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Full download Test Bank for Talaro’s Foundations in Microbiology, 11th Edition Barry Chess file pdf all chapter on 2024
Full download Test Bank for Talaro’s Foundations in Microbiology, 11th Edition Barry Chess file pdf all chapter on 2024
Full download Test Bank for Talaro’s Foundations in Microbiology, 11th Edition Barry Chess file pdf all chapter on 2024
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Test Bank for Talaro’s Foundations in Microbiology,
11th Edition Barry Chess
Full chapter at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-talaros-
foundations-in-microbiology-11th-edition-barry-chess-3/
Student name:__________
1) The scientific field called __________ is involved in the identification, classification, and
naming of organisms.
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Section : 01.06
Learning Outcome : Define taxonomy and its supporting terms classification, nomenclature, and identif
Gradable : automatic
2) The area of biology that states that living things undergo gradual structural and functional
changes over long periods of time is referred to as __________.
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Section : 01.07
Learning Outcome : Discuss the fundamentals of evolution, evidence used to verify evolutionary trends
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 1
3) Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed
__________.
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
ASM Objective : 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of m
Section : 01.01
Learning Outcome : Define microbiology and microorganisms, and identify the major organisms included
Topic : History of Microbiology
Gradable : automatic
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Section : 01.02
ASM Topic : Module 04 Information Flow
Learning Outcome : Describe the cellular makeup of microorganisms and their size range, and indicate
Topic : General Viral Properties
ASM Objective : 04.04 The synthesis of viral genetic material and proteins is dependent on host cells
Gradable : automatic
5) Specialized internal structures, called __________, are found in eukaryotes but not in
prokaryotes.
Version 1 2
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Section : 01.02
Learning Outcome : Describe the basic characteristics of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and t
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
Topic : Cellular Organization
ASM Objective : 02.04 While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protozoa, and algae) carry ou
Activity Type : New
Gradable : automatic
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Topic : Microbial Roles
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Section : 01.04
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Define what is meant by emerging and reemerging diseases.
Activity Type : New
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 3
A) decomposers.
B) prokaryotes.
C) pathogens.
D) eukaryotes.
E) fermenters.
Question Details
Learning Outcome : Review the roles of microorganisms as parasites and pathogens that cause infection
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Topic : Microbial Roles
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Section : 01.04
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Gradable : automatic
8) The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are
called
A) decomposers.
B) prokaryotes.
C) pathogens.
D) eukaryotes.
E) fermenters.
Version 1 4
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
Topic : Microbial Roles
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : State several ways that microbes are involved in the earth's ecosystems.
ASM Objective : 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other.
Section : 01.02
Gradable : automatic
9) The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called
A) decomposers.
B) prokaryotes.
C) pathogens.
D) eukaryotes.
E) fermenters.
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Section : 01.02
Learning Outcome : Describe the basic characteristics of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and t
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
ASM Objective : 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of m
Topic : Cellular Organization
Gradable : automatic
10) When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called
Version 1 5
A) bioremediation.
B) genetic engineering.
C) epidemiology.
D) immunology.
E) taxonomy.
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Name and define the primary areas included in microbiological studies.
ASM Topic : Module 04 Information Flow
ASM Objective : 04.05 Cell genomes can be manipulated to alter cell function.
Topic : Basics of Genetic Engineering
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Section : 01.01
Gradable : automatic
A) Mosquitoes
B) Protozoa
C) Bacteria
D) Viruses
E) Fungi
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Section : 01.01
Learning Outcome : Define microbiology and microorganisms, and identify the major organisms included
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 6
12) All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
ASM Objective : 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of m
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Section : 01.01
Learning Outcome : Define microbiology and microorganisms, and identify the major organisms included
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 7
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Discuss the ways microorganisms can be used to create solutions for environmental
ASM Topic : Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
ASM Objective : 06.03 Humans utilize and harness microorganisms and their products.
Topic : Food Microbiology
Bloom's : 03. Apply
Section : 01.03
Gradable : automatic
14) Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from
the other major groups of microorganisms?
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Section : 01.02
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Learning Outcome : Describe the cellular makeup of microorganisms and their size range, and indicate
ASM Objective : 02.05 The replication cycles of viruses (lytic and lysogenic) differ among viruses an
Topic : General Viral Properties
Topic : Viral structure
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 8
15) Who was the Dutch merchant that made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and
record microorganisms?
A) Francesco Redi
B) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Joseph Lister
E) Robert Koch
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
ASM Objective : 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of m
Learning Outcome : Outline the major events in the history of mirobiology, including the major contri
Topic : History of Microbiology
Section : 01.05
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 9
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Learning Outcome : Outline the major events in the history of mirobiology, including the major contri
Topic : History of Microbiology
Section : 01.05
ASM Objective : 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems.
Gradable : automatic
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Topic : History of Microbiology
Section : 01.05
Learning Outcome : Explain the main features of the scientific method, and differentiate between indu
ASM Topic : Module 07 Scientific Thinking
ASM Objective : 07.01a Ability to apply the process of science: Demonstrate an ability to formulate h
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 10
A) germs cause infectious diseases.
B) microbes are diverse and ubiquitous.
C) microbes placed in an infusion can grow in it.
D) aseptic techniques reduce microbes in medical settings.
E) living things arise from nonliving matter.
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Learning Outcome : Outline the major events in the history of mirobiology, including the major contri
Topic : History of Microbiology
Section : 01.05
ASM Topic : Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
ASM Objective : 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanica
Gradable : automatic
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Learning Outcome : Outline the major events in the history of mirobiology, including the major contri
Topic : History of Microbiology
Section : 01.05
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 11
20) Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?
A) Species
B) Phylum
C) Kingdom
D) Genus
E) Family
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Bloom's : 03. Apply
Learning Outcome : Explain how the levels of a taxonomic scheme relate to each other. Give the names
Section : 01.06
Gradable : automatic
A) Bacteria
B) Protista
C) Species
D) Bacillus subtilis
E) Bacilli
Version 1 12
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Section : 01.06
Learning Outcome : Recall the order of taxa and the system of notation used in creating scientific na
Learning Outcome : Describe the goals of nomenclature and how the binomial system is structured. Know
Section : 01.07
Gradable : automatic
A) nomenclature.
B) classification.
C) taxa.
D) identification.
E) Koch's postulates.
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Section : 01.06
Learning Outcome : Define taxonomy and its supporting terms classification, nomenclature, and identif
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 13
23) The smallest taxon is
A) genus.
B) species.
C) kingdom.
D) family.
E) phylum.
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Learning Outcome : Explain how the levels of a taxonomic scheme relate to each other. Give the names
Section : 01.06
Learning Outcome : Recall the order of taxa and the system of notation used in creating scientific na
Section : 01.07
Gradable : automatic
A) biotechnology.
B) genetics.
C) recombinant DNA.
D) phylogeny.
E) taxonomy.
Version 1 14
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Section : 01.06
Learning Outcome : Define taxonomy and its supporting terms classification, nomenclature, and identif
Gradable : automatic
25) A scientist studying similarities in the sequence of nucleotides in rRNA of two bacterial
species is working on
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Bloom's : 03. Apply
Section : 01.07
Learning Outcome : Explain the bases for classification, taxonomy, and nomenclature.
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 15
26) A scientist discovers a new microbial species. It is a single-celled eukaryote without cell
walls. In which kingdom will it likely be classified?
A) Monera
B) Protista
C) Fungi
D) Animalia
E) Plantae
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Bloom's : 03. Apply
Section : 01.07
Learning Outcome : Explain the bases for classification, taxonomy, and nomenclature.
ASM Objective : 02.04 While microscopic eukaryotes (for example, fungi, protozoa, and algae) carry ou
Gradable : automatic
27) A scientist collecting grass clippings to find the source of an outbreak of tularemia is an
example of working in the field of
A) food microbiology.
B) epidemiology.
C) agricultural microbiology.
D) genetic engineering.
E) biotechnology.
Version 1 16
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Name and define the primary areas included in microbiological studies.
Section : 01.01
Bloom's : 03. Apply
Topic : Epidemiology
Gradable : automatic
A) bacteria.
B) protozoa.
C) molds.
D) parasitic worms.
E) infectious particles.
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Section : 01.01
Learning Outcome : Define microbiology and microorganisms, and identify the major organisms included
Topic : Helminths
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 17
A) it occurs only in members of the kingdom Plantae .
B) carbon dioxide is converted to organic material.
C) it contributes to the oxygen content in the atmosphere.
D) it is fueled by light.
E) it is important to each ecosystem's flow of energy and food.
Question Details
Topic : Microbial Roles
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : State several ways that microbes are involved in the earth's ecosystems.
Section : 01.02
Bloom's : 02. Understand
ASM Topic : Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
ASM Objective : 03.02 The interactions of microorganisms among themselves and with their environment
Gradable : automatic
Question Details
Learning Outcome : Review the roles of microorganisms as parasites and pathogens that cause infection
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Topic : Microbial Roles
Section : 01.04
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 18
31) Who was the surgeon that advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to
surgery?
A) Joseph Lister
B) Ignaz Semmelweis
C) Robert Koch
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Outline the major events in the history of mirobiology, including the major contri
Topic : History of Microbiology
Section : 01.05
ASM Topic : Module 03 Metabolic Pathways
ASM Objective : 03.04 The growth of microorganisms can be controlled by physical, chemical, mechanica
Gradable : automatic
32) Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis?
A) Joseph Lister
B) Ignaz Semmelweis
C) Robert Koch
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Version 1 19
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Outline the major events in the history of mirobiology, including the major contri
Topic : History of Microbiology
Section : 01.05
Gradable : automatic
33) Which of the following lists the correct descending taxonomic hierarchy (left to right)?
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Learning Outcome : Explain how the levels of a taxonomic scheme relate to each other. Give the names
Section : 01.06
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 20
A) the species name is capitalized.
B) the species name is placed first.
C) the species name can be abbreviated.
D) both genus and species names are capitalized.
E) both genus and species names are italicized or underlined.
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
ASM Topic : Module 07 Scientific Thinking
Section : 01.06
Learning Outcome : Describe the goals of nomenclature and how the binomial system is structured. Know
ASM Objective : 07.03a Ability to communicate and collaborate with other disciplines: Effectively com
Gradable : automatic
35) In Whittaker's system, the protozoa and algae are classified in the kingdom
A) Monera.
B) Protista.
C) Mycetae.
D) Plantae.
E) Animalia.
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Section : 01.07
Learning Outcome : Explain the concepts behind the organization of the two main trees of life, and in
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 21
36) The scientist(s) that proposed assigning organisms to one of three domains is/are
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Section : 01.07
Learning Outcome : Explain the concepts behind the organization of the two main trees of life, and in
Gradable : automatic
A) Monera
B) Protista
C) Mycetae
D) Plantae
E) Animalia
Version 1 22
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
ASM Topic : Module 01 Evolution
ASM Objective : 01.05 The evolutionary relatedness of organisms is best reflected in phylogenetic tre
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
Section : 01.07
Learning Outcome : Explain the concepts behind the organization of the two main trees of life, and in
Gradable : automatic
38) Which of the following are the main decomposers of the Earth?
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
Topic : Microbial Roles
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : State several ways that microbes are involved in the earth's ecosystems.
ASM Objective : 05.03 Microorganisms and their environment interact with and modify each other.
Section : 01.02
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 23
A) HIV/AIDS.
B) stroke.
C) heart disease.
D) cancer.
E) malaria.
Question Details
Learning Outcome : Review the roles of microorganisms as parasites and pathogens that cause infection
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Topic : Microbial Roles
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Section : 01.04
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Gradable : automatic
A) Diarrheal diseases
B) Tuberculosis
C) Malaria
D) Septicemia
E) Influenza
Question Details
Learning Outcome : Review the roles of microorganisms as parasites and pathogens that cause infection
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Topic : Microbial Roles
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Section : 01.04
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 24
41) All of the following are correct about prokaryotes, except
Question Details
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Section : 01.02
Learning Outcome : Describe the basic characteristics of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells and t
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
Topic : Cellular Organization
Bloom's : 02. Understand
ASM Objective : 02.02 Bacteria have unique cell structures that can be targets for antibiotics, immun
Gradable : automatic
42) All of the following contribute to the rise of emerging diseases, except
Version 1 25
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Topic : Microbial Roles
Section : 01.04
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Learning Outcome : Define what is meant by emerging and reemerging diseases.
Gradable : automatic
A) Joseph Lister
B) Ignaz Semmelweis
C) Robert Koch
D) Ferdinand Cohn
E) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
ASM Topic : Module 02 Structure and Function
ASM Objective : 02.01 The structure and function of microorganisms have been revealed by the use of m
Learning Outcome : Outline the major events in the history of mirobiology, including the major contri
Topic : History of Microbiology
Section : 01.05
Gradable : automatic
44) Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of this bacterium?
Version 1 26
A) Staph Aureus
B) Staphylococcus Aureus
C) Staphylococcus aureus
D) Staphylococcus Aureus
E) S. Aureus
Question Details
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
ASM Topic : Module 07 Scientific Thinking
Section : 01.06
Learning Outcome : Describe the goals of nomenclature and how the binomial system is structured. Know
ASM Objective : 07.03a Ability to communicate and collaborate with other disciplines: Effectively com
Gradable : automatic
45) Where are you most likely to find prokaryotes belonging to the domain Archaea?
Version 1 27
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
Topic : Microbial Roles
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Topic : Taxonomy of Microorganisms
ASM Objective : 05.01 Microorganisms are ubiquitous and live in diverse and dynamic ecosystems.
Section : 01.07
Learning Outcome : Explain the concepts behind the organization of the two main trees of life, and in
Gradable : automatic
46) When microbes are introduced into the environment to restore stability, the process is
called
A) bioremediation.
B) genetic engineering.
C) epidemiology.
D) immunology.
E) taxonomy.
Question Details
Topic : Microbial Roles
Bloom's : 01. Remember
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Discuss the ways microorganisms can be used to create solutions for environmental
ASM Topic : Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Section : 01.03
ASM Objective : 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support li
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 28
47) In which of the following conditions is/are microbial infection often implicated as a
cause?
A) Gastric ulcers
B) Female infertility
C) Coronary artery disease
D) Cervical cancer
E) All of the choices are correct.
Question Details
Learning Outcome : Review the roles of microorganisms as parasites and pathogens that cause infection
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Topic : Microbial Roles
Section : 01.04
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Gradable : automatic
48) Cyanide is a chemical used to dissolve gold and is harmful to the environment and
organisms living there. A couple of biochemists came up with the idea of using the bacteria in
the genus Pseudomonas to break down the cyanide used by a gold mining company. Which term
refers to this use of bacteria?
A) Bioremediation
B) Immunoextraction
C) Decomposition
D) Bioextraction
E) Biosynthesis
Version 1 29
Question Details
Topic : Microbial Roles
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Discuss the ways microorganisms can be used to create solutions for environmental
ASM Topic : Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
ASM Objective : 06.03 Humans utilize and harness microorganisms and their products.
Bloom's : 03. Apply
Section : 01.03
Gradable : automatic
A) Agricultural Microbiology
B) Epidemiology
C) Biotechnology
D) Immunology
E) Industrial Microbiology
Question Details
ASM Topic : Module 05 Systems
ASM Objective : 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman h
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
Learning Outcome : Name and define the primary areas included in microbiological studies.
Bloom's : 02. Understand
Section : 01.01
Topic : Hypersensitivities
Gradable : automatic
Version 1 30
Another random document with
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favorably received. Boieldieu was not yet ripe for operatic
composition, but at least these works furthered his career in that
they obtained him the privilege of free entrance to other operatic
performances, and thus his experience and taste were gradually
expanded.
The partial success fired his heart sufficiently for him to leave
Rouen and seek Paris for the second time. This time he carried with
him thirty francs, an operatic score, and an abundance of self-
confidence. He was now nineteen years old. His reception was the
chilling one usually accorded to young composers in Paris, and very
soon he began to feel the nippings of hunger, which put the thoughts
of public success out of his head for the nonce, and drove him to
teaching piano. He however had the good fortune to make the
acquaintance of the celebrated tenor Garat, and this gentleman
became interested in him, and finally sang some of his chansons in
public and in fashionable drawing-rooms. These little songs soon
found favor, and Boieldieu became gradually known through them.
M. Cochet, the publisher, paid him twelve francs each for these
productions, a figure which seems ridiculous until one remembers
that Schubert sometimes accepted a franc or two for some of his
immortal lieder. Some of these early works of Boieldieu are still in
the musical repertoire, and are occasionally heard in concerts, as for
example, “O toi que j’aime,” and “Menestrel,” and they served at the
time to spread the social success of the composer. Finally Boieldieu
made the acquaintance of Fiévée, the novelist, who wrote for him a
short libretto in one act, “La Dot de Suzette,” and this opera, after
many intrigues and jealousies, achieved performance and success,
thanks to a bright libretto, sparkling melodies, and the excellent
performance of Madame St. Aubin.
Boieldieu’s prospects now changed with Aladdin-like suddenness,
for his next opera, “La Famille Suisse,” was performed at the Theatre
Feydeau for thirty nights in alternation with Cherubini’s “Medee,”
and thus early began that connection with the great Italian maestro,
at that time the best musician in France, which was to be so fruitful
of good results to the new favorite. In 1798 Boieldieu turned for a
while from operatic work, and composed a number of piano sonatas,
piano and harp duets, and a piano concerto. Although these
exercised no permanent influence on the art, they obtained for him
the appointment of professor of piano at the Paris Conservatoire, two
years later. In this position, however he was not very successful; he
was too much wrapped up in composition to make a good teacher.
The musical historian Fétis, who was his pupil, confirms this
estimate; but the post at the Conservatoire led to a close
acquaintance with Cherubini, by which Boieldieu began to remedy
his lack of knowledge of counterpoint and fugal work. Although Fétis
denies that Boieldieu was ever the pupil of Cherubini, there is every
reason to believe that this was the case, even if a regular stipend was
not paid for the tuition. The very fact that in 1799 the two worked in
collaboration on “La Prisonnière” might tend to show that Boieldieu
was anxious to attain something of Cherubini’s musical learning, and
his submission of many later operas to the judgment of this master
proves that he was willing to be guided by him.
About this time Boieldieu produced two operas that carried his
fame beyond his native country; these were the Polish “Benjowski”
and the very tuneful “Caliph of Bagdad,” both of which will receive
further mention in the analytical portion of this article. A little later
there appeared a more advanced work,—“Ma Tante Aurore.” The
success was now so well established that all Parisian managers
sought for works from the gifted pen, and opera followed opera.
From a lithograph.
One of the most unique and interesting figures in the French musical
world of the close of the eighteenth century is Etienne Nicolas
Méhul. Sprung from comparative obscurity, he mounted to a world-
wide fame. Starting out in life with the scantiest educational
advantages, he reached a high degree of elegant culture. Living in a
most dissolute period, he retained through life an irreproachable
character. The son of a cook in a regimental barracks, he was
tendered the position of chapelmaster by the great Napoleon.
Méhul was born at Givet, in the Ardennes, June 22, 1763. Like
many other great composers, he was of low degree, had but few
opportunities for study at the start, and struggled hard to gain his
musical footing. His talent displayed itself at an early age and he
himself never had a doubt as to his ultimate vocation in life, though
his naturally religious disposition had predetermined his parents to
send him to a monastery. At ten years of age he played in the
Franciscan Church at Givet, such qualifications as he may have had
being the result of his studies with a blind organist. Shortly after this
time, Wilhelm Hauser, a distinguished German organist, arrived at
the neighboring convent of La Val Dieu, whither the boy repaired to
pursue his studies. He was fortunate enough to attract the favorable
attention of the Abbé Lissoir, under whose auspices he studied for
three years with Hauser. He made such rapid progress that he soon
equalled his master and was appointed deputy organist at the
convent. It is altogether probable that he would have been his
successor had not good fortune attended him again. His playing
attracted the notice of an officer of the garrison, who was a musical
amateur, and it needed but little solicitation to induce the boy to go
to Paris. He arrived at the capital in his sixteenth year and placed
himself under the tuition of Edelmann, a Strasburg composer of
eminence, who some years afterward deserted music for politics and
perished ultimately upon the same scaffold to which he had
consigned many a victim. With Edelmann he studied both the piano
and composition, supporting himself meanwhile by giving lessons
and writing sonatas and minor compositions for that instrument.
The genius of his good fortune did not desert him in these days of
stress. It was shortly after his arrival in Paris that Gluck’s “Iphigénia
en Tauride” was placed in rehearsal. The popular interest in the
performance had been heightened by the feud which had raged so
bitterly between the Gluck and Piccini factions. Méhul caught the
infection and, being without the money to purchase a ticket, he
smuggled himself into the theatre the day before, intending to
remain in concealment until the next eventful evening. He was
discovered, however, by one of the inspectors, and as the latter was
on the point of ejecting him, Gluck’s attention was drawn to him. He
made some inquiries, and upon learning the facts in the case gave the
young man a ticket. It was the turning-point in his career and
decided the direction he should take; for Gluck followed up the
chance acquaintance, took a decided interest in Méhul, gave him the
benefit of his experience and advice and instructed him in the
dramatic qualities of music. The young composer already had
produced a cantata at the Concert Spirituel, written upon the subject
of Rousseau’s Sacred Ode, and was ambitious to become known as a
composer of church music, for the religious element was always
strong in him; but Gluck changed all this and set his feet in the path
of the opera, which he was destined to follow to the end of his life.
MÉHUL.
Méhul made his parting bow to the public with the opera of “La
Journée aux Aventures,” which was produced in 1817 with
considerable success. The same year closed his earthly labors. He
had been in ill health for some time, and shortly after the production
of his last opera he went, upon the advice of friends, to the south of
France, where he had a residence, hoping thereby to regain his
strength. His ailment, consumption, however, had so weakened his
constitution that the change was fruitless. Moreover, he was
homesick for Paris. In writing to a friend he mournfully says: “I have
broken up all my habits. I am deprived of all my old friends, I am
alone at the end of the world, surrounded by people whose language
I can scarcely understand—and all this sacrifice to obtain a little
more sun. The air which best agrees with me is that which I breathe
among you.” He returned to Paris, warmly welcomed by his friends
and the public. He made one, and only one more visit to the opera.
He was soon stricken down in his last illness and died Oct. 18, 1817,
in his fifty-fourth year, universally lamented both in France and
Germany, for, like his pupil Hérold, he was as much of a favorite in
the latter country as in the former. In fact neither of these composers
was appreciated to the full extent of his ability in France, at least
until after death, a neglect which was not confined to them, however:
Berlioz shared the same fate. More than one French composer
indeed has made his greatest success in Germany. Tributes of respect
and admiration were shown to his memory in both countries. His
funeral was attended by a great concourse of persons, and the pupils
of the Conservatory with which he had been identified so many
years, covered his grave with flowers. On the day of his interment
memorial services were held in many places in Germany and France
at which public addresses were made. Méhul married a daughter of
Dr. Gastoldi, but having no children adopted his nephew, M.
Daussoigne, a young musician of excellent promise. His posthumous
opera, “Valentine de Milan,” was finished by the nephew and was
performed in 1822, upon which occasion the composer’s bust was
publicly crowned. The popular success, indeed, which he achieved as
a composer, was unquestionably expedited by his high character as a
man. His uprightness and natural tenderness had commended him
to all the pupils of the Conservatory, and his strong affections did the
same service for him with his friends. His generosity and
benevolence were proverbial. The utter absence of jealousy in his
disposition especially commended him to musicians. He had a
particular abhorrence of intrigue and of those small rivalries which
were abundant at that time, and which sometimes developed into
great wars, as has already been hinted at in the reference to the
famous struggle between the factions of Gluck and Piccini, which not
only enrolled musicians, composers and opera-goers in opposing
ranks, but even brought courtiers, the nobility and members of the
royal family into fierce antagonism. In the midst of all this small
turbulence Méhul had carried himself with even poise, working for
the best interest of his art and always true to its canons, though he
made many tentative innovations when fortune frowned upon him.
At a time of more than ordinary dissipation and immorality, he
maintained the highest moral principles and a sterling manhood. It
was but natural, therefore, that such a man should have been
mourned sincerely, and it may have added to public admiration that
he had reached his high distinction by his own efforts, rising from
rude and obscure beginnings to the summit of European fame.
Méhul was the legitimate successor of Gluck. It was that
composer’s “Iphigénie,” as we have seen, that first caught his fancy,
fired his ambition and directed his attention to dramatic
composition. It was owing to Gluck himself, who at once recognized
the ability of the young musician, that his feet were set in the right
path, and it was to his advice and instruction—the instruction of a
friend rather than of a teacher—that he owed his discovery and
appreciation of the dramatic quality of music. Other composers,
among them Cherubini, had a certain influence upon him, but Gluck
was the all in all of his system, the source of his inspiration and the
dominant element of his methods of treatment. He clung to dramatic
truth with as much tenacity as did the great author of “Orpheus” and
the “Iphigénias” and strove with the same earnestness to make his
music a close and perspicuous illustration of the text, and to keep it
elevated in style. Meanwhile his own nature was assisting him. Style
and character are closely related, and Méhul’s music is a reflection of
his own personal traits, namely, refinement of sentiment,
seriousness and earnestness of presence, strong religious tendencies
as shown in the opera—or shall we not call it oratorio—of “Joseph,”
and nobility of character as shown in all his dramatic work. His style
is always elevated, though at times he made the effort to unite light
and graceful melodies of the effervescent and short-lived sort which
find so much favor on the French stage. He was not successful in
these, however. He was more at home in passion and pathos, in
strong, broad motives, rich harmony and ingenious and elaborate
accompaniments. In a word, his standards, like those of Gluck, in
whose steps he followed so closely, were classical and of the highest
romantic type. At times he was daring and ingenious in his
innovations, as in “Ariodant,” where four horns and three ’cellos
carry on an animated conversation; in “Phrosine et Mélidore,” where
four horns have a full part in the score; and in “Uthal,” where the
violas are substituted for the violins, as already has been mentioned.
These, however, were only experiments, though they serve to show
his originality of conception as well as his curious scholarship—a
scholarship all the more remarkable when the poverty of his early
training is considered. And yet he did more than almost any other of
his contemporaries to elevate the Opera Comique, and has come
down in musical history as one of the principal founders of the
modern French School.