UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS

Take Home Exam

October/ November 2022

AFL2601
Communication Dynamics in African Languages

100 Marks

Duration: 48 Hours

This paper consists of 35 pages.

Instructions:

PLEASE TAKE NOTE:

You are allowed to access your prescribed works and the study material. You are however not allowed to copy
verbatim from your study material. You should write the answers in your own words. In the case of any cheating
or plagiarism no mark will be allocated.

The exam can be downloaded on Saturday 15 October 08:00 and must be uploaded by Saturday 15 October
11:00

Please note that the QR Code is in page 2

NO LATE EXAMS WILL BE ACCEPTED.

You can provide your answers in your own exam script, either in typed format or handwritten format. The
answered exam script must be uploaded as a PDF electronic document and NOT as a scanned image.
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS (1–7)
Question 1 consists of twenty Multiple Choice Questions (in English only) that have to be answered in your exam
script. Please provide the numbers of the multiple-choice questions, and next to each number, give the correct option,
e.g.
1. A
2. B
etc.
Questions 2 to 7 consist of short and essay type questions. Please consider the marks which have been allocated per
question. They should give you a good indication of the amount of information needed.
IMPORTANT
Questions 2 – 9 in this paper are in English as well as isiZulu, isiXhosa, Sesotho sa Leboa, Setswana, Sesotho,
Siswati, isiNdebele, Tshivenḑa and Xitsonga. Please choose ONE language to answer the questions. Please
indicate at the top of your exam script which language you have chosen. When answering your questions you
should use the chosen language throughout. Codeswitching between languages will result in a penalty and loss of
well deserved marks.
The English paper starts on p. 2. Should you prefer to answer in an African Language of your choice, please find
the page numbers below:
IsiZulu : page 4
IsiXhosa : page 14
Sesotho sa Leboa : page 17
Setswana : page 20
Sesotho : page 23
SiSwati : page 26
IsiNdebele : page 29
Tshivenda : page 32
Xitsonga : page 35
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BEFORE YOU START ANSWERING THE QUESTIONS BELOW, PLEASE INDICATE THE
LANGAUGE YOU HAVE CHOSEN TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 2 TO 7.

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The African languages are experienced as difficult to learn by non-speakers of an African

language because of …

(a) economic pressures.

(b) structural differences between their languages and an African language.
(c) lack of prestige associated with knowing an African language.
(d) an inherent inability to acquire an additional language.

2. Guthrie’s classification of languages into zones was based on the following principles:

(a) psychological
(b) grammatical
(c) hypothetical
(d) areal

3. Which areas in South Africa tend to be more linguistically homogeneous?

(a) Cape Town

(b) Urban areas
(c) Johannesburg
(d) Rural areas.

4. When you are able to apply some of your knowledge of one language to a new language
this is called …

(a) linguistic improvisation.

(b) language transfer.
(c) automatic translation.
(d) information extraction.
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5. Identify the option, which DOES NOT correctly depict what is generally understood by the
term ‘language’.

(a) It equals the linguistic behaviour peculiar to an individual.

(b) It is the generally acceptable medium of verbal communication.
(c) It is the standardized written and spoken language.
(d) It may equal the dialect, which was first reduced to writing.

6. Greater flexibility in word order in the African languages as compared to English is made
possible through …

(a) subjects, verbs and objects.

(b) deletion of nouns.
(c) non-distinction of gender in the pronouns.
(d) agreement morphemes.

7. Greetings can be described as the exchange of…

(a) expressions between two or more people meeting socially.

(b) expressions between students for the purpose of preparing for an assignment.
(c) academic information between two people.
(d) information in business life.

8. A noun class which is non-productive is characterised by …

(a) new words which may be added to the class by means of its prefix.
(b) a limited number of nouns or only one noun.
(c) the invariant locative suffix (-ni or -ng).
(d) a prefix which displays variant forms.

9. The origin of the Bantu languages cannot be determined with any certainty because …

(a) there is no archaeological evidence of the existence of the original people.

(b) diachronic postulations were made without a synchronic study.
(c) there are no written records of the original language.
(d) Bantu languages lack the operation of regular sound shifts.
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10. In the study of the development of the Bantu languages, the term ‘Ur-Bantu’ refers to:

(a) The systematic fragmentation of the Bantu language family.

(b) Guthrie’s corpus of approximately 2 300 starred forms.
(c) The presumed ancestor language of the Bantu languages.
(d) The assumed place of origin of the Bantu languages.

11. The Bantu languages are also called ‘class languages’ because they …

(a) form a class on their own based on a common origin.

(b) have nouns which are grouped into classes according to prefixes.
(c) are classical languages of the continent of Africa.
(d) belong together in one class because of semantic similarities.

12. The following (Northern Sotho) example demonstrates class concordance as a typical
feature of a Bantu language:

(a) bathong! (goodness!)

(b) motho – batho (person – persons)
(c) monna – mosadi (man – woman)
(d) batho ba pele (first people)

13. The fact that there is such close correspondence between the word for ‘people’ in different
languages, i.e. abantu, batho, ovandu, antu, watu, etc. is evidence that they all belong to
the same …

(a) language zone.

(b) language group.
(c) language family.
(d) dialect.

14. Educational discussions fall under...

(a) non-verbal communication.

(b) formal communication.
(c) written communication.
(d) non-formal communication.
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15. When you use non-verbal behaviour to stress oral messages, it is called…

(a) social behaviour.

(b) accenting.
(c) contradicting.
(d) demographic.

16. When non-verbal symbols replace verbal ones, it is called…

(a) substituting.
(b) frowning.
(c) shrugging.
(d) apologising.

17. Encode is the process by which...

(a) one blocks a pathway between the sender and receiver of a message.
(b) one speaks to a large group of people.
(c) information from a source is converted into symbols to be communicated.
(d) one translates words.

18. A message is a signal that serves as ...

(a) a stimuli for a receiver.

(b) noise reduction.
(c) a stimuli for a speaker.
(d) a stimuli for mass audience.

19. In any multilingual society certain languages will be dominant, while others will be minority
languages. In South Africa this statement holds true. Dominance in some languages is
determined by …

(a) people who speak many languages.

(b) the number of speakers.
(c) economic and political power.
(d) the minority.
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20. Codification is defined as …

(a) maximal variation in function.

(b) standard orthography and lexical modernization.
(c) minimal and maximal variation in function.
(d) minimal variation in form.
/20/

QUESTION 2

Socio-historical introduction to African languages

Guthrie stated that the Bantu languages could be regarded as a language family on their own
and that there were four basic criteria with which a language must comply in order to belong to
this language family. Mention these four characteristics and give examples from your
African language to show in what way it complies with each of these four criteria.
/10/

QUESTION 3

Structural overview of the African languages

3.1 When we observe the noun classes in the African languages, we notice that not all noun
classes are productive. Briefly explain why noun classes such as class 14 and 15, for
example, are regarded as productive classes, while classes like 16, 17 and 18 are non-
productive in most African languages. Supply suitable examples from your chosen African
language to support your answer. (6)
3.2 Choose any verb stem in your African language and create a noun from it (deverbative),
using the following table for the analysis of your example. (Note that your example must
include at least one of the verbal extensions, e.g. reciprocal, applicative, causative, etc.).
(a) Example of deverbative: (1)
(b) Analysis of above example:

Class prefix Verb root Extension(s) Suffix

(4)
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3.3 Give explanatory notes regarding the importance of the following and illustrate your
points with suitable examples:
(a) Borrowed nouns have to be accommodated in one of the noun classes.
(b) Sound sequences of nouns which are borrowed have to be adapted. (4)
/15/

QUESTION 4

Syntax and information structure

4.1 (a) Translate the following sentence into your main language:
“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Provide three ways in which you can change the word order of the
sentence translated above.
Sentence 1 should start with an object, (1)
Sentence 2 should start with a predicate, and (1)
Sentence 3 should provide the passive form. (1)

4.2 Sona isikhumba sakhe sishile (isiZulu)

Lona ulusu lwakhe lutshile. (isiXhosa)
Sona sikhumba sakhe sishile. (Siswati)
Sona isikhumba sakhe sitjhile. (isiNdebele)
Lona letlalo la gagwe le swele. (Sesotho sa Leboa)
Lona letlalo la gagwe le swele. (Setswana)
Lona letlalo la hae le tjhele. (Sesotho)
Yona nhlonge ya yena yi tshwile. (Xitsonga)
Lwone lukanda lwawe lwo swa. (Tshivenda)
(i) Select the sentence written in your main language above, and then identify the
pronoun in the sentence that you selected. (1)
(ii) Give three functions of an absolute pronoun and support your answers with two
suitable examples for each function. (6)

4.3 Define the following terms:

New information (2)
Given information (2)
/15/
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QUESTION 5

Semantics

5.1 Antonymy refers to the sense relations that exist between words with opposite meanings
and is sometimes referred to as the oppositeness of meaning. Discuss antonymy in terms
of the following types and provide suitable examples in your African language:
5.1.1 Non-gradable antonyms
5.1.2 Morphologically related or unrelated antonyms
5.1.3 Converseness (6)

5.2 Define the term hyponymy by explaining the relationship between superordinate and
subordinate terms. (4)
/10/

QUESTION 6

Verbal and non-verbal communication

6.1 Give five non-verbal communication tips that can help you learn to read the non-verbal
signals of other people and can also enhance your own ability to communicate effectively
and briefly discuss each. (5)
6.2 In less than ten lines explain what you understand by the term “gestures”. (5)
6.3 From your own experience, describe a situation where non-verbal communication was
used to:
(i) Substitute a verbal message. (2½)
(ii) Contradict a verbal message. (2½)
/15/

QUESTION 7

African languages in global perspective

7.1 In any multilingual society, certain languages will be dominant, while others will be minority
languages. Name two factors that determine language dominance. (2)
7.2 In view of the unprecedented wave of globalisation sweeping across the world today,
language modernisation has become the main focus of language development in South
Africa, particularly for the African languages. Explain what you understand by the process
of language modernisation and give examples. (11)
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7.3 South Africa is one of the most multilingual and multicultural countries globally. Explain
what you understand about being multilingual. (2)
/15/
TOTAL: [100]
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ISIZULU

UMBUZO 1

Answer the multiple-choice questions on page 2 – 6 by drawing a circle around the

correct option.
/20/

UMBUZO 2
ISINGENISO NGENHLALOMLANDO YEZILIMI ZASE-AFRICA

UGuthrie, uveza ukuthi izilimi zesiNtu zingathathwa njengomndeni wezilimi ozimele, nanokuthi
kunemigomo emine okumele ulimi luyilandele ukuze luthathwe njengalolo olungaphansi
kwalowo mndeni wolimi. Nikeza le migomo emine bese unikeza izibonelo olimini lwakho
ukukhombisa ukuthi luyilandela kanjani leyo migomo.
/10/

UMBUZO 3
UKUCHAZA NGESAKHIWO SEZILIMI ZASE-AFRIKA

3.1 Uma sibheka izigaba zamabizo ezilimini zaseAfrika, sibona ukuthi akuzona zonke izigaba
zamabizo ezikhiqizayo (productive). Chaza kafushane ukuthi kungani izigaba zamabizo
ezinjenge zigaba 14 kanye no 15, isibonelo, zithathwa njengezigaba ezikhiqizayo, kanti
izigaba ezifana no 16, 17 kanye no 18 azikhiqizi ezilimini eziningi zase-Afrika. Nikeza
izibonelo ezifanele ukusekela impendulo yakho. (6)
3.2 Khetha noma yisiphi isiqu sesenzo olimini lwakho bese wakha ibizo ngaso (i-deverbative),
usebenzise uhla/ithebula ukuhlaziya isibonelo sakho. (Uqaphele ukuthi isibonelo sakho
kufanele sifake okungenani isengezo esisodwa, isib. Impambosi yokwenzana, impambosi
yokwenzela, impambosi yokwenzisa).
(a) Isibonelo sebizo elisuselwa esenzweni: (1)
(b) Uhlaziyo lwesibonelo esingenhla:

Isiqalo sebizo Umsuka wesenzo Impambosi/ izimpambosi Isijobelelo

(4)
3.2 Chaza ngokubaluleka kwalokhu okulandelayo bese ubonisa amaphuzu akho ngezibonelo
ezifanele:
(a) Amabiza ayimifakela kumele afakwe kwesinye sezigaba zamabizo.
(b) Ukulandelana kwemisindo yamabizo ayimifakela kumele kuguquke. (4)
/15/
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UMBUZO 4
UHLELO MAGAMA NOHLAKA LOLWAZI

4.1 (a) Humusha umusho olandelayo ube esiZulwini.

“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Guqula ukuhleleka kwamagama emshweni owuhumushe ku (a) ngenhla ngezindlela
ezintathu.
Umusho 1 kufanele uqale ngomenzi (1)
Umusho 2 kufanele uqale ngesilandiso, kanye no (1)
Umusho 3 kufanele ube empambosini yokwenziwa. (1)

4.2 “Sona isikhumba sakhe sishile”.

(i) Khombisa isabizwana emshweni. (1)
(ii) Nikeza imisebenzi emithathu yesabizwana soqobo bese usekela impendulo yakho
ngezibonelo ezimbili zomsebenzi ngamunye. (6)

4.3 Chaza amathemu alandelayo:

Imininingwane emisha (New information) (2)
Imininingwane enikeziwe noma eyaziwayo (Given information) (2)
/15/

UMBUZO 5
ISEMANTIKHSI

5.1 Umqondophika ubhekise kubudlelwano bomqondo obutholakala phakathi kwamagama

anezincazelo ezehlukile ngesinye isikhathi kuchazwa njengo kuphikisana
ngokwencazelo. Xoxa ngomqondophika ngokwezinhlobo ezilandelayo bese unikeza
izibonelo ezifanele:
5.1.1 Omqondophika abangaklameki (Non-gradable antonyms)
5.1.2 Omqondophika abahlobene noma abangahlobene ngokwezakhiwo
(Morphologically related or unrelated antonyms)
5.1.3 Ukuphikisa (Converseness) (6)

5.2 Nikeza incazelo yethemu igama elingaphansi kwelinye ngokuchaza ubudlelwano phakathi
kwamagama angaphezulu (superordinate) nalawo angaphansi kwamanye (subordinate).
(4)
/10/
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UMBUZO 6
UKUXHUMANA NGEZWI NANGOKUNGENAZWI

6.1 Nikeza izindlela ezinhlanu zokuxhumana okungenazwi ezingakusiza ukufunda izimpawu

ezingenazwi zabanye abantu futhi ezingakhulisa ukukwazi kwakho ukuxhumana
ngokuzwakalayo. (5)

6.2 Ngemigqa engeqi kweyishumi chaza ukuthi wazini ngethemu “ukukhuluma ngomzimba”.
(5)
6. 3 Kowake wahlangabezana nakho, chaza isimo lapho wasebenzisa khona ukuxhumana
okungenazwi ukuze kwenzeke lokhu:
(i) Ukubambela ukuxhumana ngezwi (2½)
(ii) Ukushayisana nokuxhumana ngezwi. (2½)
/15/

UMBUZO 7
IZILIMI ZASE-AFRIKA NGOKWESIMO SOMHLABA

7.1 Kunoma yimuphi umphakathi onezilimi eziningi, ezinye izilimi zizoba ngaphezu kwezinye,
bese kuthi ezinye zibe zincane. Nikeza izinto ezimbili ezibangela ukuthi ulimi lube
ngaphezu kolunye. (2)

7.2 Ngokubheka izinguquko ezenzeka umhlaba wonke jikelele ezenziwa ukushintsha

kwesikhathi, ukushintshwa kwezilimi ukuze zihambisane nesimanjemanje kuyinto
esemgangathweni ekuthuthukisweni kwezilimi eNingizimu Afrika, ikakhulukazi uma
sibheka izilimi zaseNingizimu Afrika. Chaza ukuthi yini oyiqondayo noma oyaziyo
mayelana nokushintshwa kwezilimi ukuze zihambisane nesikhathi samanje, bese unikeza
izibonelo ukwesekela impendulo yakho. (11)

7.3 INingizimu Afrika ingelinye lamazwe anezilimi eziningi kakhulu kanye namasiko amaningi
ahlukahlukene. Chaza ukuthi yini oyaziyo noma oyiqondayo ngokuba nezilimi eziningi
(KweZwe). (2)
/15/
AMAMAKI EWONKE: [100]
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ISIXHOSA

UMBUZO 1

Answer the multiple-choice questions on page 2 – 6 by drawing a circle around the correct
option.
/20/

UMBUZO 2
Intshayelelo: Imbali yoluntu ngeeLwimi zesiNtu

UGuthrie wathi iilwimi zesiNtu zingabonwa njengosapho lolwimi ngokunokwazo futhi kukho
imigomo emine esisiseko ekufuneka ulwimi luthobelane nayo ukuze lube yinxenye yolusapho
lolwimi. Chaza ezi mpawu zine uze unike imizekelo yesiXhosa ukubonisa ukuba sithobelana
njani nale migomo emine.
/10/

UMBUZO 3
Inkcazo ethe gabalala ngokwakheka kweeLwimi zesiNtu

3.1 Xa siqwalasela amahlelo ezibizo kwiilwimi zesiNtu, siqaphela ukuba amahlelo ezibizo
ewonke anemveliso ethile. Chaza ngokufutshane ukuba kutheni na amahlelo ezibizo 14
no-15, umzekelo, esaziwa njengamahlelo anemveliso, ngexa amahlelo 16, 17 no-18
engenamveliso kwisininzi seelwimi zesiNtu. Nika imizekelo efanelekileyo yesiXhosa
ukuxhasa impendulo yakho. (6)

3.2 Khetha nasiphina isiqu sesenzi sesiXhosa uze wakhe isibizo kuso (deverbative),
usebenzisa isibonelo esingezantsi ekuhlahleleni umzekelo wakho. (Qaphela ukuba
umzekelo wakho kufuneka ubandakanye esinye sezixando zezenzi, umz. isixando
sokwenzana, sokwenzela, sokwenzisa, sokwenzeka, njl-njl.).
(a) Umzekelo wegama elakhiwe kwisenzi (deverbative): (1)
(b) Uhlahlelo lomzekelo ongasentla:
Isimaphambili sehlelo Ingcambu Isixando Isimamva

(4)
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3.3 Nika amanqaku acacisa ukubaluleka koku kulandelayo uze ukubonise ngemizekelo
efanelekileyo:
(a) Izibizo ezibolekiweyo kufuneka zifakwe kwelinye lamahlelo ezibizo.
(b) Isingqi okanye ukulandelelana kwesandi sezibizo ezibolekiweyo kufuneka
kulungiselelwe. (4)
/15/

UMBUZO 4
Isintaksi nokwakheka kolwimi

4.1 (a) Guqulela esiXhoseni esi sivakalisi silandelayo.

“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Bonisa iindlela ezintathu onokutshintsha ngayo indlela ame ngayo amagama
kwisivakalisi osiguqule ngasentla.
Isivakalisi 1 kufuneka siqale ngenjongosenzi. (1)
Isivakalisi 2 kufuneka siqale ngesivisa (1)
Isivakalisi 3 kufuneka sinike isixando sokwenziwa. (1)

4.2 “Lona ulusu lwakhe lutshile”.

(i) Phawula isimelabizo kwisivakalisi. (1)
(ii) Nika imisebenzi emithathu yesimelabizo soqobo uze uxhase iimpendulo zakho
ngemizekelo efanelekileyo kumsebenzi ngamnye. (6)

4.3 Nika inkcazelo yala magama alandelayo:

Ulwazi olutsha (2)
Ulwazi olunikezelweyo (2)
/15/

UMBUZO 5
Isemantiki

5.1 Uchasaniso okanye i-antonymy ibhekiselele kulwalamano lwezivo ezikhoyo phakathi

kwamagama nezinentsingiselo echasayo nekwaziwa njengenkcaso yentsingiselo okanye
i-oppositeness of meaning. Xoxa ngochasaniso ngokwezindidi zilandelayo uze unike
imizekelo efanelekileyo yesiXhosa:
5.1.1 Non-gradable antonyms
5.1.2 Morphologically related or unrelated antonyms
5.1.3 Converseness (6)
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5.2 Nika inkcazelo yokuqukwa kwentsingiselo okanye i-hyponymy ngokuchaza ulwalamano

phakathi kwamagama aquka okuninzi (superordinate) kunye nesihlanganisi sokwayama
(subordinate). (4)
/10/

UMBUZO 6
Ukuqhagamshelana ngamazwi nangokulinganisa

6.1 Nika iindlela ezintlanu zonxibelelwano lokulinganisa (non-verbal) ezinokunceda ekubeni

ukwazi ukufunda iimpawu zokulinganisa zabanye abantu futhi zandise indlela eyeyakho
yokukwazi ukunxulumana ngokufanelekileyo. Xoxa ngokufutshane ngendlela nganye.
(5)
6.2 Ngemigca nje engaphantsi kweshumi, chaza indlela oliqonda ngayo eli gama lithi
“gestures”. (5)

6.3 Ngokwamava akho, chaza imeko apho unxulumano lokulinganisa belusetyenziswe:

(i) Endaweni yomyalezo womlomo. (2½)
(ii) Ekuchaseni umyalezo womlomo. (2½)
/15/

UMBUZO 7
IiLwimi zesiNtu ngokwembono zehlabathi

7.1 Kummandla nawuphina apho kukho iilwimi ezininzi, iilwimi ezithile zibekwa kumgangatho
ophezulu ngexa ezinye zibekwa kumgangatho ophantsi. Nika imiba emibini ebonisa
ukubekwa kumgangatho ophezulu kolwimi. (2)

7.2 Ngokwembono engenakufaniswa nanto kwihlabathi lilonke jikelele kumaxesha esiphila

kuwo, uphuculo lolwimi luyeyona ngqwalaselo enkulu kuphuhliso lolwimi eMzantsi Afrika,
ingakumbi iilwimi zesiNtu. Chaza okwaziyo malunga nenkqubo yophuculo lolwimi uze
unike imizekelo. (11)

7.3 UMzantsi Afrika lelinye lamazwe agqwesileyo ngeelwimi neenkcubeko ezohlukeneyo

kwihlabathi jikelele. Nika intsingiselo yegama elithi “multilingual”. (2)
/15/
AMANQAKU EWONKE: [100]
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SESOTHO SA LEBOA

POTŠIŠO YA 1

Answer the multiple choice questions on page 2 – 6 by drawing a circle around the
correct option.
/20/

POTŠIŠO YA 2
Tlholego le histori ya maleme a Seafrika

Tlhophong ya gagwe ya maleme a Bantu, Guthrie o hlalošitše gore pele maleme a ka tšewa go
ba moloko o tee ka boona a swanetše go ba le dilekanyo tša motheo tšeo maleme a
swanetšego go latela tšona gore a tle a be ka fase ga moloko wo wa maleme. Ahlaahla
dilekanyo tšeo di ka bago tše NNE tšeo maleme a swanetšego go di latela. Thekga karabo ya
gago ka mehlala ye maleba ya Sesotho sa Leboa go laetša gore ka nnete le lona e tloga e le
leleme la leloko la Bantu.
/10/

POTŠIŠO YA 3

Tshekatsheko ya popego ya maleme a Seafrika

3.1 Ge re tsitsinkela lenaneo la legoro la bong ka maleme a Seafrika, re lemoga gore ga se

magoro ka moka a maina ao a nago le tšweletšo ye botse (productive) ya maina. Hlaloša
ka bokopana gore ke ka lebaka lang gore magoro bjalo ka 14 le 15 a bonwa bjalo ka
maina ao a nago le tšweletšo ye botse (productive) mola magoro a 16, 17 le 18 a se na
le yona (non-productive) bontšing bja maleme a Seafrika. Thekga karabo ya gago ka
mehlala ya maleba go tšwa go magoro a maina ao. (6)

3.2 Kgetha kutu ya lediri le lengwe le le lengwe la Sesotho sa Leboa, gomme o bope leina
godimo ga kutu ye (letšwalediring/deverbative), ka go diriša lenaneo le le latelago go
ahlaahla mohlala wo o o filego. (Ela tlhoko gore mohlala wa gago o swanetše go akaretša
katološo e tee goba go feta ya madiri, bjalo ka katološo ya ledirani, lediredi, lediriši, bj.
bj.).
(a) Mohlala wa letšwalediring: (1)
(b) Tshekatsheko ya mohlala wo o filwego godimo:
Hlogo ya leina Modu wa lediri (Di)katološo Moselana

(4)
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3.3 Hlaloša bohlokwa bja ditaetemente tše di latelago, gomme o tlaleletše dikarabo tša gago
ka mehlala ya maadingwa ao:
(a) Ge maina a šele a adingwa dipolelong tša bo rena, a swanetše go beiwa ka fase ga
legoro le lengwe la maina.
(b) Tatelano ya medumo ya maadingwa e swanetše go ba yeo e amogelegilego
polelong. (4)
/15/

POTŠIŠO YA 4
Popafoko le tlhamego ya tshedimošo

4.1 (a) Fetolela lefoko le le latelago Sesothong sa Leboa :

“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Re fe mehuta ye meraro ka mo tatelano ya mantšu lefokong leo o le fetoletšego
godimo, e ka fetolwa ka gona.
Lefoko 1 e swanetše go thoma ka sedirwa, (1)
Lefoko 2 e swanetše go thoma ka lediri, gomme (1)
Lefoko 3 e swanetše go tšweletšwa ka tirwa. (1)

4.2 “Lona letlalo la gagwe le swele”.

(i) Re šupetše lešalašala lefokong le. (1)
(ii) Fana ka mehola ye meraro ya lešalašala gomme o tlaleletše dikarabo tša gago ka
mehlala ye mebedi go ye ngwe le ye ngwe ya mehola. (6)

4.3 Fana ka ditlhalošo tša mantšu a a latelago:

Tshedimošo ye mpsha (2)
Tshedimošo yeo e filwego (2)
/15/

POTŠIŠO YA 5
Semantiki

5.1 Lelatodi ke mohuta wa dikamano tša dikgopolo tšeo di lemogwago gare ga mantšu ge
lentšu le tee le na le tlhalošo yeo e latolago ya lentšu le lengwe. Ka tlwaelo e bitšwa
malatodi, twantšho ya semantiki le kganetšano ya tlhalošo (maganetši). Ahlaahla lelatodi
ka go ya ka mehuta ye e latelago, o fahlele karabo ya gago ka mehlala Sesothong sa
Leboa:
5.1.1 Malatodi ao a sa hlophegego ka magato
5.1.2 Malatodi ao a amanago goba ao a sa amanego ka mofolotši
5.1.3 Bolatodi (6)
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5.2 Hlaloša lereo le “kakaretšo ya tlhalošo” (tlhalošokakaretšo/hyponymy) ka go hlaloša

kamano gare ga mareo a mareoreo (superordinate) le mareotlaleletši (subordinates).
(4)
/10/

POTŠIŠO YA 6
Poledišano/kgokagano ya molomo le yeo e sego ya molomo

6.1 Re fe maele a mahlano a poledišano yeo e sego ya molomo a a kgonago go go thuša go

kwišiša dika tšeo di sego tša molomo tša batho ba bangwe le tše di kgonago go go thuša
go kaonafatša poledišano ya gago. O hlaloše ye nngwe le ye nngwe ka boripana. (5)

6.2 Re botše ka methaladi ye e sa fetego ye lesome gore o kwišiša eng ka lenaneo la “dika”.
(5)
6.3 Go ya ka maitemogelo a gago, hlaloša mabaka ao poledišano yeo e sego ya molomo e
šomišitšwego go ka:
(i) Tlaleletšo ya molaetša. (2½)
(ii) Kganetšano ya molaetša wa poledišano. (2½)
/15/

POTŠIŠO 7
Maleme a Seaforika ka ponego ya lefase

7.1 Setšhabeng se sengwe le se sengwe moo go nago le maleme a mantši, maleme a

mangwe e tla ba ona a bolelwago ke batho ba bantši go feta a mangwe. Efa mabaka a
mabedi a a laolago go ba ka godimo ga maleme a mangwe. (2)

7.2 Ka ‘baka la tsenatsenano yeo e bego e sa letelwa yeo e renago lefaseng matšatšing a
lehono, tšhomišo ya leleme mehleng ya lehono ke selo seo se filwego šedi ye kgolo ka
mono Afrika Borwa, kudu malemeng a Seafrika. Hlaloša gore o kwišiša eng ge go bolelwa
ka ga tiro ya go oketša le go bea mareo a leleme maemong a sebjalebjale, gomme o fe
mehlala. (11)

7.3 Afrika Borwa ke naga yeo e nago le dipolelontši le ditšhaba tše dintši tša ditšo tše dintši
go feta dinaga tše dingwe lefaseng. Hlaloša lereo le “dipolelontši”. (2)
/15/
PALOMOKA: [100]
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SETSWANA

POTSO 1

Araba dipotso go tlhopha mo ditsebeng tsa 2 go 6, ka go tota Karabo e maleba mo go tse di

neilweng.
/20/

POTSO 2
Tlholego le tshimologo ya dipuo tsa Seafrika

Guthrie o tlhalositse gore dipuo tsa Batho ke dipuo tsa setlhopha sa puo se se ikemetseng ka
bosona e bile di na le melawana ya motheo e puo e tshwanetseng go dumelana le yona gore
e kgone go nna karolo ya setlhopha seo sa puo. Naya melawana e mene ya manaane a
thutapuo e mme o dirise dikao tsa Setswana go supa gore di kgotsofatsa melawana e jang.
/10/

POTSO 3
Tshekaseko ya popego ya dipuo tsa Aforika

3.1 Fa re lebelela ditlhopha tsa maina mo dipuong tsa batho, re lemoga gore ga se ditlhopha
tsa maina tsotlhe tse di sa ntseng di le mosola. Tlhalosa ka bokhutswane gore goreng
ditlhopha jaaka tsa 14 le 15, e le sekao, di sa le mosola, mme tse dingwe jaaka tsa 16, 17
le 18 di se na mosola mo bontsing ba dipuo tsa Batho. Dirisa dikao tsa Setswana go
tlhalosa le go tshegetsa karabo ya gago. (6)

3.2 Tlhopha kutu ya lediri le lengwe le le lengwe la Setswana mme o bope leina (leinaletswa),
ka kutu e ka go dirisa lenaneo le le latelang go lokolola sekao se o se nayang. (Lemoga
gore sekao sa gago se supe dikatolosi tsa lediri, jk. tirisana, tirela, tirisa, jalo le jalo).
(a) Sekao sa leinaletswa: (1)
(b) Molokololo wa sekao se se filweng fa godimo:
Tlhogo ya leina Kutu ya lediri (Di)Katolosi Mogatlana

(4)
3.3 Naya tlhaloso mabapi le dintlha tse di latelang mme o sedifatse tlhaloso ya gago ka go
dirisa dikao tse di rileng:
(a) Fa leina le adimiwa le tshwanetse go lokelwa mo setlhopeng sa leina se se rileng.
(b) Tatelano ya medumopuo ya maina a a adingwang e tshwanetse go fetolwa go
tsamaelana le e e amogelwang ya Setswana. (4)
/15/
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POTSO 4
Popego ya polelo le motlotlo

4.1 (a) Fetolela polelo e e latelang mo Setswaneng:

“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Naya mekgwa e meraro e e supang gore tatelano ya mafoko mo polelong e o e
fetotseng, e ka fetolwa jang.
(i) Polelo ya 1 e simolola ka sedirwa, (1)
(ii) Polelo ya 2 e simolola ka lediri mme (1)
(iii) Polelo ya 3 e supa lediri le le dirisang tirwa. (1)

4.2 Dirisa polelo e e latelang mme o arabe dipotso tse di e latelang.

“Lona letlalo la gagwe le swele”.
(a) Supa leemedi mo polelong e. (1)
(b) Naya mesola e meraro ya tiriso ya leemeditota mme o dirise dikao tse pedi le
mokgwa wa tiriso o mongwe le o mongwe o o o neileng. (6)

4.3 Tlhalosa bokao ba mareo a a latelang:

Tshedimosetso e e ntšhwa (2)
Tshedimosetso e e neilweng (2)
/15/

POTSO 5
Thutobokao

5.1 Bolatodi (diantonimi) bo supa tlhanolo ya bokao gare ga mafoko a mabedi mme fa gongwe
a supiwa a le mafoko a a farologanang ka go kgatlhana ka bokao. Tlhalosa mareo a a
latelang a a supang mefuta e e farologaneng ya malatodi ka go naya dikao tsa Setswana
tse di rileng:
(a) Malatodi a a sa lekalekantshweng ka dikgato
(b) Malatodi a a tsamaelanang ka popego le a a sa tsamaelaneng ka popego
(c) Tshokololo (6)

5.2 Neela bokao jwa lereo “kakaretsobokao” (haephonimi) ka go tlhalosa kamano gare ga
mareoreo (superordinate) le a a lengtlase. (4)
/10/
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POTSO 6
Tlhaeletsano ka go bua le ka go se bue

6.1 Naya dintlha tse tlhano tsa kgolagano magareng ga tlhaeletsano ka go bua le ka go se
bue. Tlhalosa ntlha e nngwe le e nngwe ka bokhutswane. (5)

6.2 Ka go kwala go se fete mela e lesome, tlhalosa bokao ba lereo “tirisomatsogo”. (5)

6.3 Tlhalosa ditirokgolo di le tharo tsa tlhaeletsano ka go se bue. (5)

POTSO 7
Dipuo tsa Aforika mo bokaelong jwa boditšhabatšhaba

7.1 Mo morafeng wa dipuontsi, dipuo tse dingwe di gaisa tse dingwe, fa dipuo tse dingwe di
sala di le dipuofela. Tlhalosa dintlha tse pedi tse di tsweletsang kgaiso ya dipuo tse
dingwe. (2)

7.2 Ka ntlha ya nyenyefatso ya lefatshe ka ntlha ya go buisana mo matsatsing a segompieno,

ntshwafatso ya dipuo e nnile kgaolo ya dipatlisiso e kgolo mo Afrikaborwa, tota dipuo tsa
Seafrika. Tlhalosa gore o tlhaloganya eng ka ntshwafatso ya puo o ntse o naya dikao.
(11)
7.3 Afrikaborwa ke lefatshe le le nang dipuo tse dintsi le ngwao e e farologaneng go feta
mafatshe a mangwe mo lefatsheng. Tlhalosa gore o tlhaloganya eng ka go nna
dipuobontsi. (2)
/15/
TOTAL: [100]
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SESOTHO

POTSO 1

Answer the multiple-choice questions on page 2 – 6 by drawing a circle around the correct
option.
/20/

Araba dipotso tsa dikarabo tse kgethwang ho tloha leqepheng la 2-5.

POTSO 2
Selelekela sa bodulo sa Dipuo tsa Aforika

Guthrie o re, Dipuo tsa Bantu di ka hlaloswa e le lelapa la dipuo le ikemetseng mme ho teng
matshwao a mane a sethato ao puo e tlamehang hoba le ona hore e tsebe ho kengwa lelapeng
lena la dipuo. Fana ka matshwao ao, mme o fane ka mehlala ya Sesotho ho bontsha ka
moo puo e tsamaisanang le letshwao ka leng.
/10/

POTSO 3
Tjhebo-kakaretso ya sebopeho sa dipuo tsa Aforika

3.1 Ha re shebisisa bong dihlopheng tsa Dipuo tsa Aforika, re hlokomela hore dihlopha
kaofela ha di hlahise mabitso ka ho lekana. Hlalosa ha kgutshwane phapang pakeng tsa
sehlopha se hlahisang le se sa hlahiseng. Lebisa mehlaleng e teng ho tswa dihlopheng
tsa mabitso a Sesotho ho matlafatsa karabo ya hao. (6)

3.2 Kgetha kutu ya leetsi Sesothong mme o thehe lebitso ho tswa ho yona, o sebedise
lenaneo ho hlopholla mohlala wa leetsi leo. (Hlokomela mohlala wa hao o tlameha ho
kenyelletsa bonyane katolloso ya leetsi e le nngwe, mohl: (reciprocal, applicative,
causative, etc).
Sehlopha sa Kutu ya leetsi Katoloso Sehlongwanthao
sehlongwapele

(5)

3.3 Hlalosa mabaka a bohlokwa a hore maandingwa a kenngwe sehlopheng se seng sa

mabitso. Fana ka mehlala e nepahetseng ya Sesotho ho matlafatsa karabo ya hao. (4)
/15/
 CONFIDENTAL
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POTSO 4
Thutopolelo le sebopeho sa tsebo

4.1 (a) Fetolela polelo ena e latelang Sesothong:

“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Fana ka mekgwa e meraro eo o ka fetolang tatellano ya mantswe polelong e
fetoletsweng kahodimo
Polelo ya 1 e tlameha ho qala ka moetsuwa, (1)
Polelo ya 2 e tlameha ho qala ka leetsi/ketso mme - hlakola (1)
Polelo ya 3 e tlameha ho bontsha boetsuwa. (1)

4.2 “Lona letlalo la hae le tjhele”.

(i) Qolla leemedi polelong. (1)
(ii) Nehana ka mesebetsi e meraro ya leemedi –qho mme o matlafatse karabo ya hao
ka mehlala e nepahetseng ya mosebetsi ka mong. (6)

4.3 Hlalosa dithemo tsena tse latelang:

Tsebo e ntjha (2)
Tsebo e nehilweng (2)
/15/

POTSO 5
Thuto- Moelelo

5.1 Malatodi a bolela nyalano ya moelelo e teng pakeng tsa mantswe a nang le moelelo e
fapaneng.
Qoqa ka malatodi o ikamahanya le mefuta mme o fane ka mehlala e nepahetseng:
5.1.1 Malatodi e kekeng a arolwa
5.1.2 Malatodi a kaho e amanang le malatodi a sa amaneng
5.1.3 malatodi a totobetseng (6)

5.2 Hlalosa lentswe lena hlalosotshwano ka ho bontsha nyalano pakeng tsa lentswe le
okametseng le lentswe le okametsweng (4)
/10/
 CONFIDENTAL
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POTSO 6
Kgokahanyo ya molomo le eo e seng ya molomo

6.1 Fana ka dikeletso tse hlano tse ka o thusang ho ithuta ho bala matshwao ao e seng a
kgokahanyo eo e seng ya molomo hape a ntlafatsa bokgoni ba hao ba kgokahanyo.
Hlalosa ketsahalo ka nngwe ha kgutshwane. (5)

6.2 Ka mela e sa feteng bohlano hlalosa lentswe “letshwao la puo/gesture”. (5)

6.3 Ho ya ka tlwaelo ya hao, hlalosa boemo boo kgokahanyo eo e seng ya molomo e

sebedisitsweng teng:
(i) Ho emela molaetsa o lentswe. (2½)
(ii) Ho ba kgahlanong le molaetsa o lentswe. (2½)
/15/

POTSO 7
Maikutlo a akaretsang ka dipuo tsa Aforika lefatshe ka bophara

7.1 Setjhabeng se seng le se seng se buwang puo tse ngata, dipuo tse ding di tla hatella tse
ding, ha dipuo tse ding di eba mmalwa. Fana ka mabaka a mabedi a ka etsang kgatello
eo. (2)

7.2 Ka kakaretso mehleng ena, maqhubu a diphetoho a fiela lefatshe ka tsela e sa lebellwang
setjhabeng, sena se amme kgodiso ya puo Aforika Borwa. Bontsha mme o hlalose
kutlwisiso ya hao ka ditshebeletso tsa kgodiso ya puo mme o fane ka mehlala Dipuong
tsa Aforika Borwa. (11)

7.3 Aforika Borwa ke le leng la mafatshe a puongata le meetlo e mengata lefatsheng ka

kakaretso. Bontsha mme o hlalose kutlwisiso ya hao ka puongata. (2)
/15/
MATSHWAO: [100]
 CONFIDENTAL
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SISWATI

UMBUTO 1

Answer the multiple-choice questions on page 2 – 6 by drawing a circle around the correct
option.
/20/

UMBUTO 2
Singeniso senchubo yemlandvonhlalo wetilwimi tase-Afrika

Guthrie uveta kutsi tilwimi tesiNtfu tingatsatfwa njengaletisemndenini wetilwimi tesiNtfu nekutsi
kunemigomo lemine lulwimi lokumele luhambisane nayo kute lutsatfwe njengaloluyincenye
yalomndeni. Niketa lemigomo lemine unikete netibonelo letisuselwa elulwimini lwakho
kukhombisa kutsi lolulwimi luhambisana kanjani nalemigomo lemine.
/10/

UMBUTO 3
Kuchaza ngesakhiwo jikelele setilwimi tase-Afrika

3.1 Nasibuka luhlelo lwetigaba tebulili etilwimini tase-Afrika, sitfola kutsi akusito tonkhe tigaba
temabito letikhicitako. Chaza kafishane kutsi yini indzaba tigaba temabito letinjenga 14 na
15 titsatfwa njengaletikhicitako bese kutsi tigaba letinjenga 16, 17 na 18 titsatfwa
njengaletingakhiciti etilwimini tase-Afrika letinyenti. Sekela imphendvulo yakho
ngekusebentisa tibonelo tetigaba temabito letifanele elulwimini lwakho. (6)

3.2 Khetsa nobe ngusiphi sicu sesento elulwimini lwakho bese wakha ngaso libito
(libitosento), usebentise lelithebuli lelilandzelako kuhlatiya libito lolikhetsile. (Libito
lolikhetsile kumele libe neselulo sesento, sib. Imphambosi yekwentana, imphambosi
yekwentela, imphambosi yekwentisa, njll.).
(a) Sibonelo selibitosento: (1)
(b) Luhlatiyo lwesibonelo lesingetulu:
Sicalo Umsuka wesento Selulo sesento Sijobelelo

(4)
3.3 Chaza ngekubaluleka kwaloku lokulandzelako bese wesekela emaphuzu akho
ngetibonelo letifanele:
(a) Emabito labolekiwe kumele abe netigaba temabito kuleto letikhona.
(b) Kulandzelana kwemisindvo yemabito labolekiwe akwentiwe kuhambisane
nesakhiwo semabito alolo lulwimi. (4)
/15/
 CONFIDENTAL
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UMBUTO 4
Luhlelomagama neluhlaka lwelwati

4.1 (a) Humusha umusho lolandzelako ube selulwimini lwakho.

“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Niketa tindlela letintsatfu longagucula ngato kuhleleka kwemagama kulomusho
longenhla lohunyushiwe.
Umusho 1 kumele ucale ngamentiwa, (1)
Umusho 2 kumele ucale ngesento (1)
Umusho 3 kumele ube semphambosini yekwentiwa (1)

4.2 “Sona sikhumba sakhe sishile”

(i) Khomba sabito kulomusho. (1)
(ii) Niketa imisebenti lemitsatfu yesabito selucobo wesekele imphendvulo yakho
ngetibonelo letimbili letifanele emsebentini ngamunye. (6)

4.3 Chaza emagama lalandzelako:

Lwati lolusha (2)
Lwati loluniketiwe (2)
/15/

UMBUTO 5
Isemantikisi

5.1 Bomcondvophika bachaza budlelwane lobukhona emkhatsini wemagama lanetinchazelo

letiphikisanako kantsi baphindze babitwe ngenchazelo lephambana nalenye. Chaza
ngabomcondvophika ngekubuka kuletinhlobo letilandzelako unikete netibonelo letifanele
elulwimini lwakho lwase-Afrika:
5.1.1 Bomcondvophika labangahlukaniseki ngekweluhlelo (Non-gradable antonyms)
5.1.2 Bomcondvophika labahlobene nome labangakahlobani ngekwemofoloji
(Morphologically related or unrelated antonyms)
5.1.3 Kuguculela (Converseness) (6)

5.2 Chaza litemu lelengamele lamanye (hyponymy) ngekutsi uchaze budlelwane emkhatsini
welitemu lelingetulu kwalelinye (superordinate) kanye nalelingephasi kwalelinye
(subordinate). (4)
/10/
 CONFIDENTAL
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UMBUTO 6
Kuchumana ngekukhuluma nangekungakhulumi

6.1 Niketa emathiphu lasihlanu ekuchumana ngekungakhulumi langakusita kutsi ukwati

kufundza timphawu talabanye bantfu nalatawutfutfukisa likhono lakho lekuchumana
ngalokuyimphumelelo uchaze kafishane ithiphu ngayinye. (5)

6.2 Chaza emigceni lengengci kulelishumi indlela lovisisa ngayo inchazelo yeligama
“timphawu temtimba” (gestures). (5)

6. 3 Kuloko lohlangabetene nako emphilweni chaza simo lapho khona kwasetjentiswa

kuchumana ngaphandle kwekukhuluma ngemlomo kuveta loku:
(i) Kwenta lokunye esikhundleni semlayeto wemlomo (2½)
(ii) Kuphikisa umlayeto wemlomo (2½)
/15/

UMBUTO 7
Tilwimi tase-Afrika ngekwemhlaba wonkhe jikelele

7.1 Kunome ngumuphi ummango lonebulwiminyenti tilwimi letitsite tiba ngetulu kwaletinye,
kantsi letinye tibe lidlantana. Shano timbangela letimbili letenta lulwimi lube ngetulu
kwalolunye. (2)

7.2 Nakubukwa kusebentisana kwemave emhlaba lokufike ngemandla esikhatsini salamuhla,

kwentiwa kwelulwimi lube lwesimanje kwentiwe kwaba sembili ekutfutfukisweni
kwelulwimi eNingizimu Afrika, kakhulukati eTilwimini tase-Afrika. Chaza kutsi uvisisani
ngeluhlelo lwekwentiwa kwelulwimi lube lwesimanje unikete netibonelo. (11)

7.3 INingizimu Afrika ingulelinye lemave lanebulwiminyenti nemasiko lahlukene emhlabeni

wonkhe. Chaza kutsi uvisisani ngekuba nebulwiminyenti. (2)
/15/
EMAMAKI SEKAWONKHE: [100]
 CONFIDENTAL
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ISINDEBELE

UMBUZO 1

Answer the multiple-choice questions on page 2 – 6 by drawing a circle around the correct
option.
/20/

UMBUZO 2
Isingeniso sokuraga komlando-hlalo wamalimi we-Afrika

Ekwahlukaniseni kwakhe amalimi wesintu, uGuthrie uveza bona amalimi kumele atjengise
ihlelo elikhambisana nemigomo emiNe ukuze athathwe njengamalimi asemindenini wamalimi
wesiNtu. Hlathulula imigomo le bese unikela neembonelo ezisuselwa elimini lakho ubuye
unikele neembonelo ezitjengisa bona ilimeli likhambisana njani nemigomo emiNe le.
/10/

UMBUZO 3
Umbonozombelele ngokwakheka kwamalimi we-Afrika

3.1 Lokha nasiqala iingaba zamabizo emalimini womdabu, siyelela bona akusingizo zoke
iingaba ezikhiqizako. Hlathulula ngokufitjhazana iingaba zamabizo esizifumana kusigaba
14 no 15, isibonelo, zibonakala njengeengaba ezikhiqizako, lokha iingaba zamabizo 16,
17 no- 18, azithathwa njengalezo ezikhiqizako emalimini womdabu. Nikela iimbonelo
ezinembako esiNdebeleni ukusekela ipendulo yakho. (6)

3.2 Khetha umsuka wesenzo esiNdebeleni bese uveze ibizo elivela esenzweni (deverbative),
usebenzise ithebula elingenzasi ukuveza iimbonelo zakho. (Yelela bona isibonelo sakho
siveza munye umhlobo wepambosi, isib. Ipambosi yokwenzisa, ipambosi yokwenza,
ipambosi yokwenzana, njll.)
(a) Isibonelo sebizo elivela esenzweni:
(b) Itsengo lesibonelo esingehla (1)
Isithomo Umsuka Iselulo sesenzo Isilungelelo

(4)
3.3 Nikela ihlathululo ukuveza ukubaluleka kokulandelako bese uveza imibono yakho
ngeembonelo ezifaneleko:
(a) Amagama wokubolekwa kufanele afakwe ngaphasi kwesigaba sinye.
(b) Ilandelano letjhada lamagama abolekiweko kufanele lifakwe. (4)
/15/
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UMBUZO 4
Isakhiwo semitjho kanye nokwakheka kwelwazi

4.1 (a) Tjhugululela umutjho olandelako elimini lakho.

“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Nikela iindlela ezintathu ongatjhugulula ngazo ihlelo lomutjho otjhugululweko
ngehla.
Umutjho woku-1 uthome ngomenziwa (1)
Umutjho wesi-2 uthome ngesenzo (1)
Umutjho wesi-3 uthome ngesikhathi esidlulileko (1)

4.2 “Sona isikhumba sakhe sitjhile”

(i) Veza isabizwana emutjhweni ongehla. (1)
(ii) Nikela imisebenzi emithathu yesabizwana samambala bese usekele ngeembonelo
ezimbili zelimi lakho ukuveza umsebenzi waso esibonelweni ngasinye. (6)

4.3 Nikela ihlathululo yamathemu alandelako:

• Ilwazi elitjha (2)
• Ilwazi elinikelwako (2)
/15/

UMBUZO 5
Isemanthiksi

5.1 Ukuphikisana kutjho ukuhlobana okukhona hlangana kwamagama aneenhlathululo

ezingafaniko, kanengi lokhu kubizwa ngokuphikisana kweenhlathululo. Hlathulula
ukuphikisana ngokwemihlobo elandelako bese unikela iimbonelo ezifaneleko zelimi lakho:
5.1.1 Ukuphikisana okulinganisekako (Non-gradable antonyms)
5.1.2 Ukuphikisana okungalinganisekako (Gradable antonyms)
5.1.3 Ukuphikisana okuhlobeneko nokungakahlobaniko ngokwesakhiwo
(Morphologically related or unrelated antonyms)
5.1.4 Okuhlobeneko (Converseness) (6)

5.2 Hlathulula ithemu elithi ihayiphonimi (igama elingaphasi kwelinye) ngokuhlathulula

ubudlelwana hlangana kwamagamazombelele namagama angaphasi kwamanye. (4)
/10/
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UMBUZO 6
Ukuthintana ngokukhuluma nokungakhulumi

6.1 Nikela ngeeyeleliso ezihlanu ezingakusiza bona ufunde ngamatshwayo wokuthintana

ngokungakhulumi begodu ezingathuthikisa ikghono lakho lokukhuluma ngendlela
efaneleko, hlathulula esinye nesinye isiyeleliso kafitjhazana. (5)

6.2 Ngemitjho engaphasi kwelitjhumi hlathulula “ukusebenzisa izitho zomzimba”. (5)

6.3 Ukuya ngombona wakho, hlathulula ubujamo la ukuthintana ngokungakhulumi

kwasetjenziselwa:
(i) Esikhundleni somlayezo onelizwi (2½)
(ii) Ukuphikisana nomlayezo onelizwi (2½)
/15/

UMBUZO 7

7.1 Komunye nomunye umphakathi oliminengi, kukhona amalimi azokusetjenziswa khulu

kunamanye, bese ufumane bona kuba khona nalawo amancani. Nikela iinzathu ezimbili
ezenza bona ilimi elithileko lisetjenziswe ukudlula amanye. (2)

7.2 Ngebanga lokutjha okuvezwa yihlanganyela yamaphasi woke, ukwakhiwa kabutjha

kwamalini kuyinto etjhejwe khulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamalimi eSewula Afrika, khulukhulu
amalimi womdabu. Hlathulula indlela ozwisisa ngayo ihlelo lokwakhiwa kabutjha
kwamalimi bese unikele iimbonelo. (11)

7.3 ISewula Afrika ingezinye zeenarha ezinamalimi ahlukahlukeneko begodu namasiko

ahlukahlukeneko ephasini zombelele. Hlathulula bona ngikuphi okuzwisisako
ngobuliminengi. (2)
/15/
INANI ELIPHELELEKO: [100]
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TSHIVENḒA

MBUDZISO 1

Answer the multiple-choice questions on page 2 – 6 by drawing a circle around the correct
option.
/20/

MBUDZISO 2
Marangaphanḓa a ḓivhazwakale ya zwa u tshilisana kha nyambo dza Vharema

Guthrie uri nyambo dza Bantu dzi nga dzhiiwa sa nyambo dza muṱa muthihi nga dzone dziṋe
na uri hu na zwiga zwiṋa zwine luambo lwa tea u zwi tevhedza uri lu kone u pfi ndi lwa muṱa
wonoyo. Kha vha bule maga ayo maṋa vha inge nga u ṋea tsumbo dzo teaho dzine dza bva
kha luambo lwa havho lwa Vharema uri zwi ṱumana hani na nḓila idzo nṋa dze vha bula.
/10/

MBUDZISO 3
Mbonalo ya tshivhumbeo tsha nyambo dza Vharema

3.1 Musi ri tshi sedza thangi u ya nga u tevhekana hadzo, ri kona u vhona uri a si thangi
dzoṱhe dzine dza vha na vhubveledzi. Nga u pfufhifhadza kha vha ṱalutshedze nga ha
kiḽasi 14 na 15 vha inge nga u ṋea tsumbo vho zwi livhanya na kiḽasi dza vhubveledzi,
ngeno kiḽasi dzine dza nga 16, 17 na 18 kha nyambo dza Vharema dzi tshi dzhiiwa dzi si
dza vhubveledzi. Kha vha ṋee tsumbo dzo teaho dzi bvaho kha luambo lwa havho lwa
Vharema sa thikhedzo ya phindulo yavho. (6)

3.2 Kha vha nange tsinde ḽa ḽiiti ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe kha luambo lwa havho lwa Vharema vha
vhumbe dzina ḽine ḽa bveledza (deverbative) vha tshi khou shumisa mbekanyo iyo ya u
saukanya i re afho fhasi.
(Vha zwi dzhiele nzhele uri tsumbo yavho i fanela u dzhia nthihi ya iyi mitshila ya maiti ine
ya vha; ḽiitana, ḽiitela, ḽiitisi, nm).
(a) Tsumbo ya ḽiiti ḽibveledzi: (1)
(b) Tsumbo ya musaukanyo wa zwi re afho nṱha:

Kiḽasi ya thangi Mudzi wa ḽiiti Maṱumetshedzwa Mutshila

(4)
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3.3 Kha vha ṱalutshedze vhuhulu kana ndeme ya zwi re afho fhasi vha dovhe vha inge nga
tsumbo dzo teaho sa thikhedzo ya mbuno dzavho:
(a) Madzina mapambwa a tea u ṱanganedzwa kha iṅwe ya kiḽasi dza madzina.
(b) Mibvumo ya madzina u ya nga u tevhekana ine ya pambiwa i tea u ṱanganedziwa.
(4)
/15/

MBUDZISO 4
Ḓivhafhungo na tshivhumbeo tsha mafhungo

4.1 (a) Kha vha pindulele fhungo iḽo ḽi tevhelaho ḽi ye kha luambo lwa havho.
“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Kha vha ṋee nḓila tharu dzo fhambanaho dzine vha nga dzi shumisa u shandula iḽo
fhungo ḽe vha pindulela.
Fhungo ḽa u thoma (1) ḽi fanela u thoma nga tshiitwa. (1)
Fhungo ḽa vhuvhili (2) ḽi fanela u thoma nga nyito. (1)
Fhungo ḽa vhuraru (3) ḽi vhe kha phasivi. (1)

4.2 Vhone vhana vha khou ḽa tshikoli (Tshivenḓa)

(i) Kha vha topole ḽisala kha iḽo fhungo. (1)
(ii) Kha vha ṋee/ bule mishumo miraru ya ḽisala vhukuma vha dovhe vha khwaṱhise
phindulo yavho nga tsumbo dzi tendiseaho. (6)

4.3 Kha vha ṋee ṱhalutshedzo ya maipfi/mathemo a tevhelaho:

Mafhungo maswa. (2)
Mafhungo a ḓivheaho. (2)
/15/

MBUDZISO 5
Semantiki

5.1 Phambana/ḽifhambanyi zwi amba vhushaka vhune ha vha hone vhukati ha maipfi ane a
vha na ṱhalutshedzo dzine dza vha na khanedzano na uri zwi a itea zwa dzhiiwa sa u
fhambana ha ṱhalutshedzo. Kha vha ṱalutshedze phambana vha tshi khou tevhedza nḓila
dzi tevhelaho vha inge nga tsumbo dzo teaho dzine dza bva kha luambo lwa havho lwa
Vharema:
5.1.1 Phambana/ḽifhambanyi ḽi so ngo kaliwaho.
5.1.2 Phambana/ mafhambanyi a re na vhushaka ho sedzwa phenḓa maipfi kana a si
na vhushaka.
5.1.3 U fhambanesa. (6)
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5.2 Kha vha ṋee ṱhalutshedzo ya ipfi ḽikatelwa/hyponym nga u ṱalutshedza vhushaka vhukati
ha maipfi a ḽikateli (superordinate) na ḽikatelwa (subordinate). (4)
/10/

MBUDZISO 6
Vhudavhidzani ha u amba na vhu si ha u amba

6.1 Kha vha ṋee ngeletshedzo ya kuambele kwa ngafhadzo (u sa amba) kwa vhaṅwe vhathu
zwine zwa nga vha thusa uri vha vhe na nḓivho khathihi na u ita uri vha vhe na
vhudavhidzani havhuḓi, vha inge nga u rera nga ha tshiṅwe na tshiṅwe tsha izwi. (5)

6.2 Nga mitaladzi ine ya vha fhasi ha 10 kha vha ṱalutshedze zwine vha pfesesa nga ipfi
“ngafhadzo/gestures”. (5)

6.3 U ya nga tshenzhemo yavho, kha vha ṱaluse nyimele ine vha wana luambo lwa ngafhadzo
lwo shumiswa u:
(i) imela mulaedza wa maipfi. (2½)
(ii) hanedza mulaedza wa maipfi. (2½)
/15/

MBUDZISO 7
Nyambo dza Vharema/ Afrika ḽifhasini

7.1 Huṅwe na huṅwe hune ha vha na nyambo nnzhi, dziṅwe nyambo dzi a tsikeledza dziṅwe
dza dzhiiwa sa ṱhukhu. Kha vha bule zwiitisi zwine zwa vhanga uri dziṅwe nyambo dzi
vhe nṱha ha dziṅwe. (2)

7.2 Ho sedzeswa mvelephanḓa i si na vhukono ya kutshimbilele khathihi na kubveledzele

kwa zwithu ḽifhasini ṋamusi, mveledziso ya nyambo kha ḽa Afrika Tshipembe tsho no tou
vha tshone tshithu tsho sedzeswaho khatsho, nga maanḓa ro sedzesa nyambo dza
Vharema/Afrika. Kha vha ṱalutshedze uri vha pfesesa hani mveledziso ya ṋamusi ya
nyambo, izwi vha zwi tikedze nga tsumbo dzo teaho. (11)

7.3 Afrika Tshipembe ndi ḽiṅwe ḽa mashango ane a vha na nyambo nnzhi na mvelele nnzhi
nga u angaredza. Kha vha ṱalutshedze zwine vha pfesesa musi hu tshi ambiwa nga ha
nyambo nnzhi. (2)
/15/
ṰHANGANYELO: [100]
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XITSONGA

XIVUTISO XA 1

Answer the multiple-choice questions on page 2 – 6 by drawing a circle around the correct
option.
/20/

XIVUTISO XA 2
Ku tivisiwa eka matimu ya tindzimi ta Xiafrika

Guthrie u vule leswaku tindzimi ta Xintu ti nga tekiwa tanihi tindzimi ta ndyangu hi vutona na
leswaku a ku ri na swipimelo swa mune swa masungulo leswi ririmi a ri fanele ku swi landzelela
loko ri lava ku wela eka ndyangu lowu wa tindzimi. Boxa swihlawulekisi leswi kutani u nyika
swikombiso swo huma eka ririmi ra Xitsonga ku kombeta leswi ri landzelerisaka xiswona
xin’wana na xin’wana xa swipimelo leswi swa mune.
/10/

XIVUTISO XA 3
Nkatsakanyo wa xivumbeko xa tindzimi ta Xiafrika

3.1 Loko hi xiya sisiteme ya mitlawa ya maviti ya tindzimi ta Xiafrika, hi kuma leswaku a hi
mitlawa hinkwayo yi nga na mpfuno kumbe ntswalo. Hlamusela hi ku komisa ku ri
hikokwalaho ka yini mitlawa ya 14 na 15 yi tekiwa yi ri na mpfuno, kasi mitlawa ya 16, 17
na 18 yi tekiwa yi ri hava mpfuno eka vunyingi bya tindzimi ta Xiafrika. Nyika swikombiso
swo huma eka ririmi ra Xitsonga ku seketela nhlamulo ya wena. (6)

3.2 Hlawula nsinya wihi kumbe wihi wa riendli ra Xitsonga, kutani u vumba riviti hi rona
(mpfelelo wa maviti). (Vona leswaku xikombiso xa wena xi katsa xinembeletwana xa rhavi
ra riendli, xikombiso: xihlamulano, xikotelo/xiendleko, xivangelo, sw. na sw.)
(a) Xikombiso xa rivitimpfelelo ro huma eka riendli: (1)
(b) Nhlahluvo wa xikombiso lexi nga laha henhla:

Xirhangi xa ntlawa Rimitsu ra riendli Xi (Swi)nembeletwana Xiheteleri

(4)
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3.2 Nyika hi ku komisa nhlamuselo na nkoka wa leswi landzelaka, u tlhela u seketela timhaka
ta wena hi swikombiso leswi faneleke:
(a) Maviti yo lombiwa ya fanele yaku amukeleka eka wun’we wa mitlawa leyi ya maviti.
(b) Ku landzelelana ka mipfumawulo eka maviti lama lombiweke yi fanele ku tekeleriwa.
(4)
/15/
XIVUTISO XA 4

Vulongoloxamarito na xivumbeko xa mahungu

4.1 (a) Hundzuluxa xivulwa lexi landzelaka xi va hi Xitsonga:

“Most businessmen made a huge profit last year.” (1)
(b) Nyika tindlela tinharhu leti u nga kombisaka ku cinca ka vulongoloxamarito eka
xivulwa lexi u xi hundzuluxeke laha henhla.
Xivulwa xa 1 xi fanele xi sungula hi xiendliwa, (1)
Xivulwa xa 2 xi fanele xi sungula hi riendlinkulu, kasi (1)
Xivulwa xa 3 xi fanele xi kombisa rhavi ra xitwisiwo (1)

4.2 “Lwone lukanda lwawe lwo swa”

(a) Kombisa risivi eka xivulwa lexi nga laha henhla. (1)
(b) Nyika mitirho yinharhu ya risivinene, u tlhela u seketela tinhlamulo ta wena hi
swikombiso swimbirhimbirhi. (6)

4.3 Nyika tinhlamuselo ta matheme lama landzelaka:

Vutivi byintshwa (2)
Vutivi lebyi nyikiweke (2)
/15/

XIVUTISO XA 5
Simantiki/ Ntivonhlamuselo

5.1 Maritofularha ya kongomisa eka vuxaka lebyi nga kona exikarhi ka marito lama nga ni
tinhlamuselo to hambana. Hlamusela maritofularha ku ya hi tinxaka leti landzelaka, u ri
karhi u nyika na swikombiso swa Xitsonga:
5.1.1 Maritofularha ya nka hetiseko
5.1.2 Maritofularha hi xivumbeko
5.1.3 Maritofularha ku ya hi swihlawukisi (rimbewu, xiyimo) (6)
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5.2. Nyika nhlamuselo ya rito ‘hayiponimi’ hi ku hlamusela vuxaka exikarhi ka marito yo

angarhela (supaodineti) na maritonandza (subodineti). (4)
/15/

XIVUTISO XA 6
Mbulavurisano wa nomo na wo ka wu nga ri wa nomo

6.1 Nyika ntlhanu wa switsundzuxo swa mbulavurisano lowu nga ri ki wa nomo leswi nga ku
pfunaka ku hlaya swikoweto swa vanhu van’wana no engetelela vuswikoti bya wena eka
mbulavurisano na van’wana, tlhela u hlamusela hi ku komisa. (5)

6.2 Hi mitila leyi nga tluriki khume, hlamusela leswi u twisisaka swona hi theme “swikoweto”.
(5)
6.3 Ku ya hi ntokoto lowu u nga na wona, hlamusela xiyimo laha mbulavurisano wo ka wu
nga ri wa nomo wu tirhisiweke kona ku komba leswi landzelaka:
6.3.1 Ku siva hungu ra mbulavurisano wa nomo. (2½)
6.3.2 Ku kanetana na mbulavurisano wa nomo. (2½)
/15/

XIVUTISO XA 7
Tindzimi ta Xiafrika ku ya hi vonelo ra misava hi ku angarhela:

7.1 Eka tiko rihi kumbe rihi ra tindziminyingi, tindzimi tin’wana ti ta va eka vulawuri, kasi
tin’wana ti ta lawuriwa. Nyika swivangelo swimbirhi swa leswaku ririmi ri va eka vulawuri.
(2)
7.2 Hi ku languta eka vonelo leri nga se tshamaka ri va kona emisaveni hi ku angarhela,
mhaka yo endla ririmi ri va ra ximasiku lawa hi yona mhakankulu eka nhluvukiso wa ririmi
laha Afrika-Dzonga, ngopfungopfu eka tindzimi ta Xiafrika. Hlamusela leswi u twisisaka
swona hi ndlela yo endla kuri tindzimi ti va ta ximasiku lawa, u tlhela u nyika na
swikombiso. (11)

7.3 Afrika-Dzonga i rin’wana ra matiko ya tindziminyingi na mindhavukonyingi emisaveni

hinkwayo. Hlamusela kuri u twisisa yini hi ku va munhu wa tindziminyingi. (2)
/15/
NTSENGO: [100]

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Unisa 2022