1

Some Basic Concepts

of Chemistry
(Solved Examples)

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1. Calculate the weight of Iron which will be converted into its Sol. Since terpentine oil absorbs O3, the volume of O3 absorbed
oxide by the action of 18 g of steam. by terpentine oil is 10 ml.
Sol. The required equation is 3Fe 4H2O Fe3O4 4H2 Volume of O2 = 100 – 10 = 90 ml
From gas equation (m)
3 × 56 g 4 × 18 g
3 56 WRT
g 18 g PV
4 M
Weight of Fe converted into oxide = 42 g. Mol. wt of ozonised oxygen
2. The vapour density of a mixture containing NO2 and N2O4 is WRT 1.5 0.0821 273
38.3 at 27°C. Calculate the moles of NO2 in 100 g mixture. = 33.62
PV 1 1
Sol. Molecular weight of mixture = 2 × 38.3 = 76.6
Let weight of NO2 present in mixture be x g Mol. ratio of O2 and O3 90 : 10.
M. wt. of ozonised oxygen
x 100 x 100
then x 20.10 g
46 92 76.6 90 32 10 a
= 33.62 a 48.2 .
100
20.10
Hence moles of NO2 in mixture = 0.43 Mol. wt. of ozone = 48.2.
46
5. How many millilitre of 0.5M H2SO4 are needed to dissolve
3. A mixture of 20 ml of CO, CH4 and N2 was burnt in excess of
0.5 g of copper (II) carbonate.
O2, resulting in reduction of 13 ml of volume. The residual
gas was then treated with KOH solution to show a Sol. Millimoles of H2SO4 = Millimoles of CuCO3
contraction of 14 ml in Volume. Calculate volume of CO, CH4 0.5 1000
and N2 in mixture. All measurements are made at constant T and P. 0.5 V or V = 8.097 ml.
123.5
Sol. Let a, b and c be the volume of CO, CH4 and N2 in mixture.

1 6. The formula weight of an acid is 82.0. 100 cm3 of a solution of

(I) CO O2 CO 2 this acid containing 39.0 g of the acid per litre were completely
2
a a a neutralised by 95.0 cm3 of aqueous NaOH containing 40.0 g
2 of NaOH per litre. What is the basicity of the acid?

(II) CH 4 2O 2 CO 2 2 H 2 O 40 1000
Sol. Normality of NaOH = 1
b 2b b 40 1000
(III) N 2 O2 No Reaction 39 1000 39n
Since reduction in volume is 13. This is volume of O2 used Normality of acid =
82 82
then we have 1000
n
a n = Basicity of acid
2b 13 (I)
2 N1V1 = N2V2
Volume of CO2 formed is volume absorbed by KOH
a + b = 14 (II) 39n 100
1 95 n 1.99 2 Basicity is 2 .
c = 20 – 14 = 6 ml 82
Solving I & II we get a = 10 ml, b = 4 ml.
CO = 10 ml, CH4 = 4 ml and N2 = 6 ml 7. For the reaction N2O5 (g) 2NO2 (g) + 0.5 O2 (g).
Calculate the mole fraction of N2O5 (g) decomposed at a
4. The weight of one litre sample of ozonised oxygen at NTP
was found to be 1.5 g. When 100 ml of this mixture at NTP constant volume and temperature if the initial pressure is 600
were treated with terpentine oil the volume was reduced to mm Hg and the pressure at any time is 960 mm Hg. Assume
90 ml. Hence calculate the molecular weight of Ozone. ideal gas behaviour.

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 1 10. A mixture in which the mole ratio of H2 and O2 is 2 : 1 is used
Sol. N2O5 2NO2 + O2 to prepare water by the reaction ;
2
Initial pressure 600 0 0 2 H 2 ( g ) O 2 (g ) 2 H 2 O (g )
p The total pressure in the container is 0.8 atm at 20°C before
Final pressure 600 – p 2p
2 the reaction. Determine the final pressure at 120°C after
p n reaction assuming 80% yield of water.
At constant T and V. Sol. 2H 2 O2 2H 2 O
p Initial mole 2a a 0 Total : = 3a
= Total moles = 600 – p + 2p + = 960 ; p 240
2
2a 80
Moles of water formed = 1.6a
240 100
mole fraction of N2O5 decomposed = 0.4 .
600 Final moles= 0.4 a 2a 1.6a Total = 2.2 a
8. 1.20 g sample of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 was dissolved in water Now PV = nRT
to form 100 ml of a solution. 20 ml of this solution required 40 0.8 V 3a 0.0821 293
ml of 0.1 N HCl for complete neutralisation. Calculate the or P = 0.787 atm.
P V 2.2a 0.821 393
weight of Na2CO3 in mixture. If another 20 ml of this solution
is treated with excess of BaCl2. What will be the weight of 11. 1.00g of copper was dissolved in nitric acid and on ignition
precipitate? gave 1.25g of cupric oxide. 1.00g of cuprous oxide when
Sol. Let weight of Na2CO3 in the sample be a g then weight of
ignited in a current of hydrogen gave 0.888g of copper. Show
K2CO3 in the sample (1.20 – a)g.
that these results illustrate the law of multiple proportion.
gev of Na2CO3 + gev of K2CO3 = gev of HCl
Sol. Weight of cupric oxide = 1.25g
a (1.20 a ) 40 0.1 5 Weight of copper = 1.00g
53 69 1000 Weight of oxygen reacting with 1g of copper
On solving a = 0.59629 = (1.25 - 1.00) = 0.25g
weight of Na2CO3 = 0.59629 g Weight of Cuprous oxide = 1.00g
Addition of BaCl2 will form precipitate of BaCO3 Weight of Copper = 0.888g
Meq of BaCO3 = (Meq of Na2CO3 + Meq. of K2CO3) in 20 ml
Weight of oxygen reacting with 0.888g of Copper
= Meq of HCl in 20 ml = 40 × 0.1 = 4
= (1.00 – 0.888)
W Weight of oxygen reacting with 1.00g of Copper
1000 4 Wt . of BaCO 3 0.394 g
98.5 = 0.112g
9. A mixture of ethane (C2H6) and ethene C2H4 occupies 40 litre 1.112
0.127g
at 1.00 atm and at 400 K. The mixture reacts completely with 0.888
130 g of O2 to produce CO2 and H2O. Assuming ideal gas
Ratio of oxygen reacting with fixed amount of copper in
behaviour, calculate the mole fraction of C2H4 and C2H6 in
two oxides 0.25 : .0127 = 2:1
the mixture.
Sol. Moles of C2H6 and C2H4 in the mixture It shows the law of multiple proportion.
PV = nRT 12. Show that the following figures illustrate the law of
1 × 40 = n × 0.0821 × 400 Reciprocal proportion :
n = 1.2195 Methane Carbon dioxide Water
Let a be the moles of ethane, then moles of ethene
C = 75% C = 42.86% H = 11.11%
(1.2195 – a)
H = 25% O = 57.14% O = 88.89%
7
Again C 2 H 6 O2 2CO 2 3H 2 O Sol. In methane 75g carbon combines with 25g of H2
2
57.14
C 2 H 4 3O 2 2CO 2 2H 2 O In CO2 75g of carbon combines with 75g 100g
moles of O 2 required for complete combustion 42.86
of O2.
7 130
a (1.2195 a ) 3 Ratio of H2 and O2 reacting with fixed amount of carbon=
2 32
1:4
On solving a = 0.08.
In water the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen
0.808 = 11.11:88.89
= Mole fraction of ethane = 0.66
1.2195 = 1:8 = 1:2×4
Mole fraction of C2H4 = 0.34. It show the law of Reciprocal Proportion.

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13. Three oxides of a metal contain respectively 92.85%, 90.63% 16. 0.50g of Ag in nitric acid gave on addition of hydrochloric
and 86.51% of the metal. Examine if these figure are in acid, 0.665g of silver chloride. Find the equivalent weight
agreement with the law of multiple proportion. of silver.
Sol. Sol. Equivalent Wt. of Silver
I II III 0.50
wt of silver 35.46 107.99
Metal 92.85 90.63 86.51 35.46
wt of chlorine 0.165
Oxygen 7.15 9.37 13.49
(wt of chlorine = 0.665 – 0.50 = 0.165)
Ratio of oxygen reacting with 1 part of metal
7.15 9.37 13.49 17. 1g of KCl solution gives 1.925g of AgCl when heated
: :
92.85 90.63 86.51 with excess of AgNO3 solution. Taking equivalent wt of
0.077 : 0.103 : 0.156 Ag as 108 and that of Cl as 35.5 calculate the equivalent
2 :3 :4 wt of potassium
It shows the law of multiple proportion. wt of KCl eq. wt . of K eq. wt . of Cl
Sol.
wt of AgCl eq. wt. of Ag eq. wt . of Cl
14. A chloride of phosphorous contains 22.57% of
phosphorous, Phosphine contains 8.82% hydrogen and 1 Eq. wt of K 35.5
hydrogen chloride gas contains 97.23% chlorine. Prove 1.925 108 35.5
that these data illustrate the law of equivalent proportion Eq. wt. of K = 39.05
Sol. (i) In ph osphorous chloride, phosphorous is
= 22.57% 18. 0.622g of a nitrate of heavy metal on heating to constant
weight gave 0.466g of its oxide. Calculate the equivalent
So chlorine is (100 – 22.57) = 77.43%
weight of the metal from the above data
Ratio between masses of phosphrous and chlorine
22.57:77.43 = 1:3.43 wt of metal nitrate Eq. wt. of metal nitrate
(ii) In phosphine, hydrogen is = 8.82% Sol.
wt of metal oxide Eq. wt. of metal oxide
So phosphorous is (100 – 8.82) = 91.18%
0.662 E 62
Ratio between masses of phosphorous and hydrogen
0.466 E 8
91.18 : 8.82 = 1 : 0.096 E = 120.4
In compounds (i) and (ii) the ratio between masses of
hydrogen and chlorine = 0.096:3.43=1.35.7 19. 0.4426g of a metallic chloride was dissolved in water and
solution made up to 100 ml., 50 ml of this solution required
(iii) In hydrogen chloride gas, chlorine is = 97.23%
1.02g of AgNO3 to precipitate the chloride completely. The
So hydrogen is (100 – 97.23) = 2.77%
specific heat of the metal was 0.057. Calculate the
therefore H : Cl = 2.77 : 97.23= 1 : 35.5
equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency of metal.
The ratio is the same, hence it illustrates the law of
Sol. Let the equivalent wt of metal be E, then
equivalent proportion.
weight of metal chloride Eq. wt. of metal chloride
15. Hydrogen sulphide contains 5.88% of hydrogen Water
weight of silver nitrate Eq. wt. of silver nitrate
contains 11.11% of hydrogen and sulphur dioxide contains
50% of sulphur. Show that these figures illustrate the law
0.4426 E 35.5
of reciprocal proportion 1.02 170
Sol. Find the same amount of hydrogen which combines with
E = 38.26
sulphur in H2S and oxygen in H2O
According to Dulong Petit’s rule : Atomic wt × Sp. heat =
5.88g hydrogen combines with 94.12g sulphur in H2S
6.4
88.89
5.88g of hydrogen combines with 5.88g oxygen 6. 4
11.11 Atomic wt = 112.3
in H2O. 0.057
The ratio of S and O combining with fixed amount of H is Atomic wt. 112.3
valency 3
2:1. In SO2 the S:O is 1:1 Eq. wt. 38.26
Hence exact atomic wt. = 38.26×3 = 114.78
It illustrates the law of Reciprocal proportion.

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20. One g of the chloride of an element was found to contain 22. 0.2988g of the silver salt of a dibasic acid on ignition gave
0.835 g of chlorine. It’s vapour density is 85. Find the 0.1944g of Silver. Find the equivalent weight of acid.
molecular formula of chloride. Sol. Equivalent weight of the acid
Sol. Weight of element = (1 – 0.835) = 0.165g wt. of silver salt 108
107
wt. of silver
Eq. wt. of element 0.165
35.5 7.014
0.835 0.2988 108
107 59
Let x be the valency of element 0.1944
Atomic wt. of element = 7.014 x 23. 0.298g platinichloride salt of the mono acid base yielded
The Molecular formula of chloride MCl x 0.0975g of platinum. Find the equivalent weight of mono
Molecular weight of chloride acid base
= 7.014.x + x.35.3 = V.D 2 Sol. Equivalent weight of the base
or, (42.541)x = 2 × 85 1 wt of Pt.salt 195
410
x= 4 2 wt of Pt.
Hence Molecular formula of chloride = MCl4
1 0.298 195
21. Copper sulphide and Metal sulphide are isomorphous. In 410 93
2 0.0975
the first compound sulphur is 20.14% and in the second
compound 12.94%. If the atomic weight of Copper is 63.57. 24. 1.0g of metal on treatment with dilute mineral acid gave
Find the atomic weight of Metal 1242 ml of hydrogen at NTP. Calculate the equivalent
weight, atomic weight and valency of the metal, if its
Sol. Find the fixed (same) amount of sulphur reacting with
specific heat is 0.238
copper and Metal separately.
In the first-compound 1g sulphur combines with wt. of metal
Sol. Equivalent weight of metal 1.008
wt. of hydrogen
(100 20.14)
3.96 g Copper 1 ml of hydrogen at NTP = 0.00009g
20.14
1
In the second compound 1g sulphur combines with Eq. wt of metal 1.008 9 g
0.00009 1242
By Dulong Petit’s law
(100 12.94)
6.72 g Metal Atomic mass×sp. heat = 6.4
12.94
6.4
Atomic wt. of Metal wt of Metal Atomic mass 26.86
0.238
Atomic wt. of Cu wt of Copper 26.86
valency 3
6.72 9
Atomic wt. of Metal = 63.57 107.87
3.96 Exact atomic mass = 9×3 = 27

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