overload.
From the value chain analysis undertaken in producing this value chain, it is evident that all value chain
exercises start with a thorough understanding of what the customer values, the value creating activities
and where these are produced within the complex structure of collaborating companies. Enset farmers are
facing major problems in various value chain of domestic levels as well as national level. The
government is not focusing on the market of Enset products to have a better position in the
international market. The government may provide the financial, skill training and infrastructure
facilities to Enset farmers. The government also has to arrange pesticides and seminars for the farmers to
learn how to penetrate in to the market, remain competitive and productive in the sector.
The following measures are recommended to government, stakeholders and actors to tackle the identified
gaps and constraints in the value chain:
Facilitate the infrastructure for Enset farmers

Proper assistance in the promotion and marketing of Enset products
Arrange promotional activities like trade shows, exhibitions and Enset Products Expo
It is recommended that Enset farmers should be trained to make use of latest tools,
equipment and machines in the Production of different enset products
Facilitate financial resources and their timely availability and response are very critical in building
competitiveness of Enset producers
5
18. References
1. CSA (2012) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region Wayback Machine.
2. Giorgis G, Gebre E, Bedane K, Kassa B (2001) Country Profi le on Potato Production and Utilization:
Ethiopia. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holetta Agricultural Research Centre, National
Potato Research Program.
3. Adimassu Z, Kessler A (2014) Factors affecting farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to
perceived trends of declining rainfall and crop productivity in the central Rift valley of Ethiopia.
4. Tenaye A, Geta E (2008) Analysis of vulnerability and determinants of enset production in Wolaita,
Southern Ethiopia. In International Symposium on Underutilized Plants for Food Security, Nutrition,
Income and Sustainable Development 806: 663-668.
5. Negash A (2001) Diversity and conservation of enset (Enseteventricosum (Welw.)Cheeseman) and its
relation to household food and livelihood security in southwestern Ethiopia.PhD thesis, Wageningen
University and Research Centre. Link: https://bit.ly/3gfPujh
6. CSA (2011) Area and Production of Major Crops.Agricultural Sample Enumeration Survey part III.
Addis Ababa, Ethiopio.
7. Wiersum TKF, BongersF (2010) Spatial and temporal variation in crop diversity in agroforestry home
gardens of southern Ethiopia.Agrofor syst.78:309-322. JournalofEthnobiology and Ethnomedicine.
18to the School of Graduate Studies in Addis Ababa University in Partial. Link: https://bit.ly/3l3Zsb6
8. FAO (2010) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Country Report Ethiopia. Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, Italy. Link: https://bit.ly/3gjq4Bt
9. Tesfaye B, Ludders P. 2003. Diversity and distribution of enset landraces in Sidama, Southern
Ethiopia. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 50: 359-371.
10. TafesseKibatu, BerhanuTigabu , MeseretMamo , FekedeGirma , ShiferawTolosa, NigusuDebebe , and
MeshuShewarega(2021); On-Farm Management, Processing and PostHarvest Handling of the
Indigenous Enset (Enseteventricosum (Welw) Cheesman)
6
19. Appendices
Appendix A: Questionnaire to be filed by the farmers
The profile of the respondents
No No of farmers No of merchants No of service Both (farmers and Total

providers merchants) respondents
Academic Background
No Illiterate(less Elementary less than high Secondary school Diploma

than school
elementary
1 M F T M F T M F T M F T
Survey area composition
No Name of Woreda and town administration and number of respondents

Hula Teticha Aleta Wondo Woreda Aleta Wondo Town
Regarding the work experiences on the Agriculture production
No Year of experiences
0 year experience 10-20 years 20-30 years 30-40 years Above 40
Field Description

0.5 hectares 0.75 hectares 1 hectares Above 1 hectares
No of total
respondents
How many hectares of land covered with the enset production?

No of total 0.125 hectares 0.25 hectares 0.5 hectares 0.75 1 Above
respondents hectares hectares 1hectare
In case of seed sources and seed preparation methods
Where they get the enset seedlings?
No No of respondents Buy from the market Both No concern

prepared on their
farms
7
How they get seedling on the right time?
No No of respondents respond yes No of respondents respond no No response

1 M F T M F T M F T
How they get adequate supply of enset seed?
No No of respondents No of respondents No of respondents reply No response

reply more supply reply enough lack of supply
supply
Which method of seedling preparation they have been used?
No Traditional Modern if any Natural breeding No response

How the traditional and natural seedling breeding which method is better?
No No of respondents No of respondents Both Others

selected traditional selected naturally
method produced variety
Is there variety difference with the original one if seedling grows from the seed?
No No of respondents No of respondents reply no No idea No

reply yes Response
How they can use best seed selection method?
No No of replied yes but No we don't use No response

traditional
M F T M F T M F T
Are there any pilot sites which produce Enset seedling?
No Respondents reply yes Respondents reply no No response

M F T M F T M F T
8
Responses given regarding feasibility of soil and preparation and fertilizer
How they asked in order to justify about environment for feasibility of enset production?
No Respondents Respondents Respondents Respondents Respondents No idea

those reply those reply those reply those reply those reply poor
excellent V. good good fair
M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T
How they test soil before preparing a seedling and planting seedling?
No No of respondents those reply yes No of respondents those reply no No response

M F T M F T M F T
How they used well land preparation before preparing the seedling and during plantation of enset?
No Those reply they prepare They dig hole at the Waiting for a No response
for enset plantation well date of seedling burial week after
without waiting preparing of
seedling to
burial
Which kinds of fertilizer they used?
No Natural (Dung, manure) Artificial fertilizer No response

M F T M F T M F T
How they have the knowledge of composite preparation?
No No of respondents those replies yes No of respondents those No responses

reply no
M F T M F T M F T
When they add fertilizer for the buried seedling and planted seedling?
No Before the planting and during land Before and after No response
preparation planting
M F T M F T M F T
How they asked to reply is there any distancing and raw making standards and cultures during plantation?
No Yes we have No we haven't No response/no idea

M F T M F T M F T
9
How many years they waiting until the seedling become well matured for planting?
No 1 years 2 years Above 2 years No response/Idea

How many years they wait until the planted enset becomes well matured for seedling preparation?
No 1 year 2 years 3 years More than 3 years No response

M F T M F T M F T M F T M F T
How many years they wait for to harvest the enset?
No 1 year 2 years 3 years 5 years No response

Is there any side effect if you plant many times the enset crop at the same place?
No Yes No No idea
M F T M F T M F T
Which kinds of tools are used to cultivate the plant?
No Traditional Modern No response

M F T M F T M F T
Responses concerned the yield of the harvested Enset
How many Kg/horse you collect from unit of Enset?
No 0.5 Horse 1 Horse 1.5 Horse No response

How many K.g/Horse/carrying unit/half carrying unit/quarter carrying unit collected?
No 0.25 Horse 1 carrying unit half carrying unit quarter carrying No Idea
unit
Responses of the respondents concerned the Disease treatment
Is their enset production affected by the disease?
No Yes affected No not affected I have observed affected No responses

yield on others f arm
What kinds of curing methods they used to treat the disease?/others used?
10
No Traditional Biological and Integrated pest Chemical No response
organic control management pest
method method treatment
method
When you given any training concerned enset production and disease treatment?
No Yes No No response
M F T M F T M F T
Harvesting Mechanisms
How they cut-off and dig out the enset?
No By using man power and traditional tools By using modern technologies

M F T M F T
How they scratch the stem?

M F T M F T
How they breakdown the ground (root) of the enset?

M F T M F T
How they dig hole to collect the unripen Kocho?

M F T M F T
How the collect the bulla from the scratched Kocho?

M F T M F T
What kind of mechanism you collect/drop into hole the scratched Kocho?

M F T M F T
11

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Sidaamu Da/Qo/Mo/Loosu;

3.2 Specific objectives

3.3 Significance of the value chain analysis

3.4 Benefits of the value chain analysis of enset production

1 Size of Sub sector * * *

5.1 Data collection

Figure 1: Study area map

S.N Participant Name Working place Phone No

5.2 Gathering Tool Development

N No of only No of only No of service Both (farmers and Total

Illiterate(less than Elementary less than high Secondary school Diploma

Figure 2: academic back ground of the respondents

c) Regarding the work experiences on the Agriculture production.

Size of the field in Hectares approximately

Size of the field in Hectares approximately

Processing Frost Squeezing for

Figure 4: picture representation of enset bodies

6.1 Traditional Seed Propagation

Figure 5: Traditional macro-propagation of enset seedlings

6.3 Traditional planting system

6.4 Traditional field management

6.5 Traditional "enset’ processing in the study area (AS IS)

6.6 Pit preparation

Figure 9: Discarding pseudostem for scraping

Wooden board or Meta

Figure 10: Fixing wooden board (Meta) for scraping

Figure 11: Traditional Decorticating pseudostem

Figure 12: Squeezing scraped pseudostem for “bulla”

Figure 13: Traditionalpulverizing corm

Figure 14: Traditional fermentation processes

Storing and packing

9.2 Corm preparation

Figure 15:Vegitative propagation method:(A) Enset plant pseudostem prepared for

9.3 Improved/novel rapid propagation technologies

9.4 Planting methods

Figure 17: Spaced, Row and Crowded planting system

9.6 Enset processing methods (Bench mark)

Figure 18: Developed machine model and its detail views

Figure 22: Improved fermentationTechniques: A-clay pots B-ceramic pots

Planting Direct planting Transplanting

Decortication Traditional decortication system Innovative decortication method:

Glazed layer made the jars waterproof

Fertilizer Organic Inorganic fertilizers Less High

Planting and transplanting

Preparing places Low High High No Time consuming Save time

Transportation Less High Less High Less High Less High

Retailers Less High Less High Less High Less High

Main chain gap

Sub chain gap

1 Marketability Attractiveness to potential buyers

2 Profitability Able to yield a profit or financial gain

4 Functionality The quality of being suited to serve a purpose well

7 Adaptability Able to adjust into a local condition

9 Woman Empowerment Able to offer equal rights to men and women

1 Marketability Attractiveness to potential buyers

2 Profitability Able to yield a profit or financial gain

4 Functionality The quality of being suited to serve a purpose well

7 Adaptability Able to adjust into a local condition

9 Woman Empowerment Able to offer equal rights to men and women

1 Marketability Attractiveness to potential buyers

2 Profitability Able to yield a profit or financial gain

4 Functionality The quality of being suited to serve a purpose well

7 Adaptability Able to adjust into a local condition

9 Woman Empowerment Able to offer equal rights to men and women