DIGESTION

- Process of changing food digestive enzymes and vitamins, mineral released

AMYLASE
- Breakdown of carbohydrates
PROTEASE
- Breakdown of proteins
LIPASE
- Breakdown of fats
SALIVARY AMYLASE / PTYALIN
- Produce inside the mouth
PANCREATIC AMYLASE
- Secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine
INVERTASE
- Catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose into fructose and glucose
GLUCOSE > DISACCHARIDES > MONOSACCHARIDES

PROTEASES OR PROTEIN – SPLITTING ENZYMES

- Secreted as zymogens or inactive
PEPSINOGEN
- Stomach acid into protease pepsin from gastric glands
PEPTIDASE
- From goblet cells of the small intestine
CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN
It gets into digestive tract and turn into chymotrypsin

LIPASE OR FAT- SPLITTING ENZYMES

GASTRIC LIPASE
- From the stomach breaks down short and medium- chain
- Infancy found in the mother’s milk
PANCREATIC LIPASE
- From pancreas, digestion of triacylglycerol in G1
NUCLEASES OR NUCLEIC ACID – SPLITTING ENZYMES
RIBONUCLEASE RNase
- Degradation of RNA into smaller components
DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE DNase
- From the pancreas
NUCLEIC ACID DIGESTION
Small intestine
ABSORPTION
- Mechanical and digestive processes, absorbed by the epithelial cells of intestinal villi
10 LITERS OF FOOD
80 PERCENT OF ELECTROLYTES
90 PERCENT OF WATER

ABSORPTION CAN OCCUR FIVE MECHANISMS

Active transport
Passive diffusion
Co-transport
Endocytosis

DIFFUSION
- Molecules from high concentration to low concentration
OSMOSIS
- Movement of solvent across a semipermeable membrane
CHANNEL PROTEIN
- Stays open all the time non gated and allows ions and water to flow
CARRIER PROTEINS
- Binding site changes shape to carry the substance
FACILITATED DIFFUSION - Along their concentration gradient guided by the presence of
another molecule
TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS
Channel proteins
Carrier proteins
BULK TRANSPORT- Are too large to move through a channel protein used to move the “ bulk “
BULK TRANSPORT
Endocytosis – movement of substances into cell
Exocytosis – movement of materials out of the cell

METABOLISM
- Sum total of all the biochemical, remains the same for 40 years processes about 6 tons
of solid food and 10,000 gallons
METABOLISM
- Demanding processes such as protein synthesis, DNA replication RNA
METABOLIC REACTIONS FALL OF TWO SUBTYPES
Catabolism – broken down to smaller ones and usually release
Anabolism – joined together to form larger ones, require energy in order to proceed

METABOLIC PATHWAY
- Series of consecutive, used to convert starting material into end product
ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE - present in RNA molecules
ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE - contains two phosphoryl group
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE - contains three phosphoryl group
PHOSPHORYL GROUP – functional group ion that is part of another molecule
PHOSPHOANHYRIDE
- Chemical bond formed two phosphate groups react with each other
FAD ( FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ) – Oxidized form of molecule
FADH2 – Molecule two additional hydrogen atoms, reduced form
NADH ( NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ) – B vitamin
COENZYME A ( COA –SH ) –- metabolic pathways is A three sub unit and six sub unit block
ACETYL GROUP - Acetic acid molecule bonds to CoA- SH through thioester bond
HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND – Greater free energy of hydrolysis differ called STRAINED BONDS

THE CIRCLE ACID CYCLE

- Reactions in which acetyl portion of acetyl CoA oxidized and reduce coenzymes
- FADH2 NADH
INTERMEDIATE PRODUCT CRITIC ACID
- Known as the Krebs cycle
HANS ADOLF KREBS
- Who discovered Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle German biochemist 1953 nobel prize in
medicine
CRITIC ACID
- Three carboxylate groups is present
BULK TRANSPORT