Mod.2.Flumac

Bataan Heroes College
Module 2: Pumps
Learning Objectives:
After studying this module, students should be able to:
1. Understand the general concept of pumps.
2. Answer common encountered problems involving pumps and its classifications.
3. Apply the fundamental principles of pumps in solving engineering problems.
2.1 Pumps
What is a pump?
Pump is one of the first mechanical inventions of the mankind mainly conceived for
transporting water and water like substances from a low lying area to a place of elevation or
employs a suitable principle of working to convey fluid against force of gravity. The technology
of pump evolved to suit the needs of the industry in such a way that today there are several types
of pumps available to deal with host of fluids from free flowing to highly viscous and from clear
liquids to solid laden slurries and even liquids that one may consider unpumpable.
How are pumps classified?
Pumps are classified on the basis

of their principle of operation. There are
two distinct types of pumps known as
“Dynamic” and “Positive Displacement”
Pumps.
How does a centrifugal pump work?
A centrifugal pump relies on the

centrifugal force (kinetic energy) for
transporting the fluid from source of Figure 1 Centrifugal Pump
Module 2: Pumps Page | 1

Engr. Ruel B. Cabahug
liquid to the point of requirement. Liquid enters the pump at the center of a rotating impeller and
gains energy as it moves to the outer diameter of the impeller. Liquid is forced out of the pump
by the energy it obtains from the rotating impeller. Centrifugal pumps can transfer large volumes
of liquid but efficiency and flow decrease rapidly as pressure and/or viscosity increases.
Generally, the centrifugal pumps are designed to handle liquids having viscosity up to 230 cP.
How does a positive displacement pump work?
A positive displacement pump displaces known quantity of liquid with each revolution of
the pumping elements against infinite system resistance. This is done by trapping liquid in the
void being created mechanically between the pumping elements by the motion of the pumping
elements. Generally, the positive displacement pumps become suitable for shear sensitive and
viscous liquids as they can handle viscosity up to 1,000,000 cP.
How does one select a suitable type of pump for a given application?
Selection of a pump is dependent on many factors that exist in a system wherein the
pump is to be employed. Some of the key consideration factors are listed below:
1. Nature of liquid (its physical and chemical property) – for example: abrasion
characteristics, % and size of solids, if any, viscosity, shear sensitivity, pH value.
2. Flow rate or capacity desired from the pump.
3. Total Dynamic Head against which the desired capacity is to be delivered.
4. Pumping Temperature.
5. Suction Conditions prevailing in the system – whether suction lift, flooded or vacuum.
6. The service condition for which the pump is to be employed – whether industrial,
hygienic, domestic and etc.
What is cavitation and what are its symptoms?
Cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs due to the vaporization of liquid caused by drop
in the liquid pressure below the media vapor pressure. Such a phenomenon can be associated

whenever the NPSHavailable (Net Positive Suction Head Available) in the system is lower than the
NPSHrequired (Net Positive Suction HeadRequired) of the pump and is known as “True
Cavitation”. False cavitation can also occur even when the NPSH available is higher than the
NPSHrequired, due to intake of air in the suction line due to improper installation of suction piping.
A pump that cavitates would

generally have the following
symptoms:
1. Reduced capacity
2. Higher vibration
3. Increased noise level
4. Fatigue failure Figure 2 Cavitation Damage to an Impeller
It is evident from the above that it is undesirable to operate a cavitating pump as the
damages to the pumping equipment can become extensive under such circumstances.
What is priming?
Priming is the air handling capability of pump. In a conventional centrifugal pump, it

therefore becomes imperative to fill the casing with liquid prior to starting since in the absence of
any liquid, sufficient centrifugal force cannot be generated for creating the requisite pressure
differential for the liquid flow to be sustained through the pump casing. This mainly because of
the fact that air, which is present in the suction piping work as well as the involute casing of the
pump, is 800 times lighter than water. On the other hand, positive displacement pumps are
inherently self-priming.
How does one vary the flow rate of a centrifugal pump?
Generally, centrifugal pumps are not employed for applications where flow rates are
required to be varied as speed governed flow rates are not possible due to limitation of
centrifugal force at reduced speeds. However, it is a standard practice in the industry to throttle
the delivery line by using a valve so as to vary the flow rate from a centrifugal pump.

How do pumps develop pressure?
In a centrifugal pump, the kinetic energy is converted to the pressure energy and hence
speed of operation of a centrifugal pump contributes to higher head or pressure. However,
positive displacements do not develop pressure on their own, as they tend to displace liquid
against resistance being offered to flow. As a matter of fact, resistance to flow is pressure.
What is a suction lift?
Maximum suction lift available (MSLA) from the pump can be expressed as following:
MSLA = Atmospheric Pressure – NPSHrequired. The low pressure created at the pump suction
enables the liquid to be lifted up to pump. However as can be seen from the above equation, the
lift is dependent and is limited to the atmospheric pressure (33.9 feet or 1.033 bar at mean sea
level). Further, it is also governed by the minimum energy required by the pump to perform its
job expressed in terms of NPSHrequired. NPSHrequired is dependent on the pump design and its
operating characteristics. Suction lift, as a term, is normally referred whenever the pump is
drawing liquid from a sump or underground vessel or a tank with the liquid surface exposed to
atmosphere. Another important parameter that affects the suction lift capability of a pump is the
pumping temperature.
What is Total Dynamic Head?
Total Dynamic Head (differential or generated head) is a measure of the energy imparted
to the liquid by the pump, and is equal to the algebraic difference between the total discharge
head and total suction head.
The Total Dynamic Head against which a pump operates comprises:
1. Total static head 2. Friction loss 3. Velocity head 4. Entrance and exit losses
Where:
(a) Total static head is the difference in elevation between the liquid levels of the suction and
discharge. If the pump discharges in to a pressure tank, then the total static head is the
difference in elevation between liquid levels plus the pressure in the tank expressed in
meters of liquid.

(b) Friction head is the equivalent head, expressed in meters of liquid, necessary to overcome
friction on the interior surfaces of the pipe work system including valves, bends and
fitting.
(c) Velocity head of a liquid moving with a certain velocity is the equivalent static head
through which it would have to fall in order to attain that velocity.
Entrance and exit losses are usually comparatively small and can be neglected in the
majority of the industrial applications. Total Dynamic Head, where suction lift exists, is the sum
of the total discharge head and total suction lift. Where positive suction head exists, Total
Dynamic Head is the total discharge head minus the total suction head.
2.2 Classification of Pumps
A. Positive Displacement Pumps – does not permit free flow of fluid through the pump except
for leakage past close-fitting parts.
1. Reciprocating pumps (high pressure discharge, low volume flow rate and self
priming) – develops a high pressure by the direct action of a piston or plunger on the
fluid confined on a cylinder, forcing the high pressure fluid through the discharge valves.
The piston or plunger maybe actuated directly by a steam engine through a crosshead or
by a rotating crankshaft of a motor.
Illustration:
Figure 3 Parts of Reciprocating Pump

2. Rotary pumps (used for oil, water, chemical and other liquids which reciprocating and
centrifugal types are not suited, medium volume flow rate and self priming) – the
rotating parts move in relation to the casing so as to create a space which first enlarges,
drawing in the fluid into the suction line and then reduces in volume, forcing the fluid
through the discharge port at the necessary higher pressure. Valves are nor used in rotary
pumps.
Vane pump – due to its vane strength and with no metal to metal contact, this pump is
ideally applicable for low viscosity, non-lubricating liquids up to 2,200 cSt or 10,000
SSU. Liquid Petroleum Gas, ammonia, solvents, alcohol, fuel oils, gasoline and
refrigerants are the common liquids that are conveyed by this kind of pump.
Illustration:
Figure 4 Vane Pump
External Gear pump – uses two externally rotating spur gears which are placed in one
casing with close clearance. Liquids is trapped between the gear tooth spaces and the
casing, the rotation of the gears pumps the liquid. They are used for high pressure
industrial transfer and metering applications on clean, filtered and lubricating fluids.
Illustration:
Figure 5 External Gear Pump

Internal Gear pump – uses two internally rotating spur gears which are placed in one
casing. During un-mesh position of the gears at the suction side it will create voids which
allows atmospheric pressure to force fluid into it. The spaces between the gear teeth
transport the fluid on either side of a crescent to the discharge side, and then the gears re-
mesh to discharge the fluid.
Illustration:
Figure 6 Internal Gear Pump
Lobe pump – usually used to handle solid materials without causing damage which good
for handling food, pharmaceuticals, paper and pulp, beverages, chemical and
biotechnology. Lobes are driven by external timing gears as a result the lobes do not
make contact. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the pockets between the
lobes and the casing, meshing of the lobes forces liquid through the outlet port under
pressure. They also offer continuous and intermittent reversible flows and can operate dry
for brief periods of time.
Illustration:
Figure 7 Lobe Pump
B. Kinetic pumps – rate of discharge is dependent on the rpm of the pump.

1. Centrifugal pumps (low pressure discharge, high volume flow rate and not self
priming) – basically, the centrifugal machine is built around an impeller, which is a series
of radial vanes of various shapes and curvatures, spinning in a circular casing.
Illustration:
Figure 8 Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
2.3 Derivation: Water or Hydraulic Power
Static suction lift – static suction lift exists when the source of supply is below the centerline
of the pump and is the vertical distance from the free surface of the liquid
in the suction well or source of supply to the centerline of the pump shaft.
Static suction head – static suction head (also known as “head on suction”) exists when the
supply is located above the centerline of the pump and is the vertical
distance from the pump-shaft centerline to the free surface of the liquid in
the suction well or source of supply.
Static discharge head – static discharge head is the vertical distance from the centerline of the
pump shaft to the free surface of the liquid in the discharge well or to
point of free discharge.

Illustration:
Source: Source:
Static suction lift (below centerline of the pump Static suction head (above centerline of the
pump)
Figure 10 Static Suction Lift Figure 9 Static Suction Head
o ⁄g c ) TDH = γw Q TDH = ρw (g o⁄g c ) Q TDH
Where: Eng’g units MKS units SI units
γw = specific weight of water = ρw (g o ⁄g c) lbf/ft3 kgf/m3 kN/m3
Q = rate of discharge or flow or volumetric flow rate ft 3/sec m/s m/s
TDH = Total Dynamic Head ft m m
(Vd 2 − Vs 2 ) (Pd − Ps )
TDH = (zd ± zs ) + + + hL
2g o γW
Note: (zd ± zs)

Use: positive sign if the source is Static suction lift (below centerline of the pump)
Use: negative sign if the source is Static suction head (above centerline of the pump)
TDH = static head + velocity head + pressure head + total head loss
( hs ) (h v ) (hp ) (hl )
Note:
1. The surface levels assumed for the suction wells are those that will exist when the pump
is running and delivering its full rate capacity.
2. When the suction source is a large body of water, such as a lake, the level of the suction
well is practically the same when the pump is running as when it is not. In case of a
sump, when the pump is started the water maybe several meter higher than when it stops,
in which event the pump must be of a design that will lift the water when the suction-well
level is at its lowest.
3. A pump may operate against a varying starting static discharge head, such as in the case
when the discharge pipe centers the bottom of an elevated tank. If the water level in the
tanks is allowed to vary 1.5 m between high and low, the static head will change by that
amount. However, when calculating the total head on the pump, the static discharge head
is taken as the vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the highest level of the
water in the tank.
Eng’g units:
ṁW (g o⁄g c ) TDH γW Q TDH ρW (g o⁄g c ) Q TDH

Water Horsepower (WHP) = , hp = , hp = , hp
550 550 550
MKS units:
ṁW (go ⁄g c ) TDH γW Q TDH ρW (g o⁄g c ) Q TDH
Water Metric Horsepower (WHPM ) = , mhp = , mhp = , mhp
75 75 75
SI units:
Water or Hydraulic Power (WP) = ṁW (g o⁄g c ) TDH, kW = γW Q TDH, kW = ρW (g o⁄g c ) Q TDH, kW

Brake Power BP
Motor efficiency, ȠM = × 100% = × 100%
Electrical Power EP
Water or Hydraulic Power WP
Pump mechanical efficiency, ȠP = × 100% = × 100%
Brake Power BP
Water or Hydraulic Power WP
Combined Motor − Pump efficiency, ȠMP = × 100% = × 100%
Electrical Power EP
or
Combined Motor − Pump efficiency, ȠMP = ȠM × ȠP × 100%
2.4 Reynolds Number Equation
The term that relates fluid density, velocity and viscosity and the pipe diameter is called
the Reynolds number, named after Osborne Reynolds (1842-1912), of Owens College,
Manchester, United Kingdom), who pioneered this technical approach to energy losses in
flowing fluids circa 1883.
vp dp vp dp ρ vp dp γg c
NR = = =
μk μd μd g o
Where:
m
vp = mean velocity of the fluid in the pipe, s
dp = pipe bore ir inside diameter of the pipe, m
Lp = length of pipe, m
μd = dynamic viscosity, Pa − s or kg⁄(m − s)
For water:
0.01779
μd = , poise or gram⁄(cm − s)
1+0.03368 t +0.000221 t2

For air:
μd = 0.0001702(1 + 0.00329 t + 0.000007 t 2 ), poise or gram⁄(cm − s)
Where:
t = temperature of the water (air) in °C
μk = kinematic viscosity, m2 ⁄s = μd ⁄ρ
γ = specific weight = ρ(go ⁄gc ), N⁄m3
ρ = mass density of the liquid, kg⁄m3
g o = local or observed gravitational acceleration, m⁄s2
g c = proportionality constant = 1 kg − m⁄N − s2
Area of the water flowing in the channel A (π⁄4)dp 2

Hydraulic radius = = =
wetted perimeter PW πdp
dp
Rh = (for circular pipe full of flowing fluid)
4
Note:
The wetted perimeter (PW) of the water flowing in the pipe or channel is
the part of the pipe or channel that touches (which slows down the water by
friction) the water.
Gas and liquid flows (fluid flows) can be described as being in one of three types:
I. Laminar flow: NR ≤ 2000 II. Turbulent flow: NR ≥ 4000 III. Transient flow: 2000 < NR < 4000
Turbulent flow is by nature chaotic. The fluid mixes irregularly during turbulent flow. Constant
changes in the flow’s behavior (wakes, vortexes, eddies) make flow rates difficult, if not
impossible, to accurately measure. Turbulent flow usually occurs at high flow rates and/or in
larger diameter pipes. Turbulent flow is usually desirable when solids must remain suspended in
the fluid to prevent settling or blockages.

Transitional flow exhibits characteristics of both laminar and turbulent flow. The edges of the
fluid flow in a laminar state, while the center of the flow remains turbulent. Like turbulent flows,
transitional flows are difficult, if not impossible, to accurately measure.
Laminar or Smooth flow tends to occur at lower flow rates through smaller pipes.
Note:
If Reynolds Number (NR) could not determined, let the flow of fluid be turbulent.
Equations used in determining the head loss due to pipe friction (h f)
Hagen – Poiseuille Equation (for Laminar flow only)
32μd Lp vp 32μk Lp vp
hf = =
γdp 2 (g o ⁄g c )dp 2
Where:
f = Hagen-Poiseuille friction factor
f = 64/NR
Darcy – Weisbach Equation (for Laminar or Turbulent flow)
The ‘SI units’ based Darcy – Weisbach Equation (often referred to as the Darcy
Equation), shown as equation as (1). This equation also introduces a dimensionless term referred
to as the friction factor, which relates the absolute pipe roughness to the density, velocity and
viscosity of the fluid and the pipe diameter.
Lp vp 2 Lp
hf = 4f = 0.166f 5 Q2 equation (1)
dp 2g o dp
Where:
Q = rate of discharge, m3/s
f = pipe friction factor (using ‘SI units’ based Moody chart)

The ‘SI units’ based Darcy Equation (equation 1) is slightly different in form compared
to the ‘Imperial Units’ based Darcy Equation (equation 2) because it does not contain the
constant 4.
Lp vp 2 Lp
hf = f = 0.083f 5 Q2 equation (2) (always use this equation)
dp 2g o dp
Where:
f = pipe friction factor (using ‘SI units’ based Moody chart)
The reason for the difference is the type of friction factor used. It is essential that the right
version of the Darcy Equation be used with the selected friction factor. Matching the wrong
equation to the wrong friction factor will result in a 400% error and it is therefore important that
the correct combination of equation and friction factor is utilized.
Equation (2) tends to be used by those traditionally work in Imperial units, and still tends
to be used by practitioners in the United States and Pacific rim regions even when metric pipe
sizes are quoted. Equation (1) tends to be used by those who traditionally work in SI units and
tends more to be used by European practitioners. For the same Reynolds Number and relative
roughness, the ‘Imperial based friction factor’ will be exactly four times larger than the ‘SI based
friction factor’.
Friction factors can be determined either from a Moody chart or, for turbulent flows, can
be calculated from equation (3), a development of the Colebrook – White formula.
1 2k s 9.3
= 3.48 − 1.74 ln ( + ) equation (3)
√f dp NR √f
Where:
f = pipe friction factor (relates to the ‘SI units’ based Moody chart)
ks = absolute pipe roughness (m)

However, equation (3) is difficult to use because the friction factor appears on both sides
of the equation, and it is for this reason that manual calculations are likely to be carried out by
using the Moody Chart.
On a ‘SI units’ based Moody chart, the friction factor scale might typically range from
0.002 to 0.02, whereas on an ‘Imperial units’ based on Moody chart, this scale might range from
0.008 to 0.08. as a general rule, for turbulent flow with Reynolds numbers between 4,000 and
10,000. ‘SI units’ based friction factors will be of the order suggested by equation (4), while
‘Imperial units’ based friction factors will be of the order suggested by equation (5).
0.08
f≈ 4
equation (4) (‘SI units’ based friction
√NR
factors)
0.03 equation (5) (‘Imperical units’ based friction factors)
f≈ 4
√NR
The frictions factor used will determine whether the Darcy equation (1) or (2) is used. For
‘SI based’ friction factors, use equation (1) and for ‘Imperial units’ based friction factors, use
equation (2).
Manning-Chezy Equation (for Turbulent flow)
Lp vp 2 Lp
hf = 6.35n2 4⁄3 = 10.3n2 ⁄ Q
2
dp dp 16 3
Where:
n = coefficient of roughness
Hazen-William’s Equation
10.67 Lp
hf = Q1.85
C1.85 dp 4.87
Where:
C = Hazen-Williams coefficient

2.5 Cavitation
Cavitation describes a cycle of phenomena that occurs in flowing liquid because the
pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid. When this occurs, liquid vapors are released
in the low pressure area and a bubbles form. If this happen at the inlet of a centrifugal pump, the
bubbles are carried into the impeller to a region of high pressure where they suddenly collapse.
Perhaps a good descriptive term for this is “implosion”, the opposite of explosion.
Usual symptoms of Cavitation
1. Noise, vibration and damage to many of the components in the pump (usually seal,
bearing and impeller).
2. A drop in head.
3. Loss capacity with a decrease in efficiency.
Pitting (a physical effect, which is produced by the tremendously localized compression

stresses caused by the collapse of the bubbles) and corrosion (the liberation of oxygen and other
gases originally in solution in the liquid) of the impeller vanes.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) – energy available at the pump suction flange which has a
pressure maintain above the vapor pressure of the liquid.
1. Net Positive Suction Headavailable – is equal to the pressure head of source of liquid or
atmospheric pressure if source of liquid is an open tank plus or minus the difference in
elevation between surface of liquid at source and pump centerline (plus if source is above
pump centerline and minus if below) minus vapor or saturation pressure of liquid at its
temperature minus friction losses between source of the liquid and suction flange.

Illustration:
Figure 11 Net Positive Suction Head available
PSL − PVP
NPSHavailable = ( ) + zS − hLS
γW
Where:
PSL – pressure on the surface of the liquid from which the pump draws.
PVP – vapor pressure of the liquid at the existing temperature.
hLS – the head lost due to friction losses between the surface of the liquid
and the pump suction flange.
zS – vertical distance from the liquid surface to pump centerline.
Note: NPSHavailable ≥ should be at least equal or greater than the NPSHrequired to avoid
cavitation.
2. Net Positive Suction Headrequired – is equal to the pressure reading at the suction flange
corrected to the pump centerline minus vapor pressure of water corresponding to the
temperature of the liquid plus the velocity head of the suction flange.
PSF − PVP (VSF )2

NPSHrequired = ( )+
γW 2g o

Where:
PSF – pressure reading at the suction flange.
VSF – mean velocity of the liquid at suction flange.
Illustration:
Figure 12 Net Positive Suction Head required
3. Specific Speed, Ns – is the speed in rpm at which impeller would operate if reduced
proportionately in size so as to deliver a rated capacity of one unit rate of volume against a
Total Dynamic Head of one unit of linear measurement.
English units Eng’g or SI units
RPM√Q,gpm 51.63 RPM√Q,m3⁄s RPS√Q,m3⁄s

NS = (TDH,ft)3⁄4
, rpm NS = (TDH,m)3⁄4
, rps
4. Suction Specific Speed, S – is the speed in rpm at which a geometrically similar impeller
would operate if reduced proportionately in size so as to deliver a rated capacity of one unit
rate of volume against a Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH required) of one unit of linear
measurement.

S= 3⁄4 S= 3⁄4 S= 3⁄4
(NPSHrequired ,ft) (NPSHrequired ,m) (NPSHrequired ,m)
5. Cavitation Parameter or Thoma Coefficient – is the ratio of the Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSHrequired) and Total Dynamic Head (TDH).
⁄3
NS 4 NPSHrequired
σ=( ) =
S TDH

6. Specific Speed – a number that provides an indication what type of centrifugal pump is
suitable for the application.
 Radial flow centrifugal pump – the liquid enters at the impeller which is accelerated
centrifugal action and exits at right angles to the shaft (radially). Radial flow
centrifugal pump operates at higher pressure and lower flow rate than axial and mixed
flow centrifugal pumps.
Eng’g units: 500 ≤ NS ≤ 5,000 SI units: 0.16 ≤ NS ≤ 1.6
 Axial flow centrifugal pump – the liquid enters and leaves along the same direction
parallel to the rotating shaft. The liquid is lifting action of the impeller vanes
(propeller). Axial flow centrifugal pump operate at much lower pressure and higher
flow rate than radial flow centrifugal pump.
Eng’g units: 10,000 ≤ NS ≤ 15,000 SI units: 3.2 ≤ NS ≤ 4.8
 Mixed flow centrifugal pump – it function as a combination of radial and axial flow
centrifugal pumps, the liquid is conveyed both by centrifugal action and lifting action
of the impeller vanes which exits somewhere between 0 – 90° from the axial
direction. Mixed flow centrifugal pump operate at higher pressure than axial flow
centrifugal pump while delivering higher discharges than radial flow centrifugal
pump.
Eng’g units: 5,000 ≤ NS ≤ 10,000 SI units: 1.6 ≤ NS ≤ 3.2
7. Single-suction impeller centrifugal pump allows liquid to enter the eye from one side only.

Illustration:
Figure 13 Single-suction Impeller Centrifugal Pump

RPM√Q,gpm 51.63 RPM√Q,m3 ⁄s
NS = (TDH,ft)3⁄4
, rpm NS =
RPS√Q,m3 ⁄s
(TDH,m) 3⁄4
, rps
Double-suction impeller centrifugal pump allows liquid to enter the eye from both sides
(increasing the discharge at the same head). The double-suction profile has the advantage of
balancing the end thrust in one direction with the end thrust in the other direction.
Illustration:
Figure 14 Double-suction Impeller Centrifugal Pump
RPM√Q/2,gpm 51.63 RPM√Q/2,m3⁄s RPS√Q/2,m3⁄s

NS = (TDH,ft)3⁄4
, rps

8. Multi-stage centrifugal pump (an increase in head while the discharge remains the same)
– a series of impellers all mounted on one shaft with a single casing that holds all of them.
Multi-stage centrifugal pump can be either horizontal or vertical in position.
Illustration:
Figure 15 Multi-stage Centrifugal Pump
Eng’g units SI units

NS = TDH,ft 3⁄4 , rpm NS = TDH,m 3⁄4 , rpm NS = TDH,m 3⁄4 , rps
( ) ( ) ( )
number of stages number of stages number of stages
9. Pumps in Series
When two (or more) pumps are arranged in series, their resulting pump performance curve is
obtained by adding their heads at same flow rate as shown in the figure below.
Figure 16 Pump in Series
Series operation of single stage pumps is seldom encountered – more often multi-stage
centrifugal pump is used.
10. Pumps in Parallel

When two (or more) pumps are arranged in parallel, their resulting performance curve is
obtained by adding their flow rates at the same head as shown in the figure below.
Figure 17 Pumps in Parallel
Parallel operation of two stage pumps is seldom encountered – more often double-suction
centrifugal pump is used.
2.6 Affinity Laws (based on Mechanical Engineering Handbook)
Rate of Discharge or Rate of Flow or Volumetric Flow Rate ----------------------------- Q = ND3ρA
Net or Effective Head or Total Dynamic Head or Total Head Handled ---------------- H = N2D2ρB
Water or Hydraulic Power (Total Air Power) ---------------------------------------------- P = N3D5ρC
Where:
Q = volumetric flow rate ; H = pressure or head developed by the pump ; P – water or hydraulic
power ; N = rotative speed ; D = impeller diameter ; ρ = mass density of the fluid ; A, B, and C =
constants
 Same Pump (D1 = D2)
 Similar Pump (N1 = N2)
2.7 Reciprocating Pumps
Classification on how it is driven:
A. Indirect-acting reciprocating pump – the liquid piston or plunger is motor driven,

generally known as “power pumps”.

B. Direct-acting steam driven reciprocating pump – the steam piston connects directly to
the liquid piston or plunger through
the piston rod.
Illustration:
Figure 18 Reciprocating Pump
1. Pump dimensions: Ds x Dw x L x d
Where:
Ds = steam cylinder bore
Dw = water cylinder bore
L = length of stroke which is common to both cylinders
d = piston rod diameter
2. SLIP = Pump piston displacement – Actual capacity of the pump
SLIP = VD – Q
3. How to determine the number of cylinders in the water and steam side:
For simplex, direct-acting steam-driven reciprocating pump
cw = 1 ; cs = 1
For duplex, direct-acting steam-driven reciprocating pump

cw = 2 ; cs = 2
For simplex, indirect-acting reciprocating pump
cw = 1 ; cs = 0
For duplex, indirect-acting reciprocating pump
cw = 2 ; cs = 0
Simplex single-acting reciprocating pump
Simplex single-acting reciprocating pump discharge the cylinder volume for each 2
strokes. The forward stroke discharges the cylinder and the back stroke or reverse stroke fills the
cylinder.
Illustration:
VD = (Area of the water cylinder)(Length of stroke)(Power stroke per unit time)
π cW a(n⁄60) × 2
VD = AHE LNS = ( DW 2 ) (L) ( )
4 s
Simplex double-acting reciprocating pump
Simplex double-acting reciprocating pump discharge the cylinder volume for each pump
stroke. The forward stoke discharges the cylinder in front of the piston while filling the cylinder

behind the piston. The back or reverse stroke discharges the cylinder behind the piston while
filling the cylinder forward of the piston.
Illustration:
If piston rod diameter (d) is given,
π cW a(n⁄60) × 2
VD = (AHE + ACE )LNS = (DW 2 + (DW 2 − d2 )) (L) ( )
4 s
If piston rod diameter (d = 0) is not given,
π cW a(n⁄60) × 2 cW (1)(n⁄60) × 2 cW (2)(n⁄60) × 2

VD = 2 ( DW 2 ) (L) ( ) = 2AHE L ( ) = AHE L ( )
4 s s s
cW a power strokes
VD = AHE Vp ( ) = AHE L ( × number of cylinders)
s cylinder − second
Where:
Vp = piston speed = L (n/60) x 2
cW = number of water cylinders
a = number of acting
n = rotative speed, rpm
s = number of strokes (for a reciprocating pump: 2 strokes)
4. Percent slip,

SLIP VD −Q Q
% SLIP = VD
× 100% = VD
× 100% = 1 − V × 100% = (1 − ȠV ) × 100%
D
Where:
Actual capacity of the pump Q
Volumetric efficiency, ȠV = × 100% = × 100%
Pump piston displacement VD
5. Thermal efficiency of a direct-acting steam-driven reciprocating pump
Water Power WP
ep = × 100% = × 100%
Heat energy needed to drive the pump QA
γW Q TDH
ep = × 100%
ṁS (hS − hE )
ρW (g o /gc ) Q TDH
ep = × 100%
ṁS (hS − hE )
ṁW (g o /g c ) TDH
ep = × 100%
ṁS (hS − hE )
6. Pump Duty – is the work (power) done in the water cylinders chargeable to the steam end.
Eng’g units:
ṁW TDH ft − lbf
Pump Duty = × 106 ,
ṁS (hS − hE ) million Btu
SI units:
(9.806)ṁW TDH N−m
(1000)ṁS (hS − hE ) million Joules
Where:
ṁS = steam used, lb/ sec (kg/s)
ṁW = water pumped, lb/ sec(kg/s)
Btu
hS = enthalpy of the supply steam, (kJ/kg)
lb

hS = _____hg at steam pressure (Ps )or temperature(t s )
Btu
hE = enthalpy of the exhaust steam, (kJ/kg)
lb
hE = _____hg at exhaust steam pressure (PE )
7. The approximate commercial pump speed can be determined by the following equations:
For: indirect-acting reciprocating pump
907
n = RPM = × Ft
√L
Where:
RPM = rotative speed of crankshaft
L = length of stroke, mm
Ft = temperature correction factor
For: direct-acting steam-driven reciprocating pump
Vp = 1.38√L × Ft
Where:
Vp = piston speed, m/min
L = length of stroke, mm
Ft = temperature correction factor (can be considered to vary linearly with

temperature)
Ft = 1.0 for cold water
Ft = 0.85 for 32.2°C water
Ft = 0.71 for 65°C water
Ft = 0.55 for 204.4°C water

Derivation of Pump Duty
- The work (power) done in the water cylinder chargeable to the steam end.
Eng’g units:
WHP γW Q TDH
Pump Duty = =
QA ṁ S (h S − h E )
Where:
γW = ρW (g o ⁄g c ) and Q =⩒W = ṁW ⁄ρW
ṁW , lb⁄sec
ρW , lb⁄ft 3 (g o ⁄g c ) ( ) (TDH, ft) ft − lb
ρW , lb⁄ft 3
Pump Duty = = sec
ṁS , lb⁄sec (hS − hE ), Btu⁄lb BTU
sec
ṁW TDH ft − lbf
ṁ S (h S − h E ) million Btu
SI units:
WP γW Q TDH
Pump Duty = =
Q A ṁ S (h S − h E )
Where:
γW = ρW (g o ⁄g c ) and Q =⩒W = ṁW ⁄ρW
ṁW , kg⁄s
ρW , kg⁄m3 (g o ⁄g c) ( ) (TDH, m) N − m
ρW , kg⁄m3 s
Pump Duty = =
⁄ ( ) ⁄ ⁄
ṁS , kg s hS − hE , kJ kg × 1000 J kJ J
s
(9.806)ṁW TDH N − m 106 J

Pump Duty = , ×
(1000)ṁS (hS − hE ) J million Joule
(9.806)ṁW TDH N−m

Pump Duty = 106 ,
(1000)ṁS (hS − hE ) million Joule


Sample Problems
1. A pump with a 400 mm diameter suction pipe and a 350 mm diameter discharge pipe is to
deliver 20 000 liters per minute of 15.6 °C water. Calculate the pump head in meters if
suction gage is 7.5 cm below pump centerline and reads 127 mmHg vacuum and discharge
gage is 45 cm above the pump center line and reads 75 kPa.
Given:
𝐷𝑠 = 400𝑚𝑚 = 0.4𝑚
𝐷𝑑 = 350𝑚𝑚 = 0.35𝑚
𝐿 1𝑚 3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚3
𝑄 = 20,000 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 1000𝐿 × = 0.3333
60𝑠 𝑠
𝑧𝑠 = −7.5𝑐𝑚 = −0.075𝑚
𝑧𝑑 = 45𝑐𝑚 = 0.45𝑚
𝑃𝑠 = 127𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝑃𝑑 = 75𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝐷𝐻 =? (𝑚)
Solution:
TDH = hs + hv + hp + hL
(Vd 2−Vs 2 ) (Pd −Ps )

TDH = (zd ± zs ) + +ρ + hL
2go W (go ⁄gc )
* Solve for Vd:
𝑚3
𝑄 0.3333 𝑠 = 3.4643 𝑚
Vd = =
𝐴𝑑 𝜋 0.35𝑚)2
( 𝑠
4
* Solve for Vs :
𝑚3
𝑄 0.3333 𝑠 𝑚
Vs = = 2
= 2.6523
𝐴𝑠 𝜋(0.4𝑚) 𝑠
4
Pd = 75𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 176.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑐
Ps = 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 − (127𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑐 × ) = 84.3931𝑘𝑃𝑎
760𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
(3.4643 ) (2.6523 )
TDH = (0.45𝑚 + 0.075𝑚 ) + 𝑠 − 𝑠 + 176.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 84.3931𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 0
m m
2 (9.806 2 ) kg m 9.806 s2 1kN
s 1000 3 ( kg ∙ m × 1000N )
m m
1
N ∙ s2
TDH = 10.15m
2. Water from an open reservoir A at 8 m elevation is drawn by a motor – driven pump to an

open reservoir B at 70 m elevation. The inside diameter of the suction pipe is 200 mm and
150 mm for the discharge pipe. The suction line has a loss of head three times that of the
velocity head in the 200 mm pipe. The discharge line has a loss of head twenty times that of
the velocity head in the discharge pipeline. The pump centerline is at 4 m. Overall efficiency
of the system is 78%. For a discharge rate of 10 L/s, find the power input to the motor.
70 m
8m PCL
4m
Given:
𝑧𝑠 = 8𝑚 − 4𝑚 = 4𝑚
𝑧𝑑 = 70𝑚 − 4𝑚 = 66𝑚
𝐷𝑠 = 200𝑚𝑚 = 0.2𝑚
𝐷𝑑 = 150𝑚𝑚 = 0.15𝑚
ℎ𝐿𝑠 = 3ℎ𝑣𝑠

ℎ𝐿𝑑 = 20ℎ𝑣𝑑
𝜂𝑀𝑃 = 78%
𝐿 1𝑚 3 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚3
𝑄 = 10 𝑠 × 1000𝐿 × = 0.01
60𝑠 𝑠
𝐸𝑃 =?
Solution:
𝑊𝑃
𝜂𝑀𝑃 = × 100%
𝐸𝑃
𝑊𝑃
𝐸𝑃 =
𝜂𝑀𝑃
* Solve for WP:
WP = ρW (g o⁄g c ) (Q)(TDH)
* Solve for TDH:
(Vd 2 − Vs 2 ) (Pd − Ps )
TDH = (zd ± zs ) + + + (hLs + hLd )
2g o ρW (g o⁄g c )
* Solve for Vd:
𝑚3
𝑄 0.01 𝑠 𝑚
Vd = = 2
= 0.5659
𝐴𝑑 𝜋(0.15𝑚) 𝑠
4
* Solve for Vs :
𝑚3
𝑄 0.01 𝑠 𝑚
Vs = = 2
= 0.3183
𝐴𝑠 𝜋(0.2𝑚) 𝑠
4
*Solve for hLs :
𝑚 2
Vs 2 (0.3183 )
hLs = 3hvs = 3( ) = 3[ 𝑠 ] = 0.0155m
2g o m
2 (9.806 2 )
s
*Solve for hLd :

𝑚 2
Vd 2 (0.5659 )
hLd = 20hvd = 20 ( ) = 20 [ 𝑠 ] = 0.3266m
2g o m
2 (9.806 2 )
s
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
(0.5659 ) − (0.3183 )
𝑠 𝑠
TDH = (66𝑚 − 4𝑚 ) + m + (0.0155m + 0.3266m)
2 (9.806 2 )
s
TDH = 62.3533m
m
kg m 9.806 s2 1kN 𝑚3
WP = 1000 3 ( × ) (0.01 ) (62.3533m)
m kg m ∙ m 1000N 𝑠
1
N ∙ s2
WP = 6.1144kW
6.1144kW
𝐸𝑃 =
0.78
𝐸𝑃 = 7.84𝑘𝑊
3. Water from a reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 900 mm in diameter and a
pressure of one kg/cm2 is maintained at the pipe discharge where the pipe is 85 m from the
pump centerline. The pump have a positive suction head of 5 m. Pumping rate of the pump at
1000 rpm is 1.5 m3/s. Friction losses is equivalent to 3 m of head loss. What amount of
energy must be furnished by the pump in kW?
Given:
𝐷𝑑 = 900𝑚𝑚 = 0.9𝑚
𝑘𝑔𝑓 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑑 = 1 × = 98.0691𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑐𝑚2 𝑘𝑔𝑓
1.0332 2
𝑐𝑚
𝑧𝑑 = 85𝑚
𝑧𝑠 = 5𝑚
𝑁 = 1000𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑚3
𝑄 = 1.5 𝑠

ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 = 3𝑚
𝑊𝑃 =? (𝑘𝑊 )
Solution:
* Solve for TDH:
(Vd 2 − Vs 2 ) (Pd − Ps )
TDH = (zd ± zs ) + + + (hLs + hLd )
* Solve for Vd:
𝑚3
𝑄 1.5 𝑠 𝑚
Vd = = 2
= 2.3579
𝐴𝑑 𝜋(0.9𝑚) 𝑠
4
* Solve for Vs :
𝑄
Vs = =0
𝐴𝑠
*Solve for Pd :
Pd = 98.0691𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 199.3941𝑘𝑃𝑎
*Solve for Ps :
Ps = 0 + 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚 2
(2.3579 ) − (0)2 199.3941𝑘𝑃𝑎 − 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑠
TDH = (85𝑚 − 5𝑚 ) + m + m + 3m
2 (9.806 2 ) kg 9.806 2 1kN
s 1000 m ( kg ∙sm × 1000N)
m 3
1 m 2
N∙s
TDH = 93.2844m
m
kg m 9.806 s2 1kN 𝑚3
WP = 1000 3 ( × ) (1.5 ) (93.2844m)
m kg m ∙ m 1000N 𝑠
1
N ∙ s2
WP = 1372.12kW

4. A pump is to deliver 80 gpm of water at 140 °F with a discharge pressure of 150 psig (v =
0.01628 ft3/lb). Suction pressure indicates 2 inches of mercury vacuum. The diameters of
suction and discharge pipes are 5 inches and 4 inches, respectively. The pump has an
efficiency of 70%, while the motor efficiency is 80%. Determine power input to the drive
motor.
Given:
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑄 = 80𝑔𝑝𝑚 = 0.1782
𝑠
𝑃𝑑 = 150𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑣̅ = 0.01628
𝑙𝑏
1 lbm
ρW = 3 = 61.4251
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡3
0.01628
𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝑠 = 2𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝐷𝑠 = 5𝑖𝑛 = 0.4167𝑓𝑡
𝐷𝑑 = 4𝑖𝑛 = 0.3333𝑓𝑡
𝜂𝑃 = 70%
𝜂𝑀 = 80%
𝐸𝑃 =?
Solution:
ȠMP = ȠM × ȠP × 100%
ȠMP = 0.8 × 0.7 × 100%
ȠMP = 56%
𝑊𝑃
𝜂𝑀𝑃 = × 100%
𝐸𝑃

𝑊𝑃
𝐸𝑃 =
𝜂𝑀𝑃
* Solve for WP:
* Solve for TDH:
(Vd 2 − Vs 2 ) (Pd − Ps )
TDH = (zd ± zs ) + + + (hL )
* Solve for Vd:
𝑓𝑡3
𝑄 0.1782 𝑠 𝑓𝑡
Vd = = = 2.0424
𝐴𝑑 𝜋(0.3333𝑓𝑡)2 𝑠
4
* Solve for Vs :
𝑓𝑡3
𝑄 0.1782 𝑠 = 1.3067 𝑓𝑡
Vs = =
𝐴𝑠 𝜋 0.4167𝑓𝑡)2
( 𝑠
4
*Solve for Pd :
𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝑑 = 150 + 14.696𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 164.696𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑖𝑛2𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒
*Solve for Ps :
14.696𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝑃𝑠 = 14.696𝑝𝑠𝑖 − (2𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑐 × ) = 13.7136𝑝𝑠𝑖
29.92𝑖𝑛𝐻𝑔𝑣𝑎𝑐
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 2 ( (12in)2
(2.0424 𝑠 ) − (1.3067 𝑠 ) 164.696𝑝𝑠𝑖 − 13.7136𝑝𝑠𝑖) × ( )2
1ft
TDH = +
ft ft
2 (32.174 2 ) lb 32.174 2
s 61.4251 m3 × s
𝑓𝑡 lb ∙ ft
32.174 m 2
lbf ∙ s
TDH = 353.9891ft

ft
lbm 32.174 2
s 𝑓𝑡3 1hp
WP = 61.4251 3 ( ) (0.7182 ) (353.9891ft) ×
ft lb ∙ ft 𝑠 ft ∙ lb
32.174 m 2 550 s f
lbf ∙ s
WP = 28.3934hp = 21.18kW
28.3934hp
𝐸𝑃 =
0.56
𝐸𝑃 = 50.7ℎ𝑝 = 37.82𝑘𝑊
5. A boiler feed pump receives 40 liters per second at 4 MPa and 180 °C (h = 764.74 kJ/kg ; v =
0.00112484 m3/kg). It operates against a total head of 900 m with an efficiency of 60%.
Determine the power output of the driving motor in kW.
Given:
𝐿 1𝑚 3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 40 𝑠 × 1000𝐿 = 0.04 𝑠
𝑃𝑠 = 4𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑡 = 180°𝐶
𝑘𝐽
ℎ = 746.74
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3
𝑣 = 0.00112484
𝑘𝑔
1 1 𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑤 = = = 889.0153
𝑣 𝑚3 𝑚3
0.00112484 𝑘𝑔
𝑇𝐷𝐻 = 900𝑚
𝜂𝑃 = 60%
𝐵𝑃 =? (𝑘𝑊 )
Solution:
𝑊𝑃
𝜂𝑃 = × 100%
𝐵𝑃

𝑊𝑃
𝐵𝑃 =
𝜂𝑃
* Solve for WP:
m
𝑘𝑔 9.806 s2 1kN 𝑚3
WP = 889.0153 3 ( × ) (0.04 ) (900m)
𝑚 1 kg m ∙ m 1000N 𝑠
N ∙ s2
WP = 313.8366kW
𝑊𝑃
𝐵𝑃 =
𝜂𝑃
313.8366kW
𝐵𝑃 =
0.6
𝐵𝑃 = 523.061𝑘𝑊

Practice Problems
1. The rate of flow of water in a pump installation is 60.6 kg/s. The intake static gage is located
1.22 m below the pump centerline and reads 68.95 kPa gage; the discharge static gage is 0.61
m below the pump centerline and reads 344.75 kPa gage. The gages are located close to the
pump as much as possible. The areas of the intake and discharge pipes are 0.093 m2 and
0.069 m2, respectively. The pump efficiency is 70%. Take density of water equals 1000
kg/m3. What is the hydraulic power in kW?
2. Water in the rural areas is often extracted from underground water source whose free surface
is 60 m below ground level. The water is to be raised 5 m above the ground by a pump. The
diameter of the pipe is 10 cm at the inlet and 15 cm at the exit. Neglecting any heat
interaction with the surroundings and frictional heating effects, what is the necessary power
input to the pump for a steady flow of water at the rate of 15L/s in kW if pump efficiency is
85%?


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Bataan Heroes College

After studying this module, students should be able to:

1. Understand the general concept of pumps.

2. Answer common encountered problems involving pumps and its classifications.

3. Apply the fundamental principles of pumps in solving engineering problems.

How are pumps classified?

Pumps are classified on the basis

How does a centrifugal pump work?

A centrifugal pump relies on the

Module 2: Pumps Page | 1

How does a positive displacement pump work?

2. Flow rate or capacity desired from the pump.

3. Total Dynamic Head against which the desired capacity is to be delivered.

What is cavitation and what are its symptoms?

Module 2: Pumps Page | 2

A pump that cavitates would

3. Increased noise level

4. Fatigue failure Figure 2 Cavitation Damage to an Impeller

Priming is the air handling capability of pump. In a conventional centrifugal pump, it

How does one vary the flow rate of a centrifugal pump?

Module 2: Pumps Page | 3

What is a suction lift?

What is Total Dynamic Head?

The Total Dynamic Head against which a pump operates comprises:

Module 2: Pumps Page | 4

2.2 Classification of Pumps

Figure 3 Parts of Reciprocating Pump

Module 2: Pumps Page | 5

Figure 4 Vane Pump

Figure 5 External Gear Pump

Module 2: Pumps Page | 6

Figure 6 Internal Gear Pump

Figure 7 Lobe Pump

B. Kinetic pumps – rate of discharge is dependent on the rpm of the pump.

Module 2: Pumps Page | 7

Figure 8 Parts of a Centrifugal Pump

2.3 Derivation: Water or Hydraulic Power

Module 2: Pumps Page | 8

Figure 10 Static Suction Lift Figure 9 Static Suction Head

o ⁄g c ) TDH = γw Q TDH = ρw (g o⁄g c ) Q TDH

Where: Eng’g units MKS units SI units

γw = specific weight of water = ρw (g o ⁄g c) lbf/ft3 kgf/m3 kN/m3

Q = rate of discharge or flow or volumetric flow rate ft 3/sec m/s m/s

TDH = Total Dynamic Head ft m m

Note: (zd ± zs)

Module 2: Pumps Page | 9

ṁW (g o⁄g c ) TDH γW Q TDH ρW (g o⁄g c ) Q TDH

Water or Hydraulic Power (WP) = ṁW (g o⁄g c ) TDH, kW = γW Q TDH, kW = ρW (g o⁄g c ) Q TDH, kW

Module 2: Pumps Page | 10

Combined Motor − Pump efficiency, ȠMP = ȠM × ȠP × 100%

2.4 Reynolds Number Equation

dp = pipe bore ir inside diameter of the pipe, m

μd = dynamic viscosity, Pa − s or kg⁄(m − s)

Module 2: Pumps Page | 11

μd = 0.0001702(1 + 0.00329 t + 0.000007 t 2 ), poise or gram⁄(cm − s)

t = temperature of the water (air) in °C

γ = specific weight = ρ(go ⁄gc ), N⁄m3

ρ = mass density of the liquid, kg⁄m3

g o = local or observed gravitational acceleration, m⁄s2

g c = proportionality constant = 1 kg − m⁄N − s2

Area of the water flowing in the channel A (π⁄4)dp 2

Module 2: Pumps Page | 12

Equations used in determining the head loss due to pipe friction (h f)

Hagen – Poiseuille Equation (for Laminar flow only)