Table 2-1

Radioactivity Conversion Factors

1 Ci = 2.2 x 1012 dpm = 3.7 x 1010 dps = 37 GBq

1 GBq = 1 x 109 dps = 6 x 1010 dpm = 27 mCi
Curie Units: nCi Becquerel Units: Bq
uCi kBq
mCi MBq
Ci GBq
0.1 3.7
0.25 9.25
0.5 18.5
0.75 27.75
1 37
2 74
3 111
5 185
7 259
10 370

Table 2-3
Physical Properties and Regulatory Levels for Selected Radionuclides

Atomic Nuclide Major Radiations Half-Lif mR/hr HVL in lead 10 CFR 20

Number Symbol Energies (MeV) e @1m (mm) Appendix C
% Abundance per mCi Activity (uCi)a
3
1 H β- 0.0186 12.6y - - 1,000
11
6 C β+ 0.97 20.5m 0.72 6 1,000
γ 0.511 (200%)
14
6 C β- 0.156 5730y - - 100
15
8 O β+ 1.74 2.04m 0.72 6 -
γ 0.511 (200%)
18
9 F β+ 0.635 110m 0.70 6 1,000
γ 0.511 (194%)
22
11 Na β+ 0.545 (90%) 2.6y 1.18 - 10
γ 0.511 (180%)
γ 1.275 (100%)
32
15 P β- 1.710 14.3d - 6.2(lucite) 10
33
15 P β- 0.251 25.3d - - 100
35
16 S β- 0.167 88d - - 100

[Type text]
 36
17 Cl β- 0.710 (98%) 3x105 - - 10
y
45
20 Ca β- 0.252 163d - - 100
46
21 Sc β- 0.357 84.2d 1.09 10.00 100
γ 0.889 (100%)
γ 1.120 (100%)
51
24 Cr EC 27.8d 0.016 2.00 1,000
γ 0.320 (10%)
59
26 Fe β- 0.475 45.6d 0.62 11.0 10
γ 1.095 (56%)
γ 1.292 (44%)
57
27 Co EC 270d 0.093 0.20 100
γ 0.122 (87%)
γ 0.136 (11%)
58
27 Co β+ 0.474 max 71d 0.55 100
Fe x-rays
γ 0.511 (30%)
γ 0.810 (99%)
60
27 Co β- 0.314 5.26y 1.32 12.0 1
γ 1.173 (100%)
γ 1.330 (100%)
63
28 Ni β- 0.066 100y - - 100
64
29 Cu EC (43%) 12.7hr 0.13 6 1,000
β- 0.573 (38%)
β+ 0.656 (19%)
γ 0.511 (38%)
67
31 Ga EC 77.9h 0.08 0.70 1,000
γ 0.093 (40%)
γ 0.184 (24%)
γ 0.296 (22%)
γ 0.388 (7%)
85
36 Kr β- 0.687 10.7y - - 1,000
86
37 Rb β- 1.774 (91%) 18.65 0.05 9.00 100
β- 0.698 (9%) d
γ 1.078 (9%)
89
38 Sr β- 01.489 (99%) 50.55 - - 10
d
90
38 Sr β- 0.546 28.6y - - 0.1
daughters from 90Y
90
39 Y β- 2.284 (100%) 64h - - 10
95
40 Zr β- 0.396 64d 0.47 10 10
γ 0.724 (49%)
γ 0.756 (49%)
daughters from 95Nb
95 -
41 Nb β 0.160 35d 0.42 5.80 100
γ 0.765 (100%)
99
42 Mo β- 1.230 66.7h 0.18 6.20 100
γ 0.181 (7%)
 γ 0.740 (12%)
γ 0.780 (40%)
daughters from 99mTc
99m
43 Tc γ 0.140 (88%) 6.04h 0.07 0.3 1,000
103
44 Ru β- 0.210 39.5d 0.33 5.20 100
γ 0.497 (88%)
γ 0.610 (6%)
daughters from
103m
Rh
103m
45 Rh Rh x-rays 56.1m - - 1,000
γ 0.040 (0.4%)
e- 0.017,0.037
103 characteristic x-rays
46 Pd EC 19.97 0.008 100
20-40 keV & Auger e-
d
109
48 Cd EC 453d 0.29 0.08 1
γ 0.088 (3.8%)
111
49 In EC 2.83d 0.321 1.00 100
γ 0.173 (89%)
γ 0.247 (94%)
113m
49 In γ 0.393 (64%) 104m 0.17 0.30 1,000
113
50 Sn EC 115d 0.17 2.60 100
γ 0.255 (1.8%)
daughters from 113mIn
123
53 I EC 13.3h 0.16 0.50 100
γ 0.159 (83%)
125
53 I EC 60d 0.14 0.05 1
0.02x-rays (90%)
γ 0.035 (7%)
131
53 I β- 0.33 (7%) 8.05d 0.22 3.00 1
β- 0.6 (89%)
γ 0.364 (82%)
γ 0.637 (7.2%)
133
54 Xe β- 0.346 (98.3%) 5.3d 0.01 0.30 1,000
γ 0.081 (37%)
137
55 Cs β- 1.176 (7%) 30y 0.332 6.00 10
β- 0.514 (93%)
γ 0.662 (85%)
147
61 Pm β- 0.225 2.62y - - 10
153
62 Sm β- 0.640 (30%) 1.95d 0.09 0.10 100
β- 0.710 (50%)
β- 0.810 (20%)
γ 0.103 (29%)
153
64 Gd EC 242d 0.165 0.12 10
Eu x-rays (110%)
γ 0.041-0.048
γ 0.097 (30%)
γ 0.103 (20%)
188
75 Re β- 2.118 (72%) 17.0h 0.04 3 100
 β- 1.962 (25%)
γ 0.155 (15%)
192
77 Ir β- 0.540 (41%) 74.2d 0.5 6.00 1
β- 0.670 (46%)
γ 0.296 (29%)
γ 0.308 (30%)
γ 0.317 (81%)
γ 0.468 (49%)
198
79 Au β- 0.962 (98.6%) 2.7d 0.232 3.30 100
γ 0.412 (95%)
201
81 Tl EC 74h 0.044 0.2 1,000
Hg x-rays (95%)
γ 0.167 (10%)
241
95 Am α 5.443 (13%) 432.7y 0.31 <1 0.001
α 5.486 (85%)
γ 0.060 (36%)
a
Caution (or Danger) Radioactive Material posting requirements, unless excepted –
1) a sign must be posted for each area or room if the activity present is greater than 10X this activity (10 CFR 20.1902), and
2) each container must be labeled if the activity present is equal to or greater than this activity (10 CFR 20.1904).