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First Order Logic
First Order Logic
j) The best score in history was better than the best score in biology.
∀X ∀Y (best_score(history, X) ^ best_score(biology, Y) ) ⇒ better(X ,Y))
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Artificial Intelligence Sheet One Prepared By: Dr Muhanad Tahrir Younis
failed(X, biology)
o) Politicians can fool some of the people all the time, and they can fool all
of the people some of the time, but they cannot fool all of the people all
of the time.
∀X politician(X) ⇒
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Artificial Intelligence Sheet One Prepared By: Dr Muhanad Tahrir Younis
a) "All people that are not poor and are smart are happy. Those people
that read are not stupid. John can read and is wealthy. Happy people
have exciting lives."
We assume ∀X (smart (X) ≡ ¬ stupid (X)) and ∀Y (wealthy (Y) ≡ ¬ poor (Y)),
and get:
b) "Animals can outrun any animals that they eat. Carnivores eat other
animals. If x can outrun y and y can outrun z, than x can outrun
z. Lions eat zebras. Zebras can outran dogs. Dogs are Carnivores."
∀X ∀Y(eat(X,Y)⇒outrun(X,Y))
∀X∀Y(carnivores(X)⇒eat(X,Y))
∀X∀Y∀Z(outrun(X,Y) Λ outrun(Y, Z)⇒ outrun(X,Z))
eat(lion, zebra)
outrun(zebra, dog)
carnivores(dog)
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Artificial Intelligence Sheet One Prepared By: Dr Muhanad Tahrir Younis
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Artificial Intelligence Sheet One Prepared By: Dr Muhanad Tahrir Younis
Q4) Write down the steps for converting an arbitrary predicate logic
sentence into clausal form, and apply them to the following sentence: