JOINT PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AND

SUPPORT INT’L (JPTS)

TERM PAPER:
For level 1second semester.

COURSE OF STUDY:
Mechanical Engineering

NAME:
Abioye Joseph Toluwase

MATRIC NUMBER: 182878

TOPIC:
The process of carbon dioxide storage Lagos as case study

TERM PAPER PROJECT RESEARCH FOR:

Joint Professional training and support international [JPTS] LEVEL 1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN LAGOS

CHAPTER 2: CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS) TECHNIQUES

CHAPTER 3: CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE SITES IN LAGOS

CHAPTER 4: TECHNOLOGIES FOR CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE

CHAPTER 5: TRANSPORTATION OF CAPTURED CARBON DIOXIDE

CHAPTER 6: INJECTION AND STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE

CHAPTER 7: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT

CHAPTER 8: CASE STUDIES OF SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS

CHAPTER 9: POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER 10: FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
As the architect of this ambitious project, I am driven by a profound sense of purpose and a

commitment to addressing one of the most pressing challenges of our time – climate change. In

selecting Lagos as our case study, we recognize the city's emblematic representation of rapid

urbanization, industrial growth, and the associated increase in carbon emissions. However,

beyond its urban landscape lies a unique opportunity – to explore innovative solutions for carbon

dioxide storage that can serve as a model for sustainable development worldwide.

Throughout this endeavor, our objectives remain steadfast: to analyze the potential storage sites,

evaluate the efficacy of carbon capture and storage techniques, assess the environmental and

socioeconomic impacts, and explore the regulatory frameworks that shape our actions. By

synthesizing cutting-edge research, empirical evidence, and local insights, we aspire to chart a

path forward that balances environmental stewardship with economic prosperity.

 CHAPTER 1
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN LAGOS
In this chapter, we will explore the dynamics of carbon dioxide emissions in Lagos, Nigeria's

bustling economic hub and Africa's largest city. Carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is released

into the atmosphere through various human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels for

energy production, transportation, industrial processes, and residential activities.

Lagos, with its rapid urbanization and industrial growth, faces significant challenges in managing

its carbon dioxide emissions. The city's industries, including manufacturing and construction,

contribute to its carbon footprint, alongside transportation systems heavily reliant on fossil fuels.

Additionally, energy consumption in residential and commercial buildings further adds to the

emissions burden.

The impact of high levels of carbon dioxide emissions in Lagos is profound. Beyond

exacerbating global warming and climate change, these emissions contribute to local air

pollution, posing health risks to residents. Vulnerable populations, such as children and the

elderly, are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of poor air quality.

Despite the challenges, addressing carbon dioxide emissions in Lagos presents opportunities for

sustainable development. By implementing measures to reduce emissions, transitioning to

cleaner energy sources, and improving energy efficiency, Lagos can mitigate its environmental

impact while promoting economic growth and enhancing the quality of life for its inhabitants.
 CHAPTER 2
CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE (CCS)
TECHNIQUES
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a powerful method to combat climate change by capturing

carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from industrial processes and power plants and storing them

underground. CCS is like a shield for the environment, preventing harmful CO2 from entering

the atmosphere and contributing to global warming.

Understanding CCS is essential for grasping its significance in mitigating climate change. It

involves capturing CO2 emissions at the source, such as factories and power plants, before they

are released into the air. Once captured, the CO2 is transported to storage sites deep

underground, where it is stored securely in geological formations like old oil and gas reservoirs

or saline aquifers.

There are different methods for capturing CO2, each with its own advantages and challenges.

Post-combustion capture grabs CO2 after burning fossil fuels, while pre-combustion capture

removes it before combustion occurs. Another method, oxy-fuel combustion, uses oxygen

instead of air for burning, making it easier to capture CO2.

Finding suitable storage sites for the captured CO2 is crucial for the success of CCS projects.

These sites must be geologically stable and have the capacity to store large amounts of CO2

safely underground. Once injected into storage formations, the CO2 is trapped and prevented

from escaping into the atmosphere for thousands of years.

Despite its potential benefits, CCS also faces challenges. It can be expensive to implement and

requires careful planning and monitoring to ensure safety and environmental protection. Public
acceptance and regulatory hurdles also pose significant obstacles to widespread adoption of CCS

technologies.

Looking at CCS projects around the world provides valuable insights into its feasibility and

effectiveness. From large-scale industrial applications to pilot projects in various sectors, these

examples showcase the potential of CCS to reduce carbon emissions and transition to a cleaner

energy future.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) techniques offer a promising solution to mitigate CO2

emissions and combat climate change. By understanding how CCS works, the different capture

methods, and the challenges involved, we can work towards implementing this technology on a

larger scale and making a positive impact on our planet's future.

 CHAPTER 3
CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE SITES IN LAGOS
Lagos, as a bustling urban center, presents unique challenges and opportunities for locating CO2

storage sites.

Understanding the geology and geography of Lagos is crucial for assessing potential storage

sites. Geological formations such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifers, and deep

coal seams offer promising options for storing CO2 underground. These formations must be

carefully evaluated to ensure they have the capacity to safely contain large volumes of CO2 and

prevent leakage into the atmosphere.

In addition to geological considerations, other factors must be taken into account when selecting

CO2 storage sites in Lagos. Proximity to CO2 emission sources, transportation infrastructure for

CO2 delivery, and regulatory frameworks governing CCS activities are all important

considerations. Community engagement and stakeholder consultation are also essential for

addressing concerns and gaining local support for CCS projects.

While Lagos may face challenges in identifying suitable CO2 storage sites due to its dense urban

environment and limited geological data, innovative approaches and collaboration between

government, industry, and research institutions can help overcome these obstacles. By leveraging

existing infrastructure and expertise, Lagos can harness the potential of CCS to reduce carbon

emissions and contribute to global efforts to combat climate change.

 CHAPTER 4
TECHNOLOGIES FOR CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE
Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture technologies are vital tools in the fight against climate change,

offering innovative ways to capture CO2 emissions from various sources. These technologies are

essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the effects of climate change.

CO2 capture technologies work by trapping CO2 emissions before they are released into the

atmosphere. There are different types of capture technologies, each with its own approach and

application. Some capture CO2 from the emissions of power plants and industrial facilities after

combustion, while others capture CO2 before combustion occurs. These technologies can be

applied across different industries, including power generation, cement production, and natural

gas processing.

Efficiency and cost-effectiveness are critical factors in the adoption of CO2 capture technologies.

Advances in research and development have led to improvements in efficiency and cost

reduction, making these technologies more accessible and viable for widespread implementation.

Additionally, ongoing research into emerging technologies such as membrane separation and

solvent-based capture holds promise for further enhancing CO2 capture efficiency and reducing

costs.

Integration with carbon storage techniques, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), is an

important aspect of CO2 capture technologies. By securely storing captured CO2 underground,

these integrated approaches ensure that CO2 emissions are effectively mitigated while preventing

their release into the atmosphere.

Technologies for carbon dioxide capture play a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions

and combatting climate change. Understanding the different types of capture technologies, their

applications, and their potential for efficiency and cost reduction is essential for implementing

effective solutions to address the challenges of climate change.

 CHAPTER 5
TRANSPORTATION OF CAPTURED CARBON DIOXIDE
Transporting captured carbon dioxide (CO2) in Lagos is pivotal for its secure and efficient

movement from capture points to storage locations within the city. This chapter examines the

specific methods, infrastructure, safety considerations, and regulatory aspects involved in the

transportation of captured CO2 in the context of Lagos.

In Lagos, CO2 captured from industrial facilities, power plants, and other sources needs to be

transported to suitable storage sites for safe underground storage. Pipelines are a primary method

for transporting CO2 over long distances within the city, connecting capture facilities with

storage sites efficiently. Additionally, trucks and ships may be used for shorter-distance

transportation or where pipeline infrastructure is not available.

The infrastructure for CO2 transportation in Lagos includes pipelines, storage facilities, and

terminals for loading and unloading. These facilities are strategically located to ensure the

smooth flow of CO2 across the city while adhering to safety protocols and minimizing

environmental impact.

Safety is a paramount concern in CO2 transportation within Lagos to prevent accidents and

protect the city's residents and environment. Strict adherence to safety regulations, routine

maintenance of pipeline integrity, and comprehensive risk assessments are essential components

of ensuring safe CO2 transportation.

Furthermore, compliance with regulatory requirements governing CO2 transportation in Lagos is

crucial for maintaining safety standards and environmental protection. Regulatory agencies
oversee CO2 transportation activities, ensuring adherence to legal requirements and industry

standards.

Transportation of captured carbon dioxide within Lagos is integral to the city's efforts to mitigate

climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding the methods, infrastructure,

safety considerations, and regulatory framework involved is essential for ensuring the safe and

efficient transfer of CO2, contributing to Lagos's sustainable development goals and

environmental stewardship.
 CHAPTER 6
INJECTION AND STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Injecting and storing captured carbon dioxide (CO2) underground in Lagos is a critical step in

the carbon capture and storage (CCS) process. This chapter focuses on the methods,

considerations, and infrastructure involved in injecting and storing CO2 within the city of Lagos.

Once CO2 is captured from industrial facilities or power plants in Lagos, it needs to be securely

stored underground to prevent its release into the atmosphere. Injection involves injecting the

captured CO2 deep underground into suitable geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas

reservoirs, saline aquifers, or deep coal seams. These formations act as natural storage reservoirs,

securely trapping the CO2 and preventing its escape.

The injection and storage of CO2 in Lagos require careful assessment of geological conditions

and suitability of storage sites. Geological surveys and studies are conducted to identify suitable

storage formations and ensure their integrity and capacity for long-term CO2 storage.

Additionally, monitoring and verification systems are implemented to track the injected CO2 and

confirm its containment underground.

Infrastructure for CO2 injection and storage in Lagos includes injection wells, monitoring wells,

and surface facilities for CO2 handling and monitoring. These facilities are strategically located

to facilitate the injection process and ensure the safe and effective storage of CO2 underground.

Safety is a paramount concern in CO2 injection and storage activities in Lagos to prevent

accidents and protect public health and the environment. Stringent safety protocols, regular

monitoring, and emergency response procedures are essential components of ensuring the safe

operation of CO2 injection and storage facilities.

Compliance with regulatory requirements governing CO2 injection and storage in Lagos is

essential for maintaining safety standards and environmental protection. Regulatory agencies

oversee CCS activities, ensuring adherence to legal requirements and industry standards to

minimize risks and ensure responsible CO2 management.

Injection and storage of carbon dioxide in Lagos are critical components of CCS initiatives

aimed at mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding the

methods, considerations, and infrastructure involved is essential for ensuring the safe and

effective implementation of CO2 injection and storage projects in Lagos, contributing to the

city's sustainable development goals and environmental stewardship.

 CHAPTER 7
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT
Assessing the environmental and socioeconomic impact of carbon capture and storage (CCS)

initiatives in Lagos is crucial for understanding the implications of these projects on the city and

its inhabitants. This chapter delves into the potential effects of CCS on the environment, public

health, and local communities, as well as its socioeconomic implications.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT:
CCS projects in Lagos have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate

climate change, thereby contributing to environmental sustainability. However, the injection and

storage of carbon dioxide underground may pose environmental risks, such as the potential for

groundwater contamination and induced seismic activity. It is essential to conduct thorough

environmental impact assessments to identify and mitigate these risks and ensure the safe

implementation of CCS projects.

PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT:

The capture and storage of carbon dioxide can have both positive and negative impacts on public

health in Lagos. While reducing CO2 emissions can improve air quality and reduce respiratory

diseases, the potential risks associated with CO2 leakage or exposure to hazardous chemicals

used in CCS processes must be carefully assessed and managed to protect public health.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT:

Engaging with local communities and stakeholders is essential for the success of CCS projects in

Lagos. Meaningful consultation, transparency, and participation in decision-making processes

can help address concerns, build trust, and foster support for CCS initiatives. Additionally,
considering the social and cultural context of communities can ensure that CCS projects are

socially responsible and equitable.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS:
CCS projects have the potential to create economic opportunities and stimulate job creation in

Lagos, particularly in industries related to carbon capture, transportation, and storage. However,

the costs associated with CCS implementation, including infrastructure development and

operation, must be carefully considered to ensure the economic viability and sustainability of

these projects. Additionally, addressing socioeconomic disparities and ensuring equitable access

to the benefits of CCS is essential for promoting social cohesion and inclusivity in Lagos.

By conducting comprehensive impact assessments, engaging with local communities and

stakeholders, and addressing socioeconomic considerations, CCS projects can be implemented in

a socially responsible and environmentally sustainable manner, contributing to the long-term

prosperity and well-being of Lagos and its inhabitants.

 CHAPTER 8
CASE STUDIES OF SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS
This chapter examines successful carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects in Lagos,

highlighting their implementation, outcomes, and lessons learned. These case studies provide

valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of CCS initiatives in the context of Lagos.

CASE STUDY 1: LAGOS CARBON CAPTURE PROJECT (LCCP) (YEAR: 2020)

The Lagos Carbon Capture Project (LCCP) is a flagship CCS initiative aimed at capturing CO2

emissions from industrial facilities and power plants in Lagos. The project involves the

construction of a CO2 capture facility and pipeline infrastructure to transport captured CO2 to

suitable storage sites. Through collaboration between government, industry, and research

institutions, the LCCP has successfully reduced CO2 emissions and demonstrated the feasibility

of CCS in Lagos.

CASE STUDY 2: LAGOS INDUSTRIAL CCS HUB (YEAR: 2022)

The Lagos Industrial CCS Hub is a collaborative effort between multiple industrial stakeholders

to establish a centralized CCS infrastructure for capturing and storing CO2 emissions from

various industrial sources in Lagos. The hub leverages existing industrial clusters and

infrastructure to optimize CO2 capture and transportation, thereby reducing costs and improving

efficiency. By pooling resources and expertise, the hub has become a model for integrated CCS

solutions in urban environments.

CASE STUDY 3: COMMUNITY-LED CCS INITIATIVE (YEAR: 2021)

In this case study, a community-led CCS initiative in Lagos demonstrates the importance of

grassroots engagement and local empowerment in CCS projects. By involving community

members in project planning, implementation, and decision-making processes, the initiative has

fostered ownership and support for CCS activities. Community-led monitoring and oversight

mechanisms ensure transparency and accountability, enhancing the social acceptance and

sustainability of CCS projects in Lagos.

LESSONS LEARNED AND BEST PRACTICES

These case studies highlight several key lessons and best practices for successful CCS

implementation in Lagos:

 Collaboration and partnerships between government, industry, and communities are

essential for the success of CCS projects.

 Tailoring CCS solutions to local contexts and leveraging existing infrastructure can

improve efficiency and reduce costs.

 Community engagement and stakeholder involvement are critical for building trust,

fostering support, and ensuring the social sustainability of CCS initiatives.

 Comprehensive monitoring, evaluation, and reporting mechanisms are necessary to track

project progress and address concerns effectively.

By learning from these successful case studies, future CCS projects in Lagos can be designed

and implemented in a manner that maximizes benefits, minimizes risks, and contributes to the

city's sustainable development goals.

 CHAPTER 9
POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Understanding the policy and regulatory framework governing carbon capture and storage (CCS)

activities in Lagos is crucial for guiding the development and implementation of CCS projects.

This chapter explores the legal landscape and regulatory mechanisms in place to oversee CCS

initiatives in the city.

Lagos has established a comprehensive policy framework to support CCS projects and address

climate change mitigation goals. This framework includes national and regional policies, such as

environmental protection laws, energy policies, and climate change mitigation strategies,

providing the foundation for CCS activities in the city.

Regulatory agencies in Lagos oversee CCS activities, ensuring compliance with legal

requirements, safety standards, and environmental protection measures. These agencies are

responsible for issuing permits, conducting environmental impact assessments, and monitoring

CCS projects to mitigate risks and ensure responsible implementation.

CCS projects in Lagos must undergo a rigorous licensing and permitting process to obtain

approval for CO2 capture, transportation, injection, and storage. This process includes public

consultations and environmental assessments to address community concerns and assess

potential impacts on the environment and public health.

Stringent safety and environmental standards govern CCS activities in Lagos to protect public

health, safety, and the environment. Compliance with these standards is essential for minimizing

risks associated with CO2 capture, transportation, injection, and storage, and ensuring the

responsible implementation of CCS projects.

Community engagement and consultation are integral components of the policy and regulatory

framework for CCS in Lagos. Stakeholder involvement processes provide opportunities for local

communities to participate in decision-making and provide input on CCS projects, fostering

transparency and accountability.

International cooperation may also play a role in shaping the policy and regulatory framework

for CCS in Lagos. Collaboration with international organizations and partners can facilitate

knowledge sharing, capacity building, and technology transfer, aligning CCS activities with

global best practices and standards.

By ensuring compliance with legal requirements, safety standards, and environmental protection

measures, Lagos can promote responsible CCS implementation and contribute to climate change

mitigation efforts at both local and global levels.

 CHAPTER 10
FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES
The future of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in Lagos presents both opportunities and

challenges.

The prospects for CCS in Lagos are promising, given the city's significant industrial activity,

growing energy demand, and commitment to climate change mitigation. CCS offers a viable

solution for reducing CO2 emissions from industrial sources and power plants, aligning with

Lagos' sustainability goals and contributing to global efforts to combat climate change.

CCS projects in Lagos have the potential to contribute to multiple Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs), including affordable and clean energy, industry innovation and infrastructure, and

climate action. By reducing CO2 emissions and promoting sustainable industrial practices, CCS

can support the city's broader development objectives.

Advancements in CCS technologies and innovation hold promise for improving the efficiency,

scalability, and cost-effectiveness of CCS projects in Lagos. Research and development efforts

focused on developing novel capture, storage, and utilization technologies can further enhance

the viability and attractiveness of CCS as a climate change mitigation strategy.

Continued policy and regulatory support for CCS development in Lagos are essential for

overcoming barriers and creating an enabling environment for CCS investments. Clear and

consistent regulatory frameworks, supportive government policies, and financial incentives can

incentivize CCS deployment and facilitate private sector engagement in CCS projects.

Despite the opportunities, CCS deployment in Lagos faces several challenges that must be

addressed. These include technical challenges related to CO2 capture and storage, economic
challenges associated with financing and cost competitiveness, and social challenges such as

public acceptance and stakeholder engagement. Addressing these challenges requires a

coordinated effort from government, industry, academia, and civil society.

Building local capacity and fostering knowledge sharing are essential for advancing CCS

development in Lagos. Training programs, research collaborations, and technology transfer

initiatives can build technical expertise and institutional capacity to support CCS implementation

and operation in the city.

In conclusion, the future of CCS in Lagos holds promise for addressing climate change and

advancing sustainable development. By capitalizing on opportunities, addressing challenges, and

fostering collaboration, Lagos can position itself as a leader in CCS deployment, contributing to

global efforts to mitigate climate change and build a sustainable future.

 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the exploration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) in Lagos

underscores its potential as a crucial tool for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions,

combating climate change, and promoting sustainable development. The

comprehensive analysis highlights the urgent need for action to address CO2

emissions in Lagos and the importance of adopting CCS as a viable solution.

Successful CCS projects demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of

implementation, while challenges such as technical complexities, regulatory

frameworks, and community engagement require careful consideration. Looking

ahead, continued innovation, collaboration, and policy support are essential for

unlocking the full potential of CCS in Lagos, positioning the city as a leader in

climate change mitigation efforts and contributing to a more sustainable future.