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GO! ALL IN ONE COMPUTER CONCEPTS & APPLICATIONS - CHAPTER 2

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OBJECTIVES
Objective 1: Explain the Function of the Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) The part of the CPU that performs arithmetic (addition and subtraction)
and logic (AND, OR, and NOT) calculations.
Bitcoin An anonymous, digital, encrypted currency.
Central processing unit (CPU) The brain of a computer housed inside the system unit on the
motherboard. Also known as the processor.
Clock speed The speed at which the processor executes the machine cycle, measured in gigahertz
(GHz)—billions of cycles per second.
Control unit The part of the CPU that manages the movement of data through the CPU.
Floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) A measurement of computer performance typically used
to describe supercomputers.
Gigahertz (GHz) A measure of the speed at which a processor executes the information cycle. 1 GHz is
equal to 1 billion cycles per second.
Graphics processing unit (GPU) A processor on a video card that can contain multiple cores.
Hardware The physical components of a computer.
Heatsink A part of the cooling system of a computer mounted above the CPU and composed of metal
or ceramic to draw heat away from the processor.
Hyperthreading A virtual form of parallel processing, used in processors built by Intel, which enables a
single CPU to appear as two logical processors.
Instruction cycle The four-part process used by the CPU to process each instruction: fetch, decode,
execute, store. Also called a machine cycle.
Machine cycle The four-part process used by the CPU to process each instruction: fetch, decode,
execute, store. Also called the instruction cycle.
Multi-core processor A CPU that consists of two or more processors that are integrated on a single
chip.
Parallel processing The process of using multiple processors, or multi-core processors, to divide
processing tasks.
Peripheral devices The components that serve the input, output, and storage functions of a computer.
Pipelining A process used by a single processor to process multiple instructions simultaneously; as
soon as the first instruction has moved from the fetch to the decode stage, the processor fetches the
next instruction.

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Processor Short for central processing unit (CPU). The brain of a computer, housed inside the system
unit on the motherboard. It consists of two parts: the arithmetic logic unit and the control unit.
TEACHING NOTES
Lead students in a discussion about the four steps in the instruction cycle: fetch, decode, execute, and
store.
Teaching Tips
Discuss why it is useful to know your computer needs and understand how to explain them.
Computers are capable of processing multiple instructions simultaneously. Discuss the method of
pipelining and how it improves processor performance.
Parallel processing can dramatically increase computer performance when running processor-intensive
programs, such as system scans or multiple simultaneous programs. Discuss how each processor may
also use pipelining to boost the efficiency even further.
Objective 2: Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard
Adapter card A small circuit board that plugs directly into an expansion slot on the motherboard and
enables you to connect additional peripheral devices to a computer. Also called an expansion card.
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) A program, stored on a chip on the motherboard, that starts the
computer.
Bluetooth A technology that connects peripherals wirelessly at short range.
Booting The process of loading the operating system when starting up a computer.
Cache memory Fast memory that stores frequently accessed information close to the processor.
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) A volatile form of memory that uses a small
battery to provide it with power to keep the data in memory even when the computer is turned off. It
stores settings that are used by the BIOS.
Data bus Wires on the motherboard over which data flows between the components of the computer.
Drive bay Part of the system unit that holds the storage devices.
Drive controller A component located on the motherboard that provides a drive interface that
connects disk drives to the processor.
Dual in-line memory module (DIMM) The form of RAM found in most desktop computers.
Enhanced integrated drive electronics (EIDE) A legacy drive interface found on the motherboards of
older personal computers.
Expansion card A small circuit board that plugs directly into an expansion slot on the motherboard and
enables you to connect additional peripheral devices to a computer. Also called an adapter card.

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Expansion slot A component located on the motherboard that enables you to connect an adapter card
to a computer.
FireWire A standard port type that is hot-swappable and can connect up to 63 devices per port. It also
allows for peer-to-peer communication between devices, such as two video cameras, without the use
of a computer. Also known as IEEE 1394.
IEEE 1394 A standard port type that is hot-swappable and can connect up to 63 devices per port. It also
allows for peer-to-peer communication between devices, such as two video cameras, without the use
of a computer. Also known as FireWire.
Memory board A small circuit board that contains memory chips.
Memory Temporary storage that is used by a computer to hold instructions and data.
Motherboard The main circuit board of a computer that houses the processor (CPU) and contains drive
controllers and interfaces, expansion slots, data buses, ports and connectors, the BIOS, and memory. A
motherboard may also include integrated peripherals, such as video, sound, and network adapters. It
provides the way for devices to attach to your computer.
Port A connection point that is used to attach peripheral devices to the motherboard.
Random access memory (RAM) A volatile form of memory that stores the operating systems,
programs, and data the computer is currently using.
Read-only memory (ROM) A nonvolatile form of memory that does not need power to keep its data.
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) The standard internal drive interface used to connect
drives to the motherboard.
Small outline dual in-line memory module (SODIMM) The type of RAM used by most notebook
computers.
System unit The case that encloses and protects the power supply, motherboard, processor (CPU), and
memory of a computer.
Thunderbolt A port that carries both PCIe and DisplayPort video signals on the same cable, so it can be
used to connect many different types of peripherals to a computer.
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) A specification that defines how software and hardware
interact in a system, used to boot and configure a computer.
Universal Serial Bus (USB) A standard port type used to connect many kinds of devices, including
printers, mice, keyboards, digital cameras, cell phones, and external drives. Up to 127 devices can
share a single USB port.
TEACHING NOTES
The system unit and motherboard are comprised of several components. Spend as much time on this
as needed for students to understand and be able to use this information in their own lives, such as
when purchasing a computer.

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Teaching Tips
Review the parts of the motherboard using Figures 2.6 and 2.7. Discuss that a motherboard houses the
CPU and also contains drive controllers and interfaces, expansion slots, data buses, ports and
connectors, the BIOS, and memory. It also may include peripherals such as video, sound, and network
adapters. The motherboard provides the way for devices to attach to a computer.
Discuss SATA and EIDE interfaces. Explain expansion cards and how they enable peripheral devices to
be attached to a computer. Common expansion cards include video cards, network cards, sound cards,
and TV tuners.
Objective 3: Describe Input Devices and Their Uses
Autofocus A camera feature that automatically adjusts the focal length by using a small motor to move
the lens in or out.
Bar code scanner An input device that scans barcodes such as those found on merchandise and library
books.
Biometric scanner An input device that measures human characteristics such as fingerprints and eye
retinas.
Burst mode A feature found on some digital cameras that enables you to take several pictures in a
burst by holding down the shutter button.
Capacitive screen A touchscreen that senses the conductive properties of an object such as a finger or
a specially designed conductive stylus.
Computational photography Using digital computation rather than optical processes to create an
image.
Digital single lens reflex (DSLR) The most expensive and versatile type of digital camera. A high-end
digital camera that enables you to change the lens, attach a hot-shoe flash, manually adjust focus and
exposure, and look through the viewfinder to frame your shot.
Digital video camera A camera designed to record digital video that is easily uploaded to your
computer, where it can be edited, stored, and shared.
Dvorak Simplified Keyboard An alternate keyboard designed to put the most commonly used letters
where they are more easily accessed to increase efficiency and reduce fatigue.
Dynamic range The difference between the shadows and highlights in an image.
Ergonomic keyboard A full-sized keyboard with a curved shape that positions the wrists in a more
natural position to reduce strain.
Fixed-focus A type of camera that has a preset focal length.
Focal length The distance at which subjects in front of the lens are in sharp focus.
Game controller An input device used to interact with a video game.

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High dynamic range (HDR) An image created by taking multiple images at different exposures and
stitching them together.
Image sensor A light-detecting microchip that behaves like a piece of digital film. The image sensor
captures light that passes through a lens and turns it into digital information.
Image stabilization A feature found on some digital cameras that accounts for camera shake and
results in sharper images.
Input device A device to enter data into the computer system.
Interactive whiteboard A large interactive display with a touch-sensitive surface commonly used in
classrooms and businesses.
Joystick An input device that is mounted on a base and consists of a stick, buttons, and sometimes a
trigger.
Keyboard An input device that uses switches and circuits to translate keystrokes into a signal a
computer understands, and the primary input device for entering text into a computer.
Keypad A small alternative keyboard that has a limited set of keys.
Light-emitting diode (LED) An electronic component that emits light when an electrical current is
passed through it.
Liquid crystal display (LCD) A flat-panel display type found on most desktop and notebook computers
that consists of two layers of glass glued together with a layer of liquid crystals between them. When
electricity is passed through the individual crystals, it causes them to pass or block light to create an
image.
Magnetic strip reader An input device that can read information encoded in the magnetic strip on
plastic cards, such as drivers’ licenses, gift cards, library cards, credit cards, and hotel door keys.
Microphone An input device that converts sound into digital signals. It is used to chat in real time or as
part of voice-recognition applications used in video games and for dictating text.
Mirrorless camera An advanced point-and-shoot camera with interchangeable lenses and other DSLR
features.
Modifier key A keyboard key, such as Ctrl, Alt, or Shift, that you press in conjunction with other keys.
Mouse An input device that may include one or more buttons and a scroll wheel and works by moving
across a smooth surface to signal movement of the pointer.
Near field communication (NFC) A technology that enables devices to share data with each other by
touching them together or bringing them within a few centimeters of each other.
Optical mouse An input device that detects motion by bouncing light from a red LED (light-emitting
diode) off the surface below it.
Optical scanner An input device that converts photos or documents into digital files.
Point-and-shoot The easiest to use and least expensive type of digital camera.

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Pointing device An input device, such as a mouse or touchpad, that enables you to interact with
objects by moving a pointer on the computer screen.
Quick response (QR) code A two-dimensional bar code found in ads and on merchandise tags that can
be scanned using an app on a mobile device to learn more about the item.
QWERTY The first alphabetic keys on the upper left of the keyboard.
Radio frequency identification (RFID) A digital technology that uses RFID tags to provide information
and is used in inventory tracking, electronic toll collection, and contactless credit card transactions.
Resistive screen A touchscreen that can sense pressure and can be used with a finger or an ordinary
stylus.
RFID scanner An input device that can read the information in an RFID tag, such as those found on
credit cards and passports.
RFID tag A digital tag that contains a tiny antenna for receiving and sending a radiofrequency signal.
Scanner An input device that increases the speed and accuracy of data entry and converts information
into a digital format that can be saved, copied, and manipulated.
Shutter lag The time between pressing the shutter button and the camera snapping the picture.
Stylus A special pen-like input tool.
Toggle key A keyboard key, such as Caps Lock or Num Lock, that turns a feature on or off when
pressed.
Touchpad An input device that detects your finger moving across the touch-sensitive surface.
Touchscreen An input device that can accept input from a finger or stylus.
Voice-recognition software A program that enables you to control a computer verbally and dictate
text.
Wearable tech Computing devices that are worn on the body, such as wearable computers, virtual
reality headsets, and smartwatches.
Webcam A specialized video camera that provides visual input for online communication.
Zoom Making objects appear closer or farther away.
TEACHING NOTES
There are many types of input devices, but the most common are keyboards and mice. Lead a
discussion about input devices and how they enable you to interact with technology in many different
ways from playing video games to sending an email.
Teaching Tips
Discuss how most standard keyboards have specialized keys. Some keys such as Esc and the Function
keys have specific actions associated with them. Modifier keys are used in conjunction with other keys
and include Ctrl, Alt, and Shift. Toggle keys turn a feature on or off and include Caps Lock and Num
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Lock. Full-sized keyboards contain 101 or 104 keys, but notebook computers have smaller keyboards
that may not include a separate numeric keypad. Ask students which ones they have used and which
they prefer.
Discuss the different types of digital cameras and why one may be a better option over another.
Discuss the growing area of wearable tech, such as wearable computers, virtual reality headsets, and
smartwatches.
Objective 4: Describe Output Devices and Their Uses
Active matrix OLED (AMOLED) screen A screen type found in mobile devices that has a sharper display
with a wider viewing angle than an LCD and is ideal for watching movies and sports.
Braille embosser A special printer that translates text to Braille.
Digital light processing (DLP) projector A digital projector that uses hundreds of thousands of tiny
swiveling mirrors to create an image.
Digital visual interface (DVI) An older, digital video standard that was designed to replace VGA.
Display adapter The card that provides the data signal and connection for a monitor or projector. Also
called a video card.
DisplayPort A digital video standard designed to replace DVI and VGA.
eCycling Recycling electronics.
Electronic waste (E-waste) Old computers, cell phones, TVs, VCRs, and other electronic devices that
are discarded.
Headphones Output devices that convert digital signals into sound; available in several different sizes
and styles ranging from tiny earbuds that fit inside your ear to full-size headphones that completely
cover your outer ear.
Headset Headphones that also include a microphone.
High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) A digital port that can transmit both audio and video
signals. It is the standard connection for high-definition TVs, video game consoles, and other media
devices.
LCD projector A digital projector that passes light through a prism, which divides the light into three
beams—red, green, and blue—that are then passed through an LCD screen.
Noise-cancelling headphones An audio output device that reduces the effect of ambient noise;
especially useful in noisy environments, such as airplanes.
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) A monitor composed of extremely thin panels of organic
molecules sandwiched between two electrodes.
Output device A device, for example, a printer or monitor, that returns processed information to the
user.

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Pixel The term that is the shortened version of picture element and which represents a single point on
a display screen. Each pixel contains three colors: red, green, and blue (RGB).
Resolution The number of horizontal by vertical pixels on a display screen or image; for example, 1280
× 1024 or 1920 × 1080.
Sound card Provides audio connections for both input devices—microphones and synthesizers—and
output devices—speakers and headphones.
Speakers Output devices that convert digital signals from a computer or media player into sound.
Surround sound A technique used in movies and video games that makes it sound as if the audio
surrounds the listener.
Video card An expansion card that provides the data signal and connection for a monitor or projector.
It may also include input ports to connect a TV tuner or another video device to the system. Also called
a display adapter.
Video RAM (VRAM) The memory found on a display adapter.
TEACHING NOTES
Some output is tangible such as photo prints, x-rays, and ID cards. Video and audio are types of output
that are intangible. Lead students in a discussion of what is meant by tangible and intangible.
Teaching Tips
Explain what a pixel is and that each pixel contains three colors—red, green, and blue—commonly
referred to as RGB.
Review the different types of output devices. Discuss how students can ensure that their display is
large and bright enough to work for long periods of time, such as when they are studying.
Discuss e-waste and how to recycle their old output devices. Refer students to the section about Green
Computing.
Objective 5: Compare Printer Types
All-in-one printer A multifunction device that has a built-in printer and scanner, and that may also
have fax capabilities.
Dye-sublimation printer A printer that uses heat to turn solid dye into a gas that is transferred to
special paper.
Inkjet printer A printer that sprays droplets of ink onto paper.
Laser printer A printer that uses a laser beam to draw an image on a drum. The image is
electrostatically charged and attracts a dry ink called toner. The drum is then rolled over paper, and the
toner is deposited on the paper. Finally, the paper is heated and pressure is applied, bonding the ink to
the paper.
Photo printer A printer that prints high-quality photos on special photo paper.
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Thermal printer A printer that creates an image by heating specially coated heat-sensitive paper,
which changes color where the heat is applied.
Three-dimensional (3-D) printer A printer that can create objects such as prototypes and models.
TEACHING NOTES
There are many types of printers that produce a wide variety of output. Lead students in a discussion
of the different types of printers.
Teaching Tips
Discuss the different types of printers and the difference in pricing between them. Are the printers the
major cost component or is it the ink and toner?
Discuss the pros and cons regarding 3-D printers. Ask students what they think of this technology. Do
the pros outweigh the cons?
The type of printer you choose depends on many things, such as the type and size of output needed
and cost. Have students research pricing for the type of printer they would like to purchase and
present their findings.
Objective 6: Discuss Communication Devices
Analog input device A device that converts data signals into continuous electronic waves or pulses.
Analog output device An output device such as a telephone, television, or CRT monitor that translates
the digital electronic pulses back into audio and video signals.
Cable modem A special type of digital modem that connects to the cable system instead of a
telephone line to provide fast internet access.
Communication device A device that serves as both input and output device and enables you to
connect to other devices on a network or the internet.
Digital device A device that represents audio or video data as a series of 0s and 1s.
Ethernet card A wired network adapter with a port that resembles a telephone jack.
Fax device (facsimile) A communication device that scans a document and converts it into a digital
format that can be transmitted over telephone lines to a receiving fax device, which then prints or
displays the document.
Modem A communication device that modulates digital data into an analog signal that can be
transmitted over a phone line and, on the receiving end, demodulates the analog signal back into
digital data.
Network adapter A communication device that establishes a connection with a network; may be
onboard, an expansion card, or a USB device, and may be wired or wireless.
Wireless network adapter A network adapter used to connect to Wi-Fi networks.

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TEACHING NOTES
Communication devices serve as both input and output devices and enable you to connect to other
devices on a network or to the internet. Lead a discussion with students on the different types of
communication devices, such as network adapters, modems, and fax devices.
Teaching Tips
Ask students which communication devices they currently use or have used. What would they do if
these technologies were not available?
Discuss how the difference between analog and digital devices is the way the data is encoded and
transmitted.
Discuss how digital signals can carry more data and are less prone to interference than analog signals.
Objective 7: Compare Storage Devices
Blu-ray disc An optical disc with about five times the capacity of a DVD; the single-layer disc capacity is
25 GB, and the double-layer disc capacity is 50 GB.
Card reader A device that provides a slot to insert a memory card into a computer so that the data on
the card can be read. Used to transfer data, such as photos and music, between a card and a computer
or printer.
Compact disc (CD) The oldest type of optical disc in use today, with a storage capacity of about 700
MB.
DVD (digital video disc/digital versatile disc) An optical disc that can hold approximately 4.7 GB of
information in a single-layer (SL) disc. Double-layer (DL) discs have a second layer to store data and can
hold about 8.5 GB.
External drive A drive that may be attached as a peripheral device using a USB or Thunderbolt
connection.
Flash drive A small, portable, solid-state drive with a USB interface.
Flash memory A nonvolatile form of memory that can be electrically erased and programmed.
Hard drive The primary mass-storage device in a computer that stores data magnetically on metal
platters. Also called a hard disk or hard disk drive.
Internal drive A drive located inside the system unit in an internal drive bay that is not accessible from
the outside.
Memory card A storage medium that uses flash memory to store data.
Optical disc A form of removable storage where data is stored by using a laser to either melt the disc
material or change the color of embedded dye. A laser reads the variations as binary data.
Solid-state drive (SSD) A small drive that uses flash memory to store data.

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TEACHING NOTES
Lead students in a discussion about storage and mention that it comes in many forms such as small
portable devices to massive drives accessible across a network or in the cloud.
Teaching Tips
Discuss the difference between disc and disk. The spelling of disc refers to optical discs and disk refers
to magnetic disks. Data is stored on discs by using a laser to melt the disc material or to change the
color of an embedded dye. A laser can read the variations as binary data.
Discuss the different types of optical discs: read-only (ROM), recordable (+R/-R), or rewritable (+RW/-
RW). The type of disc you should purchase depends on the type of storage you need.
Review the different optical disc storage capacities.
Discuss flash memory and why it is considered to be nonvolatile storage.

Discussion Questions for Chapter 2

1. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of being able to put files on portable storage
devices?

2. What are the steps involved in starting a computer? Why is BIOS important?

3. What is virtual memory? How is it different from RAM? When does the computer make use of
virtual memory? Under what condition is the use of virtual memory kept to a minimum?

4. What type of storage devices do students use? What are the advantages and disadvantages of
each?

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