READING PASSAGE 1

A survivor's story

One native bird in New Zealand that has managed to survive

the introduction of non-native species

As an island country with a fauna dominated by birds, New

Zealand was once home to an owl species which is now
extinct, the laughing owl, named for its distinctive cry. This
bird was widespread throughout the islands when European
settlers arrived in the middle of the 19th century and it
remained in good numbers for some years thereafter. Where
other native birds suffered from predation by the Polynesian
rat, the laughing owl turned the tables and adapted its diet to
include the rodent. It was also capable of catching and killing the other New Zealand owl, the
Morepork, and even larger birds, such as the weka. However, the laughing owl was wiped out
around the beginning of the 20th century. Its demise caused by specimen collectors, habitat
changes, and non-native predators including cats and stoats. Surprisingly, it is the smaller owl,
the morepork, that has managed to survive until this day.

Speckled dark brown, with yellow eyes and long tails, they are around 29 centimeters long from
head to tail and 175 grams in weight. Moreporks have fringes on the edge of their feathers, so
they can fly almost silently and not alert potential prey. They have acute hearing and their large
eyes are very sensitive to light.

Moreporks nest in tree hollows, in clumps of plants, or in cavities among rocks and roots, in the
wild, moreporks usually start nesting in October, although zoo specimens have been recorded
nesting in midwinter, possibly stimulated by an ample food supply. The female lays up to three
white eggs, which she incubates for 20 to 30 days. During this time, she rarely hunts, and the
male brings food to her. Once the chicks hatch, she stays mainly on the nest until the young
owls are fully feathered. When hatched, chicks are covered in light grey down, and have their
eyes closed. The eyes do not open until the eighth day after hatching. They can fly at around 35
days.

By day, moreporks sleep in roosts. By night, they hunt a variety of animals -- mainly large
invertebrates including scarab and huhu beetles, moths, caterpillars and spiders. They also take
mall birds and mice. They can find suitable food in pine forests as well as native forest. A
morepork uses its sharp talons to catch or stun its prey, which it then carries away in its bill.
Moreporks are clever hunters, and birds such as robins, grey warblers and fantails can end up
as their prey. In the day, these small birds sometimes mob drowsy moreporks and chase them
away from their roosts. They force the sleepy predators to search for a more peaceful spot.

Moreporks have proved to be ungracious hosts. Scientists trying to establish a population of

plovers on Motuora island in New Zealand's Hauraki Gulf were mystified as to why only two
birds survived out of 75 placed there. The culprits turned out to be five pairs of Moreporks that
ate or chased away the new arrivals.

Although moreporks are still considered to be relatively common, it is likely that numbers are in
gradual decline due to predation and loss of habitat. As the female is a hole-nester, she is
vulnerable to predators such as stoats and possums during the breeding season, and eggs and
chicks will also be at risk from rats. The use of pesticides is another possible threat to the owls
though not a direct one. As moreporks are at the top of the food chain, they could be affected by
an accumulative poison by consuming prey that has ingested poison.

The New Zealand Department of Conservation is taking steps to ensure the preservation of
New Zealand's only native owl. The department is involved in measuring the population of
moreporks and has put transmitters on a number of birds to determine survival and mortality. As
well as being New Zealand's only native owl, the morepork has symbolic and spiritual
importance, so in monitoring the birds is hoped that the morepork will continue to survive and
thrive.

At dusk, the melancholy sound of the morepork can be heard in forests and parks a it calls
toother moreporks and claims territory, Its Maori name (ruru) echoes its two-part cry. in the
tradition of the Maori people of New Zealand, the morepork, or ruru, was often seen as a careful
guardian. A number of sayings referred to the bird's alertness. As a bird of the night, it was
associated with the spirit world. Morepork were believed to act as messengers to the gods in the
heavens, flying along spiritual paths in the sky. They were the mediums used to communicate
with the gods. The occasional high, piercing call of the morepork signified bad news, but the
lower-pitched and more common "ruru” call heralded good news.
Questions 1- 7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Early European settlers made detailed studies of the morepork.

2. The Polynesian rat had a negative effect on the number of laughing owls.
3. The laughing owl was larger than the morepork.
4. Rats pose a risk to young moreporks.
5. The New Zealand Department of Conservation is hoping to limit the population of
moreporks.
6. Other bird species are frightened away when they hear the morepork's cry.
7. In Maori tradition, the low call of the morepork had negative associations.

Questions 8 - 13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

The Morepork

● Appearance
- Approximately 8…………….. in length
- Feathers with fringes to enable quiet flight

● Nesting
- Nests in trees, plants or spaces in roots and 9……………………..
- After about 35 days, baby moreporks are capable of leaving the nest

● Hunting
- Transports its prey using its 10………………..
- Can be chased away by other birds during the 11…………………
- Attacked 12…………..that had been introduced to Motuora island

● Threats
- May be exposed to 13…………………. in their prey
READING PASSAGE 2

Pacific navigation and voyaging

A. The many tiny islands of the Pacific Ocean had no human population until ancestors
of today’s islanders sailed from Southeast Asia in ocean-going canoes approximately
2,000 years ago. At the present time, the debate continues about exactly how they
migrated such vast distances across the ocean, without any of the modern technologies
we take for granted.

B. Although the romantic vision of some early twentieth-century writers of fleets of heroic
navigators simultaneously setting sail had come to be considered by later investigators
to be exaggerated, no considered assessment of Pacific voyaging was forthcoming until
1956 when the American historian Andrew Sharp published his research. Sharp
challenged the ‘heroic vision’ by asserting that the expertise of the navigators was limited,
and that the settlement of the islands was not systematic, being more dependent on good
fortune by drifting canoes. Sharp’s theory was widely challenged, and deservedly so. If
nothing else, however, it did spark renewed interest in the topic and precipitated valuable
new research.

C. Since the 1960s a wealth of investigations has been conducted, and most of them,
thankfully, have been of the ‘non-armchair’ variety. While it would be wrong to denigrate
all ‘armchair’ research – that based on an examination of available published materials –
it has turned out that so little progress had been made in the area of Pacific
voyaging because most writers relied on the same old sources – travelers’ journals or
missionary narratives compiled by unskilled observers. After Sharp, this began to change,
and researchers conducted most of their investigations not in libraries, but in the field.

D. In 1965, David Lewis, a physician and experienced yachtsman, set to work using his
own unique philosophy: he took the yacht he had owned for many years and navigated
through the islands in order to contact those men who still find their way at sea using
traditional methods. He then accompanied these men, in their traditional canoes, on test
voyages from which all modern instruments were banished from sight, though Lewis
secretly used them to confirm the navigator’s calculations. His most famous such voyage
was a return trip of around 1,000 nautical miles between two islands in midocean. Far
from drifting, as proposed by Sharp, Lewis found that ancient navigators would have
known which course to steer by memorizing which stars rose and set in certain positions
along the horizon and this gave them fixed directions by which to steer their boats.

E. The geographer Edwin Doran followed a quite different approach. He was interested
in obtaining exact data on canoe sailing performance, and to that end employed the latest
electronic instrumentation. Doran traveled on board traditional sailing canoes in some of
the most remote parts of the Pacific, all the while using his instruments to record canoe
speeds in different wind strengths – from gales to calms – the angle canoes could sail
relative to the wind. In the process, he provided the first really precise attributes of
traditional sailing canoes.

F. A further contribution was made by Steven Horvath. As a physiologist, Horvath’s

interest was not in navigation techniques or in canoes, but in the physical capabilities of
the men themselves. By adapting standard physiological techniques, Horvath was able
to calculate the energy expenditure required to paddle canoes of this sort at times when
there was no wind to fill the sails, or when the wind was contrary. He concluded that
paddles, or perhaps long oars, could indeed have propelled for long distances what were
primarily sailing vessels.

G. Finally, a team led by Wall Garrard conducted important research, in this case by
making investigations while remaining safely in the laboratory. Wall Garrard’s unusual
method was to use the findings of linguists who had studied the languages of the Pacific
islands, many of which are remarkably similar although the islands where they are spoken
are sometimes thousands of kilometres apart. Clever adaptation of computer simulation
techniques pioneered in other disciplines allowed him to produce convincing models
suggesting the migrations were indeed systematic, but not simultaneous. Wall Garrard
proposed the migrations should be seen not as a single journey made by a massed fleet
of canoes, but as a series of ever more ambitious voyages, each pushing further into the
unknown ocean.

H. What do we learn about Pacific navigation and voyaging from this research? Quite
correctly, none of the researchers tried to use their findings to prove one theory or
another; experiments such as these cannot categorically confirm or negate a hypothesis.
The strength of this research lay in the range of methodologies employed. When we splice
together these findings we can propose that traditional navigators used a variety of canoe
types, sources of water and navigation techniques, and it was this adaptability which was
their greatest accomplishment. These navigators observed the conditions prevailing at
sea at the time a voyage was made and altered their techniques accordingly.
Furthermore, the canoes of the navigators were not drifting helplessly at sea but were
most likely part of a systematic migration; as such, the Pacific peoples were able to view
the ocean as an avenue, not a barrier, to communication before any other race on Earth.
Finally, one unexpected but most welcome consequence of this research has been a
renaissance in the practice of traditional voyaging. In some groups of islands in the Pacific
today young people are resurrecting the skills of their ancestors, when a few decades
ago it seemed they would be lost forever.
Question 14-18

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?

In boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer

NOT GIVEN if is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

14 The Pacific islands were inhabited when migrants arrived by sea from Southeast
Asia

15 Andrew Sharp was not the first person to write about the migrants to islanders

16 Andrew Sharp believed migratory voyages were based on more on skill than luck

17 Despite being controversial, Andrew Sharp’s research had negative results

18 Edwin Doran disagreed with the findings of Lewis’s research

Questions 19-23

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.

19. David Lewis’s research was different because

• A he observed traditional navigators at work

• B he conducted test voyages using his own yacht
• C he carried no modern instruments on test voyages
• D he spoke the same language as the islanders he sailed with

20. What did David Lewis’s research discover about traditional navigators?

• A They used the sun and moon to find their position

• B They could not sail further than about 1,000 nautical miles
• C They were able to drift for long distances
• D They knew which direction they were sailing in

21. What are we told about Edwin Doran’s research?

• A Data were collected after the canoes had returned to land

• B Research was conducted in the most densely populated regions
 • C Canoe characteristics were recorded using modern instruments
• D Navigators were not allowed to see the instruments Doran used

22. Which of the following did Steven Horvath discover during his research?

• A Human energy may have been used to assist sailing canoes

• D Canoe design was less important than human strength
• B New research methods had to be developed for use in canoes
• C Navigators became very tired on the longest voyages

23. What is the writer’s opinion of Wall Garrard’s research?

• A He is disappointed it was conducted in the laboratory

• B He is surprised it was used to help linguists with their research
• C He is impressed by the originality of the techniques used
• D He is concerned that the islands studied are long distances apart

Questions 24-26

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.

Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

24 One limitation in the information produced by all of this research is that it

25 The best thing about this type of research

26 The most important achievement of traditional navigators

A was not persuasive proof in support of a single theory

B was not of interest to young islanders today

C was the range of experimental techniques used

D was the first time humans intentionally crossed an ocean

E was being able to change their practices when necessary

F was the speed with which it was conducted

READING PASSAGE 3
D Why post-industrial organizations need to evolve more quickly