PATHOLOGY2NDPROFESSI

ONALMBBSEXAM
CHAPTER1-THECELLASAUNI
TOFHEALTHANDDI
SEASE

Shor
tnot
es

1.I
nter
medi at
eFil
aments.
2.St
em cell
.
3.Heatshockprot
ein.
4.MØder i
vedG.F.

CHAPTER2-CELLULARRESPONSESTOSTRESSANDTOXI
CINSULTS:
ADAPTATI
ON,I
NJURYANDREPAI R.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. Coagul
ati
venecr
osi
s.
2. Oxy
gender
ivedf
reer
adi
cles.
3. Causesofal
li
njur
yandmor
phol
ogi
cal
feat
uresi
nar
ever
sibl
ecel
li
njur
y.
4. Necr
osi
s.
5. Cel
l
ularr
esponset
oradi
ati
on.
6. Dy
str
ophi
ccal
cif
icat
ion.
7. Mechani
sm ofapopt
osi
s.
8. Epi
thel
i
almet
apl
asi
a.
9. Cal
cif
icat
ion.
10. Met
ast
ati
ccal
cif
icat
ion.
11. Caseat
ingnecr
osi
s.
12. Fact
orsgov
erni
ngr
epai
rs.

Def
ini
ti
ons:

1. Apopt
osi
s.
2. At
rophy
.
3. Necr
osi
s.
4. Met
apl
asi
a.

Di
ff
erenceBet
ween:

1. Apopt
osi
sandnecr
osi
s.
2. Met
ast
ati
canddy
str
ophi
ccal
cif
icat
ion.

LongQuest
ion:

Def
inenecr
osis.Whatarethety
pesofnecr
osi
s?Wr
it
eaboutbi
ochemi
cal
mechani
sm ofirr
ever
sibl
ecell
inj
ury
.

CHAPTER3-I
NFLAMMATI
ONANDREPAI
R.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. Phagocy
tosi
s.
2. Compl
ementsy
stem andi
tsr
olei
ninf
lammat
ion.
3. Mechani
sm ofbact
eri
aki
l
li
ng.
4. Repai
rs.
5. Chemoki
nes.
6. Compl
ement
s.
7. Vascul
archangesi
nacut
einf
lammat
ions.
8. Pl
asmapr
otei
nder
ivedchemi
cal
medi
ator
sofi
nfl
ammat
ions.
9. Cy
tot
oxi
cit
ythr
oughoxy
gender
ivedf
reer
adi
cl
e.
10. Tr
ansudat
eandexudat
e.
11. Gr
anul
oma12.Vasodi
l
ator
s.
Def
ini
ti
ons

1. Gr
anul
oma
2. I
nfl
ammat
ion.
3. Abscess
4. Cel
l
ularr
esponsei
ninf
lammat
ion.
5. PGf
unct
ion.
6. Fr
eer
adi
cle.
7. Chemot
axi
s.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1. Tr
ansudat
eandexudat
e.
2. Heal
i
ngby1'
and2'
int
ent
ion.

LongQuest
ions:

1. Defi
nei
nfl
ammat i
on.Descr
ibevascul
archangesi
nacut
einf
lammat
ion.What
ar
etheoutcomesofacutei
nflammati
ons?
2. Whatdoyouunder
standbyacut
einf
lammat
ion?Howi
sther
eact
ion
medi
ated?Howisi
ttermi
nated?
3. Defi
nei
nfl
ammati
on.Di
scusscel
l
ularresponseofacut
einf
lammat
ion.
Enumer
atechemi
calmedi
ator
sofinf
lammat i
on.

CHAPTER-4HEMODYNAMI
CDI
SORDERS,
THROMBOEMBOLI
C
DI
SEASE,
ANDSHOCK.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Pat
hogenesi
soft
hrombosi
s.
2. Pat
hophy
siol
ogi
ccat
egor
yofedema.
3. Pat
hogenesi
sofsept
icshock.
4. Fat
eoft
hrombus.
5. Mechani
sm ofedemaandhear
tfai
l
ure.
6. I
nfr
act
ion.
7. Ai
rembol
i
sm.
8. Anomal
ousedema.
9. Par
adoxi
cal
edema.
10. Renal
edema.

Def
ini
ti
ons:

1. Shock.
2. Embol
i
sm.
3. I
nfr
act
ion.
4. Thr
ombosi
s.
5. Edema.
6. Nut
megl
i
ver
.
7. Anasar
ca.
8. Met
abol
i
caci
dosi
s.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:
1. Tr
ansudat
eandexudat
e.

2. Whi
tei
nfr
actandr
edi
nfr
act
.

LongQuest
ions:

1. Def
inet
hrombosi
s.Descr
ibei
tset
hol
ogy
,pat
hogenesi
sandf
ateoft
hrombus.

2. Whatar
ety
pesofedema?Descr
ibepat
hogenesi
sofeacht
ype.

CHAPTER5-GENETI
CDI
SORDERS.

Shor
tNot
es:

1. Aut
osomal
domi
nantdi
sor
der
s.
2. Tur
ner
’ssy
ndr
ome.
3. Kl
i
nef
elt
ersy
ndr
ome.
4. Her
maphr
odi
te.
5. Downsy
ndr
ome.
6. Ri
ngchr
omosomes.
7. Cl
i
nical
feat
uresi
ntur
nersy
ndr
ome.
Def
ini
ti
ons:

1. Gl
ycogenesi
s.
2. Mut
ati
on.
3. Kar
yot
ype.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1. Aut
osomal
recessi
veandaut
osomal
domi
nantdi
sor
der
s.

CHAPTER6-DI
SEASESOFI
MMUNESYSTEM.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. Ty
peI
Vhy
per
sensi
ti
vi
ty.
2. Ty
peI
Ihy
per
sensi
ti
vi
ty.
3. Amy
loi
dspr
otei
n.
4. NKcel
l
s.
5. Sy
stemi
clupuser
ythemat
osus.
6. Cel
lmedi
atedi
mmuni
ty.
7. Amy
loi
dosi
s.
8. Ser
um si
ckness.
9. Sagospl
een.
10. Tcel
l
.
11. Cel
l
ularcomponentofi
mmuni
ty.
12. Ty
pel
hyper
sensi
ti
vi
ty.
13. I
mmunol
ogi
cal
tol
erance.
14. I
gA.

Def
ini
ti
ons:

1.
Art
hur
’sr
eact
ion.
2.
Innat
eimmuni
ty.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1.
Innat
eandadapt
ivei
mmuni
ty.

CHAPTER.7-NEOPLASI
A.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. Oncogeni
cDNAv
iruses.
2. Pat
hway
soft
umourspr
ead.
3. Rbgene.
4. P53gene/
guar
dianofgenome.
5. Oncogenes.
6. Met
ast
asi
s.
7. Humanpapi
l
lomav
irus.
8. Par
aneopl
ast
icsy
ndr
ome.
9. Chemi
cal
car
cinogen.
10. TM v
iruses.

Def
ini
ti
ons:

1. Chor
ist
oma.
2. Car
cinogenesi
s.
3. Di
ff
erent
iat
ion.
4. Anapl
asi
a.
5. Oncogene.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1.
Beni
gnandmal
i
gnantt
umour
s.

Longquest
ions:

1. Def
inemetast
asi
s.Givet
hedi
ff
erentr
out
esofmet
ast
asi
s.Descr
ibet
he
mechani
sm ofmetast
asi
s.
2. Defi
neneopl
asi
a.Descr
ibebr
ief
lyt
her
oleofchemi
cal
car
cinogensi
n
neopl
ast
icpr
ocess.
3. Defi
neneopl
asi
a.Di
scusst
hechar
act
ersofbeni
gnandmal
i
gnantt
umour
s
andpat
hofspread.

Chapt
er8-I
nfect
iousDi
sease.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Pat
hol
ogyofpul
monar
yTB.
2. Gohn’
scompl
ex.
3. Tuber
cul
oidl
epr
osy
.
4. Dr
ygangr
ene.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1.
1°and2°TB.

Longquest
ions:
1.
Wri
tet
hecauses,
pat
hogenesi
sandpat
hol
ogyofgasgangr
ene.

CH9-ENVI
RONMENTALANDNUTRI
TIONALDI
SEASES.

Shor
tnot
es:

1.
Maj
orpat
hol
ogi
cal
changesi
nducedbyal
cohol
.

CHAPTER10-DI
SEASESOFCHI
LDHOOD.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Wi
l
ms’
stumour
.
2. Ter
atoma.

CHAPTER11-BLOODVESSELS.

Shor
tnot
e:
1. Compl
i
cat
ionofat
her
oscl
erosi
spl
ague.
2. Pat
hogenesi
sofat
her
oscl
erosi
s.
3. Namet hemodi
fi
abl
eandnonmodi
fi
abl
eri
skfact
orsofat
heroscl
erosi
s.
Descr
ibewit
hdi
agram t
hemor
phol
ogyoff
ull
yfor
medatheromatousplaque.
4. Responset
oinj
uryhy
pot
hesi
sofat
her
oma.
5. Aneur
ysm ofaor
ta.

Longquest
ions:

1. Di
scusst
heaet
iopat
hogenesi
sandpat
hol
ogyofat
her
oscl
erosi
s.
2. Discussther
iskf
actorsf
orat
her
oscl
erosi
sandpat
hogenesi
sandpat
hol
ogy
ofatheromat
ousplaque.
3. Whati
saneur
ysm?Cl
assi
fythem.Wr
it
edownt
heaet
iol
ogy
,pat
hogenesi
s,
pat
hol
ogyandcompl
i
cati
ons.

CHAPTER12-THEHEART.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. Enzy
memar
ker
sinMy
ocar
dial
inf
arct
ion.
2. Bact
eri
alendocar
dit
is.
3. Causesofchr
oni
cper
icar
dit
is.
4. Veget
ati
onsofhear
t.
5. Rheumat
icendocar
dial
lesi
on.
6. Component
sofFal
l
ot'
s.
7. Di
scussaet
iol
ogy
,pat
hogenesi
sandcausesofi
nfect
iveendocar
dit
is.
8. Aschof
fbody
.

CHAPTER13-DI
SEASEOFWBC,
LYMPHNODE,
SPLEENANDTHYMUS.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. I
diopat
hict
hrombocy
topeni
cpur
pur
a.
2. Cl
assi
cal
RScel
landi
tsv
ari
ant
s.
3. Non-
Hodgki
n’
sly
mphoma.
4. Mul
ti
plemy
eloma.
5. Bl
oodandbonemar
rowpi
ctur
eofAML-
M3.
6. Pancy
topeni
a.
7. Hodgki
n’
sly
mphoma.
8. Giv
etheFABcl
assi
fi
cati
onofacut
emy el
oidl
eukaemi
a.Descr
ibet
hebl
ood
andbonemar
rowpict
ureofAML-M3.
9. Spl
enomegal
y.
10. Agr
anul
ocy
tosi
s.
11. Leukemoi
dreact
ion.
12. Bur
kit
t’
sly
mphoma.
13. Bl
oodpi
ctur
einCML.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1. My
leobl
astandl
ymphoma.
2. CMLandl
eukemoi
dreact
ion.

CHAPTER14-REDBLOODCELLANDBLEEDI
NGDI
SORDERS.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. Cl
assi
fyhaemol
yti
canaemi
a.Descri
bebloodpi
ctur
eofB-
Thal
assemi
aand
menti
ontwoimport
antl
abi
nvest
igat
ion.
2. Pol
ycy
thaemi
a.
3. ESR.
4. Spher
ocy
tosi
s.
5. Hepi
cidi
n.
6. Pat
hophy
siol
ogi
cal
andcompl
i
cat
ionsofsi
ckl
ecel
lanaemi
a.
7. Def
ineandgi
vemor
phol
ogi
cal
classi
fi
cat
ionofi
rondef
ici
encyanaemi
a.
8. Per
ipher
albl
oodpi
ctur
eandbonemar
rowf
indi
ngi
nmegal
obl
ast
icanaemi
a.
9. Ret
icul
ocy
te.
10. Si
der
obl
ast
icanaemi
a.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1. Redcel
li
ndi
cesi
nir
ondef
ici
encyanaemi
aandmegal
obl
ast
icanaemi
a.
2. Bonemar
rowpi
ctur
eofi
rondef
ici
encyandmegal
obl
ast
icanaemi
a.

Longquest
ions:

1. Defi
neanaemi
a.Discusset
iopat
hogenesi
s,per
ipher
albl
oodpi
ctur
eand
bonemarrowf
indi
ngofaplasti
canaemia.
2. 5yearsol
dmal ehassever
eanaemi
a,spl
enomegal
yandducti
li
ty’
s.Give
yourdi
agnosi
s,cl
assi
fyanaemi
aandgivel
abinv
esti
gat
ions.(
Cli
nical
type
questi
on)

CHAPTER15-LUNGS.
Shor
tnot
es:
1. Whati
sbr
onchi
alast
hma?Di
scusst
hepat
hogenesi
sofat
opi
cast
hma.
2. Pneumoconi
osi
s.
3. Emphy
sema.
4. Pat
hogenesi
sofbr
onchi
alast
hma.
5. Goodpast
uresy
ndr
ome.
6. Panaci
naremphy
sema.
7. Coal
wor
kerpneumoconi
osi
s.
8. TwocausesofARDS.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1.
Obst
ruct
iveandr
est
ri
cti
vel
ungdi
sease.

Longquest
ions:

1. Whatar
eCOPD?Descr
ibet
heet
iopat
hogenesi
sandmor
phol
ogyof
br
onchi
ect
asi
s.
2. Amaleaged40y earsadmit
tedi
nthehospi
tal
withhi
ghfeveranddyspnoea.
Onexaminat
ionbronchi
albr
eathsoundi
nthemiddl
elobeofthelungwere
hear
d.

• Whati
sthecl
i
nical
diagnosi
s?

• Wr
it
egr
ossandmi
croscopi
cchangesi
nlung.

• Whatar
ethecompl
i
cat
ion?
CHAPTER16-THEGI
T.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Gast
ri
cul
cer
.
2. Bar
ret
toesophagus.
3. Nameulcer
sofint
est
ine.Out
li
net
hedi
ff
erencebet
weencr
ohnsdi
seaseand
ul
cer
ati
vecoli
ti
s.
4. Zol
l
ingerEl
l
isonsy
ndr
ome.
5. Meckel
’
sdi
ver
ti
cul
um.
6. Col
oni
namoebi
candbaci
l
lar
ydy
sent
ery
.

Longquest
ion:
1. Descri
bethesali
entf
eatur
esthatdi
ff
erenti
atebet
weencr
ohndi
seaseand
ul
cerat
ivecol
it
is.Ment
ionthecl
ini
calf
eatures.
2. Classi
fyt
hemal
absor
pti
onsy
ndr
ome.Namet
hei
nvest
igat
iont
odi
agnose
them.
3. Di
scussul
cer
ati
vel
esi
onsofSI
.
4. Di
scusst
heaet
iol
ogy
,pat
hogenesi
sandcl
i
nical
feat
uresofpept
icul
cer
.
CHAPTER18-LI
VERANDGALLBLADDER.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Descr
ibet
hepat
hogenesi
sandmor
phol
ogyofal
cohol
i
cli
verdi
sease.
2. Descr
ibet
hepat
hol
ogyi
npor
tal
cir
rhosi
s.
3. Non-
alcohol
i
cst
eat
ohepat
it
is.
4. Cl
assi
fygal
lst
oneanddescr
ibepat
hogenesi
sofchol
est
erol
stone.
5. Ser
ologi
candrmar
ker
sofHBVi
nfect
ion.
6. Gal
lst
one.
7. Jaundi
ce.
8. Pat
hogenesi
sofgal
lst
one.
9. Li
verf
unct
iont
est
.

Longquest
ions:

1. Aet
iol
ogyandpat
hogenesi
soff
att
yli
ver
.
2. Rol
eofbi
l
irubi
ninheal
thyanddi
seasedst
ate.
3. Def
ineandcl
assi
fyj
aundi
ce.Descr
ibeser
um andur
inar
yfi
ndi
ngi
neacht
ype
ofj
aundi
ce.
CHAPTER19-THEPANCREAS.

Longquest
ion:

1. Enumerat
et hemol
ecul
aralt
erat
ionsassoci
atedwi
thpancreat
iccar
cinoma.
Descr
ibet
hemorphol
ogi
cchangesofadenocarci
nomapancreas.

CHAPTER20-THEKI
DNEY.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. Enumer
atedif
fer
entpr
imar
ygl
omerulopat
hies.Descr
ibet
hemor
phol
ogyof
membranesprol
i
fer
ati
vegl
omer
ulonephri
ti
s.
2. Descr
ibet
heetipat
hogenesi
s,pat
hol
ogyandcl
i
nical
pict
ureofpost
st
rept
ococcal
glomerul
onephri
ti
s.
3. Nephr
oti
csy
ndr
ome.
4. Gr
anul
arcont
ract
edki
dney
.
5. Haemat
uri
a.6.Pr
otei
nur
ia.
7. Al
bumi
nur
ia.
8. Pat
hogenesi
sofgl
omer
ulari
njur
y.
9. Speci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofur
ine.
10. Nephr
osi
s.
11. Renal
changesi
nSLE.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1. Ur
inar
y,phy
sical
chemi
cal
,mi
croscopi
cfi
ndi
ngofnephr
oti
candnephr
it
ic
sy
ndrome.

Longquest
ions:

1. Whatisnephrot
icsy
ndr
ome?Wr
it
eit
saet
iol
ogy
,pat
hogenesi
sandment
ion
i
tsconsequence.
2. Def
inenephr
oticsyndr
ome.Makeaschemat
icr
epr
esent
ati
onoft
he
pat
hophysi
ologyofnephr
oti
coedema.
3. Causesofnephr
oti
csyndr
omeanddi scussaboutpat
hogenesi
sand
pat
hologyofmembernopr
oli
fer
ati
veglomerul
onephri
ti
s.
4. Di
scusseti
opathogenesi
s,mor
phol
ogyandcl
i
nical
findi
ngsi
nchr
oni
c
py
elonephr
it
is.
CHAPTER21-LOWERURI
NARYTRACTANDMALEGENI
TALSYSTEM.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Enumerat
edif
fer
entger
m cel
ltumour
soft
est
is.Descr
ibet
hemor
phol
ogyof
seminoma.
2. Beni
gnhy
per
trophyofpr
ost
ate.
3. Pr
ost
atespeci
fi
cant
igen.
4. Monoder
mal
ter
atoma.
5. Semi
noma
6. Causesofpai
nlesshaemat
uri
a.
7. Tumourmar
ker
sofpr
ost
ati
ccar
cinoma.
8. Thi
cral
bumi
nur
ea.

CHAPTER22-THEFEMALEGENI
TALTRACT.

Shor
tnot
es:
1. Classi
fygerm cel
ltumour
sofov
ary
.Descr
ibet
hemor
phol
ogyof
any2oft hem.
2. Cer
vical
int
raepi
thel
i
alneopl
asi
a3. Hy
dat
if
orm mol
e.
4. Exf
oli
ati
vecy
tol
ogy
.
5. Endomet
ri
osi
s.
6. Cl
assi
fyov
ari
ant
umour
s.Descr
ibemor
phol
ogyofdy
sger
minoma.
7. Rol
eofexf
oli
ati
vecy
tol
ogyi
nO&G.
CHAPTER23-BREAST.

Shor
tnot
e:

1.
Phy
ll
odi
sTumor
.

CHAPTER24-THEENDOCRI
NESYSTEM.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Thy
roi
dfunct
iont
esti
nmy
xoedema.
2. Di
agnosi
sandcl
i
nical
feat
uresofdi
abet
esmel
l
itus.
3. Gl
ucoset
oler
ancet
est
.
4. Di
abet
icnephr
opat
hy.
5. Papi
l
lar
ycar
cinomaoft
hyr
oid.
6. Cl
i
nical
feat
uresofdi
abet
esmel
l
itus.
7. Subacut
ethy
roi
dit
is.
8. Cr
ani
ophar
yngi
oma.
9. Hashi
mot
othy
roi
dit
is.
10. Gr
aves’
sdi
sease.
11. Thy
roi
dfunct
iont
est
.
12. Goi
tr
e.
13. Ket
onur
ia.
14. Mul
ti
nodul
argoi
tr
e.
Longquest
ions:

1. Discussthecl
ini
calandlabfi
ndi
ngsalongwit
hthegr
ossandmi
croscopi
c
appearanceofrenaldi
seasei
ndiabet
icmell
i
tus.

CHAPTER25-THESKI
N.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Pr
emal
i
gnantl
esi
onofski
n.
2. Basal
cel
lcar
cinoma.

CH26-BONES,
JOI
NTSANDSOFTTI
SSUETUMOURS.

Shor
tnot
e:

1. Cl
assi
fybonet
umour
.Descr
ibemor
phol
ogyi
ngi
antcel
ltumouri
nbone.
2. Ost
eosar
coma.
3. Ost
eocl
ast
oma.
4. Ewi
ngsar
coma.
5. Namet
hebonef
ormi
ngt
umour.Pat
hol
ogyofost
eogeni
csar
coma.
6. Rheumat
oidar
thr
it
is.
7. Pat
hol
ogi
cal
changesi
nost
eoar
thr
it
is.
8. Chr
oni
cost
eomy
eli
ti
s.

Longquest
ions:

1. Classi
fythebonet
umour
s.Whatar
ethegr
ossandmi
croscopi
cpi
ctur
eof
osteocl
astoma?
2. Classi
fyt
umourofbones.Descr
ibepat
hogenesi
sofost
eosar
comaandgi
ant
cellt
umour.

CHAPTER27-CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM.

Shor
tnot
es:

1. Meni
ngi
oma.
2. Ast
rocy
toma.
3. CSFf
indi
ngi
nTBmeni
ngi
ti
s.
4. Ol
i
godendr
ioma.
5. CSFf
indi
ngi
npy
ogeni
cmeni
ngi
ti
s.

Di
ff
erencebet
ween:

1.
CSFf
indi
ngi
nTBandpy
ogeni
cmeni
ngi
ti
s.