How do rectal and oral

temperatures differ?
Rectal temperatures are generally 0.4°C (0.7°F)
higher than oral readings. Lower oral readings
may be due to mouth breathing in patients with
respiratory infections or rapid breathing.
Three general categories of causes of syncope are
1. Neurally mediated syncope (reflex or
vasovagal),
2. Orthostatic hypotension, and
3. Cardiac syncope.
Understanding the different categories of
syncope is essential for guiding the diagnostic
workup and management.
Which of the following is NOT considered a
main feature in the diagnosis of interstitial
cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS)?

Chronic pelvic pain perceived to be related to the bladder

Lower urinary tract symptoms such as frequency and

urgency

Symptoms persisting for at least 6 weeks

Presence of a bacterial infection

D Presence of a bacterial infection

The diagnosis of IC/BPS requires

chronic pelvic pain perceived to be
related to the bladder, lower urinary
tract symptoms lasting at least 6
weeks, and absence of infection or
other identifiable causes. Presence of
a bacterial infection would exclude the
diagnosis of IC/BPS.