Chemistry chapter 1 merged

1 Acid-base reactions are examples of proton
(a) Ethylamine is a weak base and sodium hydroxide

transfer. is a strong base.
(i) In terms of proton transfer, explain what is meant by the term weak
.............................................................................................................................................
base.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Given aqueous solutions of both bases, describe how you could show that sodium
hydroxide is the stronger base. How could you ensure a ‘fair’ comparison between the two
solutions?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Ethylamine reacts with acids to form salts.
CH3CH2NH2 + HCl → CH3CH2NH3Cl

ethylammonium chloride
(i) Complete the equation for the reaction between sulfuric acid and ethylamine. Name the
salt formed.
......CH3CH2NH2 + ............ → .........................
name of salt ............................................................................................. [3]
(ii) Amines and their salts have similar chemical properties to ammonia and ammonium salts.
Suggest a reagent that could be used to displace the weak base, ethylamine, from its salt
ethylammonium chloride.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) Gases diffuse, which means that they move to occupy the total available volume.
(i) Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why gases diffuse.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) When the colourless gases hydrogen bromide and ethylamine come into contact, a white
solid is formed.
CH3CH2NH2(g) + HBr(g) → CH3CH2NH3Br(s)

white solid
The following apparatus can be used to compare the rates of diffusion of the two gases
ethylamine and hydrogen bromide.
gives off gives off

CH3CH2NH2(g) HBr(g)
A B C
cotton wool soaked in cotton wool soaked in

ethylamine(aq) conc. hydrobromic acid
Predict at which position, A, B or C, the white solid will form. Explain your choice.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 14]
2 The halogens are a collection of diatomic non-metals in Group VII.
(a)
a) Define the term diatomic.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) What do the electron distributions of the halogens have in common?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) How do their electron distributions differ?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Complete the table.
solid, liquid or gas

halogen colour
at room temperature
chlorine ......................................... .........................................
bromine ......................................... .........................................
iodine ......................................... .........................................

[2]
(b) The halogens react with other non-metals to form covalent compounds.
Draw a diagram which shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of the covalent compound arsenic trifluoride.
The electron distribution of an arsenic atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 5.
Use x to represent an electron from an arsenic atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a fluorine atom.
[3]
(c) Photochromic glass is used in sunglasses. In bright light, the glass darkens reducing
the amount of light reaching the eye. When the light is less bright, the glass becomes
colourless increasing the amount of light reaching the eye.
Photochromic glass contains very small amounts of the halides silver(I) chloride and
copper(I) chloride.
The reaction between these two chlorides is photochemical.
AgCl + CuCl Ag + CuCl 2

colourless colourless black colourless
How does photochromic glass work?
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 11]
3 Selenium and sulfur are in Group VI. They have similar properties.
(a) One of the main uses of selenium is in photoelectric cells. These cells can change light
into electrical energy.
(i) Name a process which can change light into chemical energy.
....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Name a device which can change chemical energy into electrical energy.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The electron distribution of a selenium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 6.
(i) Selenium forms an ionic compound with potassium. Draw a diagram which shows
the formula of this ionic compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of
the valency electrons around the negative ion.
Use o to represent an electron from an atom of potassium.
Use x to represent an electron from an atom of selenium.
[3]
(ii) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule
of the covalent compound selenium chloride.
Use x to represent an electron from an atom of selenium.
Use o to represent an electron from an atom of chlorine.
[3]
(iii) Predict two differences in the physical properties of these two compounds.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The selenide ion reacts with water.
Se2– + H2O → HSe– + OH–
What type of reagent is the selenide ion in this reaction? Give a reason for your choice.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 13]
4 Chlorine reacts with phosphorus to form phosphorus trichloride.
(a) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of
the covalent compound, phosphorus trichloride.
Use x to represent an electron from a phosphorus atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
[2]
(b) Phosphorus trichloride reacts with water to form two acids.
(i) Balance the equation for this reaction.
PCl 3 + .......H2O → .......HCl + H3PO3

[1]
(ii) Describe how you could show that phosphorus acid, H3PO3, is a weaker acid than
hydrochloric acid.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(iii) Two salts of phosphorus acid are its sodium salt, which is soluble in water, and its
calcium salt which is insoluble in water. Suggest a method of preparation for each of
these salts from aqueous phosphorus acid. Specify any other reagent needed and
briefly outline the method.
sodium salt ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
calcium salt ................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 10]
5 Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid at room temperature. It has the typical acid properties
and forms compounds called ethanoates.
(a) A pure sample of ethanoic acid is slowly heated from 0oC to 150oC and its temperature
is measured every minute. The results are represented on the graph below.
D
E
temperature
B
C
A
time
(i) Name the change that occurs in the region D to E.
[1]
(ii) What would be the difference in the region B to C if an impure sample had been
used?
[1]
(iii) Sketch on the graph how the line would continue if the acid was heated to a higher
temperature. [1]
(iv) Complete the following table that compares the separation and movement of the
molecules in regions C to D with those in E to F.
C to D E to F
separation (distance
between particles)
movement of particles random and slow
Can particles move apart to

fill any volume?
[5]
(b) Complete the word equations for the reactions of ethanoic acid.
calcium + ethanoic acid
+ ethanoic acid zinc ethanoate + water [2]
(c) Write the symbol equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium
hydroxide.
[2]
1 (a) A small amount of liquid bromine is added to a container which is then sealed.
Br2(l) → Br2(g)
Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain why, after about an hour, the bromine
molecules have spread uniformly to occupy the whole container.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) The diagrams below show simple experiments on the speed of diffusion of gases.
porous pot
allows gas hydrogen
air
molecules porous pot
to diffuse
air air
higher level
large
same level
beaker
coloured
liquid
diagram 1 diagram 2
higher
level
air
carbon dioxide
large beaker
diagram 3
Complete the following explanations. Diagram 1 has been done for you.
Diagram 1
There is air inside and outside the porous pot so the rate of diffusion of air into the pot is
the same as the rate of diffusion of air out of the pot. The pressure inside and outside the
pot is the same so the coloured liquid is at the same level on each side of the tube.
Diagram 2
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
Diagram 3
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 9]
2 Cobalt is an element in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.
(a) Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you complete the table below.
number of number of number of

particle
protons neutrons electrons
Co
Co2+
[2]
60
(b) Co is a cobalt isotope.
(i) Explain the term isotope.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Explain why two isotopes of the same element have identical chemical properties.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) State one industrial use and one medical use of radioactive isotopes.
industrial use ....................................................................................................... [1]
medical use ......................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
3 The following table gives information about six substances.
melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

substance
/ °C / °C as a solid as a liquid
A 839 1484 good good

B –210 –196 poor poor
C 776 1497 poor good
D –117 78 poor poor
E 1607 2227 poor poor
F –5 102 poor good
(a) Which substance could have a macromolecular structure, similar to that of silicon(IV)
oxide?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Which substances are solids at room temperature?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Which substance could be a metal?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Which substance is an ionic compound?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Which substances are liquids at room temperature?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 6]
4 The Kinetic Theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and
movement of particles.
(a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N2, which are spread far
apart move in a random manner at high speed.
(i) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in a nitrogen
molecule.
Use × to represent an electron from a nitrogen atom.
[2]
(ii) How does the movement and arrangement of the molecules in a crystal of nitrogen
differ from those in gaseous nitrogen?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Use the ideas of the Kinetic Theory to explain the following.
(i) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of a gas is due to the
molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container.
Explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the temperature is
increased.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.
constant
pressure
applied metal foil
gas escapes
gas syringe gas through small
hole in foil
The following results were obtained.
temperature rate of diffusion

gas
/ °C in cm3 / min
nitrogen 25 1.00
chlorine 25 0.63
nitrogen 50 1.05
Explain why nitrogen diffuses faster than chlorine.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
Explain why the nitrogen diffuses faster at the higher temperature.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]
5 Three of the halogens in Group VII are:
chlorine
bromine
iodine
(a)
a) How does their colour change down the Group?
[1]
(ii) How does their physical state (solid, liquid or gas) change down the Group?
[1]
(iii) Predict the colour and physical state of fluorine.
colour
physical state [2]
(b) Describe how you could distinguish between aqueous potassium bromide and aqueous
potassium iodide.
test
result with bromide
result with iodide [3]
(c) 0.015 moles of iodine react with 0.045 moles of chlorine to form 0.030 moles of a single
product. Complete the equation.
I2 + Cl2 [2]
(d) Traces of chlorine can be separated from bromine vapour by diffusion.

Which gas would diffuse the faster and why?
[2]
6 Strontium and sul ut they have
different properties.
property strontium chloride sulphur chloride
appearance white crystalline solid red liquid
melting point / oC 87 -8
particles present ions molecules
electrical conductivity of solid poor poor
electrical conductivity of liquid good poor
(a) The formulae of the chlorides are similar because both elements have a valency of 2.
Explain why Group II and Group VI elements both have a valency of 2.
[2]
(b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one covalent
molecule of sulphur chloride.
Use x to represent an electron from a sulphur atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
[3]
(c) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between the following.
(i) solid and liquid strontium chloride
[1]
(ii) liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulphur chloride
[1]
1 Kinetic theory explains the properties of matter in terms of the arrangement and movement of
particles.
(a) Nitrogen is a gas at room temperature. Nitrogen molecules, N2, are spread far apart and
move in a random manner at high speed.
(i) Draw the electronic structure of a nitrogen molecule.

Show only the outer electron shells.
[2]
(ii) Compare the movement and arrangement of the molecules in solid nitrogen to those in
nitrogen gas.
[3]
(b) A sealed container contains nitrogen gas. The pressure of the gas is due to the molecules of
the gas hitting the walls of the container.
Use the kinetic theory to explain why the pressure inside the container increases when the
temperature is increased.
[2]
The following apparatus can be used to measure the rate of diffusion of a gas.
constant
pressure
applied metal foil,
gas escapes
gas syringe gas through small
hole in foil
The following results were obtained.
temperature rate of diffusion

gas
/ °C in cm3 / min
nitrogen
it 1.00
chlorine
hl 0.63
nitrogen
it 1.05
(c)
c) Explain why nitrogen gas diffuses faster than chlorine gas.
[2]
(ii) Explain why the nitrogen gas diffuses faster at the higher temperature.
[1]
[Total: 10]
2 Concentrated ammonia solution gives off ammonia gas. Concentrated hydrochloric acid gives off
hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia, NH3, and hydrogen chloride, HCl, are both colourless gases.
Ammonia reacts with hydrogen chloride to make the white solid ammonium chloride.
Apparatus is set up as shown.
cotton wool cotton wool

soaked in concentrated soaked in concentrated
hydrochloric acid ammonia solution
A B C D
glass tube
After ten minutes a white solid forms in the tube where the gases meet.
(a) (i) Write the chemical equation for the reaction of ammonia with hydrogen chloride.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Name the process by which the ammonia and hydrogen chloride gases move in the tube.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) At which point, A, B, C or D, does the white solid form? Explain why the white solid forms
at that point.
the solid forms at ..............
explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(iv) The experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
Predict how the results of the experiment would be different. Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Some of the white solid is removed from the tube and dissolved in water.
Describe how the white solid could be tested to show it contains,
(i) ammonium ions,
test ......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
result ...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) chloride ions.
test ......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
result ...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(c) The diagram shows the electron arrangement in a molecule of ammonia, showing only outer
shell electrons.
N H
(i) State the type of bonding in ammonia.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Hydrazine, N2H4, is another compound of nitrogen and hydrogen.
Complete the diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of hydrazine,

showing only outer shell electrons.
H H
N N
H H
[3]
(d) Nylon and proteins are both polymers containing nitrogen.
(i) Name the linkages found in the polymers of nylon and protein.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe one difference in the structures of nylon and protein.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What is the general name given to the products of hydrolysis of proteins?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Suggest the structure of the monomer used to make the polymer shown.
H O
N C
n
[1]
[Total: 22]
3 Compound X is a colourless liquid at room temperature.
(a) A sample of pure X was slowly heated from –5.0 °C, which is below its melting point, to 90 °C,
which is above its boiling point. Its temperature is measured every minute and the results are
represented on the graph.
F
90 °C
D
E
temperature
B
t °C C
A
–5 °C
time
(i) Complete the equation for the equilibrium present in the region BC.
X(s) .................... [1]
(ii) What is the significance of temperature t °C?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What is the physical state of compound X in the region EF?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) What would be the difference in the region BC if an impure sample of X had been used?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Compound X is a hydrocarbon. It contains 85.7% of carbon. The mass of one mole of X is 84 g.
(i) What is the percentage of hydrogen in the compound ?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the empirical formula of X. Show your working.
empirical formula = ................................ [3]
(iii) What is the molecular formula of compound X?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 9]
4 (a) Different gases diffuse at different speeds.
(i) What is meant by the term diffusion?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) What property of a gas molecule affects the speed at which it diffuses?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Helium is a gas used to fill balloons. It is present in the air in very small quantities. Diffusion can
be used to separate it from the air.
Air at 1000 °C is on one side of a porous barrier. The air which passes through the barrier has
a larger amount of helium in it.
(i) Why does the air on the other side of the barrier contain more helium?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Why is it an advantage to have the air at a high temperature?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Most helium is obtained from natural gas found in the USA. Natural gas contains methane and
7% helium. One possible way to obtain the helium would be to burn the methane.
(i) Write an equation for the complete combustion of methane.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why this would not be a suitable method to obtain the helium.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest another method, other than diffusion, by which helium could be separated from
the mixture of gases in natural gas.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
5 Explain each of the following in terms of the kinetic particle theory.
(a) The rate of most reactions increases at higher temperatures.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) A liquid has a fixed volume but takes up the shape of the container. A gas takes up the shape
of the container but it does not have a fixed volume.
liquid gas
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 6]
6 The diagram shows a heating curve for a sample of compound X.
D
80 E
temperature / °C
B
15 C
A
time
(a) Is X a solid, a liquid or a gas at room temperature, 20 °C?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Write an equation for the equilibrium which exists in region BC.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) Name the change of state which occurs in region DE.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Explain how the curve shows that a pure sample of compound X was used.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 6]

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1 Acid-base reactions are examples of proton

(a) Ethylamine is a weak base and sodium hydroxide

(b) Ethylamine reacts with acids to form salts.

CH3CH2NH2 + HCl → CH3CH2NH3Cl

......CH3CH2NH2 + ............ → .........................

name of salt ............................................................................................. [3]

(i) Explain, using kinetic particle theory, why gases diffuse.

CH3CH2NH2(g) + HBr(g) → CH3CH2NH3Br(s)

gives off gives off

cotton wool soaked in cotton wool soaked in

(ii) What do the electron distributions of the halogens have in common?

(iii) How do their electron distributions differ?

(iv) Complete the table.

solid, liquid or gas

chlorine ......................................... .........................................

bromine ......................................... .........................................

iodine ......................................... .........................................

Use x to represent an electron from an arsenic atom.

AgCl + CuCl Ag + CuCl 2

How does photochromic glass work?

(b) The electron distribution of a selenium atom is 2 + 8 + 18 + 6.

(c) The selenide ion reacts with water.

Se2– + H2O → HSe– + OH–

(b) Phosphorus trichloride reacts with water to form two acids.

(i) Balance the equation for this reaction.

PCl 3 + .......H2O → .......HCl + H3PO3

sodium salt ................................................................................................................

calcium salt ................................................................................................................

(i) Name the change that occurs in the region D to E.

movement of particles random and slow

Can particles move apart to

calcium + ethanoic acid

+ ethanoic acid zinc ethanoate + water [2]

number of number of number of

(i) Explain the term isotope.

industrial use ....................................................................................................... [1]

medical use ......................................................................................................... [1]

melting point boiling point electrical conductivity electrical conductivity

A 839 1484 good good

(b) Which substances are solids at room temperature?

(c) Which substance could be a metal?

(d) Which substance could be aqueous sodium chloride?

(e) Which substance is an ionic compound?

(f) Which substances are liquids at room temperature?

The following results were obtained.

temperature rate of diffusion

Explain why nitrogen diffuses faster than chlorine.

Explain why the nitrogen diffuses faster at the higher temperature.

(iii) Predict the colour and physical state of fluorine.

physical state [2]

result with bromide

result with iodide [3]

(d) Traces of chlorine can be separated from bromine vapour by diffusion.

property strontium chloride sulphur chloride

appearance white crystalline solid red liquid

particles present ions molecules

electrical conductivity of solid poor poor

electrical conductivity of liquid good poor

(c) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between the following.

(i) solid and liquid strontium chloride

(ii) liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulphur chloride

(i) Draw the electronic structure of a nitrogen molecule.

The following results were obtained.

temperature rate of diffusion