There are different terms use for different aspects that we use

on a map , apart from this there are several symbols that we use
to denote something on a map.

As earth revolves and resolve around the sun then due to it

geographical conditions of the earth also changes , which later
causes season change, natural calamities or natural disasters.
 Oceans
What is an Ocean
•The largest water body on earth is known as an Ocean.
•Ocean contains each and every other water bodies in it.
•Ocean is also considered as the most deepestwater body
that exist in the world.
•There are 5 Oceans in the world:-
1.Pacific Ocean
2.Atlantic Ocean
 3.Indian Ocean
4.Southern Ocean
5.Arctic Ocean

Oceans

•Atlantic Ocean is divided into two parts North

Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean. •Largest
ocean – Pacific Ocean
•Smallest ocean – Arctic Ocean
•Busiest ocean – Atlantic Ocean
•Ocean named after India is Indian ocean
 Seas
What is a Sea

•A sea is a part of ocean and it’s near to land.

•Water body submerged into ocean and lies between
an ocean and a land is known as sea.
•Sea is smaller then ocean.
•There are about 50 major seas in the world
according to reports and on documents there are
near about 137 seas.
•India is covered with 3 seas

Class - 4
 MORE INTRESTING
WATER BODIES
Remaining water body

•Canals – It is an artificial waterway created by human

being, also it is a narrow which allows ships and vessels to
 pass away from one end to another end of it. It makes the
sail easy and decrease the total distance of the journey.

•Straits – A narrow passage of water connecting two seas

or two larger areas of water. It separates two pieces of land
from each other

Remaining water body

•Channels – A length of water wider than a strait joining two larger
areas of water and especially two seas.
•Isthmus – A narrow strip of land with sea on either side , forming a
link between two large areas of land. It separates two large water
bodies as well.

•Gulf – Gulf is smaller then the sea. It connects the land to the larger
water body.

•Bay – Land which is curved inwards and a where broad portion of sea is
found is called bay.
Geographical Location Of
Water Bodies Around
The World
 Continents
What is a Continent

•The largest part of a land is known as a continent.

•On our earth the whole landmass is divided into 7 constituents parts
and these extremely large land pieces are known as continents.
•There are 7 Continents in world:-
1.Asia
2.Africa
3.North America
4.South America
5.Antarctica
6.Europe
7.Australia
Continent

•Largest continent – Asia

•Smallest continent – Australia
•Island continent – Australia
•Continent having most number of countries
(54 countries) is Asia
 Indian States and It’s Union
Territories
Indian States and It’s Union Territories
Indian States and It’s Union Territories

On papers and on latest internet reports there are 28 states and 8 union territories.
Largest state – Rajasthan
Smallest state – Goa
Most populated state – Uttar Pradesh
Wealthiest state – Maharashtra
Literate state – Kerala
Newest state – Telangana
Newest union territory - Ladakh
State having most number of airports (8) is Uttar Pradesh.
State having most number of seaports (53) is Maharashtra.
Capital of India - New Delhi
Largest UT of India - Andaman and Nicobar
Indian States and It’s Union Territories

•List of Eight (8) Union territories of India:- 1.New Delhi

2.Puducherry
3.Chandigarh
4.Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu 5.Jammu and
Kashmir
6.Ladakh
7.Lakshadweep
8.Andaman and Nicobar
 Class - 8

Indian Coastline
Indian Coastline
Coastline lies on the coast of land where a water body and land
meets.
Length of Indian coastline including union territories and states is
7516kms.
Length of mainland coastline is 6100kms.
Gujarat covers the large part of Indian coastline which is 1600km.
The listed union territories comes under the Indian government.

Indian Coastline
•The Union territories which touches Indian
coastline are:-
1.Daman and Diu
2.Pondicherry
3.Andaman and Nicobar Islands
4.Lakshadweep
 Seaports
What is a Seaport

A seaport is a port or harbor accessible to seagoing ships.

In easy words seaport is a place from where ships can go and start their sail
or journey also vessels can perform different operations.

A seaport is always in that town which is near to the sea or a large water
body.

A dock is an enclosed area of water where ships are loaded, unloaded, or

repaired.
Important terms related to seaports

Biggest port of world – Port of Shanghai

Busiest port of world – Port of Shanghai
Country having most number of seaports – America(926) There are 205
notified ports in India and six new mega ports are to be developed under the
Sagarmala Project.
Netherlands has the best seaports in world.
World's most profit earning seaport is Port of Shanghai China is the country
which is totally depended on import and export.
List major sea-ports in India
The 13 major sea-ports in India are:-
1.Kandla port
2.JNPT port
3.Mumbai port
4.Vishakhapatnam port
5.Chennai port
6.Marmagao port
7.Port blair
8.Kolkata port
9.Paradip port
10.Cochin port
11.Tuticorin port
 12.Ennore port
13.New manglore port
Class - 10

Major Seaports
Of India
 PART - 1
Major seaports of India

•KANDLA PORT [GUJARAT]

•JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT [MAHARHASTRA] •MUMBAI PORT

[MAHARHASTRA]
•CHENNAI PORT [TAMIL NADU]

Major Seaports
 Of India

PART - 2
Major seaports of India

•PORT BLAIR [ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS] •MUNDRA PORT [GUJARAT]

•THE DIAMOND HARBOUR PORT [KOLKATA] •TUTICORIN PORT [TAMIL NADU]

Class - 12
 Sea Route
What is a sea-route

Sea-route is a pathway on different water bodies on which ships

or vessels travels.
The same we have roads on land likewise we have sea routes on a
water body.

There is no Initial and final point of a sea route, It is not defined and
fluctuates with the destination.

How a sea route is form

•Take Initial and final points from where you want to start and
want to end your journey.

•Now have a look in political map of world.

•Include each and every water body which comes between those
two points in your passage.

•Include major area and side by lands in the passage SEA ROUTE IS

READY TO MAKE SHIPS SAILS!

 Class - 13

Major sea routes

from India
Major sea routes from India
INDIA-----------------------------EUROPE
INDIA----------------------------GULF COUNTRIES
INDIA-----------------------------JAPAN
INDIA-----------------------------NORTH AMERICA
INDIA-----------------------------SOUTH AMERICA
INDIA-----------------------------CHINA
INDIA-----------------------------AUSTRALIA
 Class - 14

Directions
What are Directions
The path along which something moves is known as direction. The directions
plays very important role in navigating a ship and as well in any journey.

There are basically four directions North South East and West where North and

south are considered as Poles of the Earth due to magnetic radiations. There can

be subparts or sub directions but we consider NORTH , SOUTH , EAST and WEST.

Compass

A magnetic compass points to

magnetic north pole, which is
approximately 1,000 miles from
the true geographic North Pole.
 Latitude and Longitude
Latitude
The latitude is specified by degrees, starting from 0° and ending
up with 90° to both sides of the equator, making latitude
Northern and Southern.
There are 180 latitudes

The equator is the line with 0° latitude and this is the point where
equator is max and at poles it is minimum.

Difference between two latitudes is 111km(69miles) *Go to Google maps

Latitude
Use of Latitudes

Latitudes tells the

temperature zones of the
earth ,as we move
towards the poles ,
temperature
starts decreasing and on
different latitudes we can
check and measure
 temperature value of that
particular point.
*Go to Google maps
Longitude
The longitude is defined as an angle pointing west or east from the Greenwich
Meridian, which is taken as the Prime Meridian.

There are 360 longitudes

The longitude can be defined maximum as 180° east from the Prime Meridian
and 180° west from the Prime Meridian.

Difference between two longitude lines is of 4mins (1degree), So if it is 12 noon

at Greenwich (0 degree), it would be 12:04 pm at 1 degree meridian and so on.

*Go to Google maps

Longitude
Use of Longitudes

Longitudes tell us the time zones of the earth and by

using them we can get the exact time of a particular
place or the point where we are.

Time tells the exact condition of our location and by

this we can also find that at which position we are
standing as every coordinate has different time and
 this makes different measures of each coordinate.
*Go to Google maps
Coordinates
Coordinates
Coordinates are made by using latitudes
and longitudes.
Measuring the points very precisely will
give you the exact coordinates of any
 location.

By using coordinates you can find

location of any particular place.

How a Coordinate is formed

 EXAMPLE
48.8584° N, 2.2945° E
(Eiffel Tower)

29.9792° N, 31.1342° E
(Pyramid Of Giza)
 Earth's Magnetism
Earth's Magnetism
To understand earth's magnetism you should
understand how magnetic field lines are form
and what are there properties , which you can
get to know by seeing chapter Magnetism of
 class 12th

The topic include Magneic north , Geographic

north(True north), Angle of declination , Axis
of rotation , concept of properties of earth
and knowledge that I taught in previous
classes

Earth's Magnetism