Assume that the excerpts below represent notes you have taken from multiple sources on The

Newspaper. Read it carefully and answer the question that follows.

1. The newspaper is not a unitary thing. Six distinguishable functions have been combined during
the historical evolution of the newspaper, and the congeries needs they represent, originally
independent, are now fused and met with the production of a printed sheet. Generally, the newspaper
represents "a bundle of utilities." The six functions of the newspaper are: 1. News function: bringing to
readers a fresh account of contemporary happenings; the dissemination of information concerning
timely events. 2. Editorial function: commenting upon events and happenings, and the fashioning of
opinions with respect to the contemporary world. 3. Backgrounding function: providing of
supplementary or enriching information in terms of which the news events may be understood better.
4. Entertainment function: providing miscellaneous materials in a wide variety of forms, designed for the
diversion and entertainment of the reader. 5. Advertising function: serving as a sales medium. 6.
Encyclopedic function: providing miscellaneous non-news materials for the general instruction or
information of readers.

Title: The Functions of the Newspaper

Author(s): Malcolm M. Willey

Source: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 219, (Jan., 1942), pp.
18-24

2. The content and the audiences of the mass media have been scrutinized with increasing skill and
precision for two decades, and more recently progress has been made in conceptualizing the mass
communication process1 and in assessing the effects of the mass media. The mass communicator
himself has been studied, and in some inquiries specific attention has been given to the "gatekeeper"
role of the newsman who decides what the public may read. Studies of news "gatekeepers" have
included attention to the role of the desk editor and to the characteristics of the newsman as assessed
by aptitude tests. There has been relatively little attention to research into such matters as morale,
factors in worker productivity, and "human relations" within the newspaper organization.

Title: Newspaper "Gatekeepers" and the Sources of News

Author(s): Roy E. Carter, Jr.

Source: The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 2 (Summer, 1958), pp. 133-144

3. Voters are often uncertain as to which candidate to support when going to the and may thus
attempt to gather information regarding candidates from better informed One important potential
source for such information is the media, which has traditionally viewed a key ingredient in the
development of a well-functioning democracy. Potential role for the media in providing information to
voters is widely recognized, significant concern among voters and political commentators alike that such
information not be sufficiently objective. According to recent survey data, over one-half of that the
media is politically biased in its reporting, and these perceptions of increased over time. If voters are
unsophisticated adequately account for any political bias in information provided by the media sources
may systematically improve electoral outcomes.
Title: Media Bias and Influence: Evidence from Newspaper Endorsements

Author(s): Chun-Fang Chiang and Brian Knight

Source: The Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 78, No. 3 (July 2011), pp. 795-820

4. The novel is a literary genre; the newspaper most emphatically is not. The reality that the
newspaper transmits more or less directly is translated, or transmuted, by the novelist into aesthetic
terms. In practice, the line of demarcation is much less clear, and at one time, notably during the
eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in England and France, the newspaper and the novel
overlapped considerably in both function and form. Dictionary distinctions are of little help. Webster s
Third New International Dictionary defines a newspaper as "a paper that is printed and distributed ... at
regular and usually short intervals and that contains news, articles of opinion . . . features.” For purposes
of this demonstration (and so as not to lose the alliterative pair), newspaper is to be understood in its
most inclusive sense, as a printed periodical concerned with topics of present interest.

Title: Newspapers And Novels: Some Common Functions And Themes

Author(s): Priscilla P. Clark

Source: Studies in the Novel, Vol. 7, No. 2 (summer 1975), pp. 166-180

5. Elite newspapers are among the largest media outlets in the United States in terms of circulation
size. They are leading newspapers with regard to the coverage of international news and views, drawing
readers from every state and around the world. USA Today ranks first in terms of circulation but is last
among the top five in terms of international news coverage and editorials. Los Angeles Times ranks
fourth in terms of circulation but is considered to be a regional newspaper and does not have the same
effect among policy makers. The Washington Post is not a national newspaper but is the leading
newspaper in the nation’s capital. In addition, elite newspapers such as The New York Times serve an
intermedia agenda-setting function for other news sources, in particular with regard to the coverage of
international events and issues.

Title: A Discourse Analysis of Elite American Newspaper Editorials: The Case of Iran’s Nuclear
Program

Authors: Foad Izadi & Hakimeh Saghaye-Biria

Source: Journal of Communication Inquiry, Volume 31 Number 2, April 2007, pp. 140-165

6. The word newspaper suggests that its main function is to give news. Despite this, it is used to
educate, enlighten or entertain people. The newspaper also seeks to influence public opinion on
political, economic and other matters. Newspapers can provide a medium of information to those who
do not have television, radio or the internet.

Title: Newspaper Style: Stylistic Features Of The Headlines

Author: K. Šiauliai,

Source: Šiauliai University, Unpublished Bachelor Thesis, New Delhi, India 2015
7. Newspapers form the nexus of this news discourse in Ghana. The most provocative and
influential news stories circulating through mass media and into the public sphere are produced by the
state and private press. In Ghana, as in other postcolonies, news discourse is divided into two distinctive
genres, the state press and the private press.

Title: The press and political culture in Ghana

Authors: Jennifer Hasty

Source: 2005, Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press

8. News from newspapers in Ghana may not be as pervasive as it is in the UK, but the normative
picture portrayed above is relevant to the Ghanaian situation. The optimistic view is based on an
understanding of the history and role of the Ghanaian press and the various changes that have occurred
in the Ghanaian society and (media) economy. The media environment in Ghana in recent times has
radically transformed, following the return to constitutional democracy in 1992. The rigid state controls
and repressive regulations against the media during the previous autocratic regimes that dominated a
greater part of post-independence Ghana gave way to continuous liberalisation of the economy and
democratic institutions, including the mass media.

Title: A Linguistic Description Of The Language Of Ghanaian Newspapers: Implications For The
Readability, Comprehensibility And Information Function Of The Ghanaian Press

Author: Modestus Fosu

Source: Ghana Journal of Linguistics, Volume 5 Number 1, April 2016, pp. 1-36

9. Newspapers serve a mass audience, and the members of that audience possess diverse
capabilities and interests. To convey information to a mass audience news-writers try to present the
news in an as interesting and captivating manner as possible, so that almost everyone wants to read it. It
is said that the best printed material in the world is worthless, if no one reads it and the job of selling
the newspapers falls, in large part to the news presented, to special rules and, of course, to the stylistic
devices and expressive means. Newspapers possess their own language with its peculiarities, forms,
structures and elements.

Title: Newspaper Language as a Separate Variety of English Author:

Rima Arakelyan Source: Yerevan
State University, Unpublished Bachelor’s Degree, May 2015,

10. Newspapers are nearly everywhere, a global form of national discourse. Wherever there are
nation-states, there are newspapers to continually imagine, antagonize, and reinforce them. As the set
of professional practices for producing newspapers, journalism is a globalized discursive regime whose
ethical and political imperatives seem to transcend the cultural and historical particularities so central to
the globalized discursive regime of anthropology.
Title: Performing power, composing culture The state press in Ghana Jennifer Hasty

Author: Rima Arakelyan Source:

Journal of Ethnography, Volume 7 Number 1, April 2016, pp. 69-98

Question

Using the reference details of ALL the sources above, provide an APA reference list.