UN IT I?

SbLUTIOn THERMODYNAMJC

0 lntensive Propertie
Do not depend mass ov mol (Independent b
Thermial canductvity vitcoiy
Eatensve froperties
9Vowme,, Swace Ar ea,
Depenod Dh
int ernel Cnergy Poterti at Cnerg
Eztensve propert
Dr u e
secije propcrty
a state Variables (br uncton)
state o the syte
Depend ony n the nalpeth
DDes not dpend on the elbwed.
E4 Iternal Encrgy. Ptental Energy anhapy
Patth Varinbles (by qun ctims)
achieve the cwrres
- Depend bn the path olooed to
state

GtBBS PHASE RULE

For bony system at Ther odynanc Equiibrium
where, f Peyreec yreedv
Miniyu number o independent
varí ables need to be specífed
t conpbre nt (chenical Specles)
P No.

1vtensivee state Properties Cn be en pressed as a

unchin "F" todependert vari bles.
 |-+ 2 (B oth T& p)

SAtrated water oith steany

F -2+2|

3) water- Ett AnblLi uid kuzte

2-|t 2 3

woter - Eth anl iztwe

F: 2-2 t 2 = 2

Fundametal Property Relations or closed systey

Fivst Law Thermed ynaics
re the

Work

)
Ehtrepy
dU= d a t d

dU Tas Pdv

Enthalpy (H)
dHdUt Pdy + Vdf
6) Helmholte Eneg ()
AU-TS

aibbs Energy (G)

G H -TS

rentiating

dG Vdp-S dT

MAXwELL RELATIDnS
Let

M=
),
 Eqns. to cen be repvecerted in the or t cq. )
ea. ( can be oritte

Eq

dH T s t VdP

S) (),
Eq. dA =-PdV - SdT
(2

() -B). B)

Dvee Man oeee

ALL the ter s Q, w, V, U, H,S, A, G are cter Specijt
(pr unit ass) Dy golar Cper wnit mot).
cHEMI POTETIAL
(3)
(3/ Mo)
Consiaer a miztre o copones
nD. holes
Total ne. b eles
 T,
;) 4(e, G=
(9) d2; i +oTap-S V|oG
Selutin
1,n
dn dT
Systen
(B4). Dpen For
stat. reains
con clesn" no.
eacion,
l cherical nophae,& s'ngle For
Oeg. FrSysten,
on closed aFor
G
ni/ (
G+5)
eyined Ct.conpnent
is"" Potentia ChenuC
pel
 H= G t TS
Enthalpy 2)
H=

Iype o fquilibrium Potetie

Mecha col
Ther wal
Chewcet

# Twb PHASES IN EQUILIBgIUM (LoÇED SYtEM)

Consi dey Two phyes & . ave
Lquilibriu in closed Sy otem PhaeI
Eq.19
Phale 2

dG

Using E4. or cLDSED Syte

Mess Consev t n pies

Swbst'tuTg Chesu'cal
Lritería tor
Equilibíy
# PART AL P ROPERTIES
A paral (motar br speic) preprty way be degnef

- Mízture Rpex
where , ME Mb) ar Preperty Totel ADle

We
knowthat
irtre
Property
M' M(T, P, n)
dn

As

Substituting -
M;nd
ni

dT

P.ni Tini

As both n & dr cot independet quanties,

AU t e r s (o sqware bYaltet Anet be
 dM
() P,ni
,n;

& M M

Cquivaletly
ldeal aa iture

Rf

Partia volunMe V

Tis resut contDrict ey. 22 nd

FUGACITY
For
From eg; ,
RT dP

For a Reat ad, p is veplaced aith sugacity (f)

As Ga is nt abolute, f s alco ot Debselue prope"y

 (24y betoee
integreti state | & stote 2

alenf)

RT

RT 5)
t oteI is

? Rea gas ap prbaches ldeal qa bihwi

belas

29
where, Fugacty Cogj ört
Residual Property :
Co wpressibi ity" Factor
V PV
RTlP RT

P
d (ln f) P

D bot sides
P

d enF)- d(tn ) (2-)

 l n l :(2-1)
[)
Numericle bed on
ln Sem E 2022 22

aive.

Calcn ate
fugacity At

frow ee. (27)

1-t.b036-)
Ln P

-0- DD36 P

- D.bD3G XID-D, D3

D. 965

’ f

e D-835
f yi76
 oata r Co t 23 .

Calcwate: at G) yDo bar

25 o.999 - 4eyxI
Trap tioidal Rrde
-259x\p
2D
2482 62b5X|67

2:D819

(OP= 50 bkr

Ln P

Nhericat litgathen uing Tyapezsidal Rule

25
2
P
25

P uOD b ar 2D6
1DO

25
2g

+
205
 25
2

5b
2 (-4-14%64 23 59X\64)
2.
(-2-59x 16+ 9. &X165)
+
20
2 (9.g x16+ bo205 x164)

ep (o. o3) = |37

f = ul. bar

Liquids
@ Liqids with Mbderate vepor pvessre
Fur the state o vapor-liauid equi librium,
1gecity vapor is sane as vapor pressure
P, = vapor ipressure
As the qid is in eyillnun with the vapor

Non Vol atíle. iquids

vapey pYessye is very Low
A new propery is deined
herivity
whereI .f curent state uyazry
f.fo = Stard ard state bugacihy
 TS) t(G
T2
()
press
re stat cOn
ind wLet
derivtiye the Dut
R1
-P v(f
P)v(P- =vap
isotheryal
syste
areLiqids
RT(enf) a d
Eeot T on hetivity

ot
'entiating

H
-
Ho-f
RT
 UN 2.
# Binar Slutions
Partiat Preperties
Cnsder a binary selut'bn
h, = ADles
n, tles o conponet 2
Tot al woles
Mizture propertvn (ntn)v

(>v

M = Miature (oy solution) property nM

M = Molar property M
Partial property conpont
M
M, M+
M + (hitn
n

’ M, dn,

Mel ractin conp bnent 2 is given byby

Digrenti atig with respe ct to n cons.

keepig

dn:
Substit uting in eg
M
M, = M 2

As d -d

M = M+(1-)) 2M

Pwe conponent Factial Proputy

riad property o re copohent i
pure Mi by

Partal propety pre cowpret 2

Malar proprty t Pure copbnent (M:)

For pure coupthent I

Sub stitvirg
br b
M,
Siálary y Pure compunent2
M M,
Partioe Property ot tngihte atlutien (M)
Postiad property conpneat II ot injnte dil ton
eN aluated when the conenrabn ok other
compDnest s inf fhite
Numerical Dn Partal Property
tn-Se 2,022-23
q.2). Giyen.
Melau Erthalpy a binary soltien

Partil

Reoriting h
50D,t 1o00() + 50 l - ) + 40(l-2)

w.r,t,

Sub stituting

2-lD0 t50

Di46erertie
55D - (202 3b
 Let

From eq.

- 601- 36)

540-.6Dx + 20

t 30

Molar fnthalpy pure cohpone4s

 2497y'l D.2x83247
83247
MD
5x10 D2
24. V
8326.62.
o] v'
2. nV v'=
hole Tetol (ne
3)
65Xb b7 I6
+ 632x 38. D.3x
that know we
Volame pte cl Cod
18.o
68 ter, Pwew volune Moler
4D.727 methnol,
V= Pre volume
e Molar
x5
=7,765x16 Oater, volume
oh al tiar P
wot i/
2setetio,
V' volume
ot Art
aveni R36)
water 2-
22-28 -SeM In
[E].
220
 puie etharo) Ýquired

Volne et pue watey reqired

V , V, 58273 x 18. b69x16

aibbs - duhem fq.

Mizture Propery

d' aP +2 dn

t constat T & P

(15)
This is aibks- Duhem Eq. (oginal torm).
2 chenical ptential speeiy
 ndM

aivide by dn,

() dn, - dn,)

Cibbs- Duher t4
alse be

As d u;' RT dln f). ea. () car

n er S Coegyicient
 UNIT-3: VA9 0UR- LIQUID ERULIBRUM

Phae Rwei Determines lntensive st afe

ID. unkMOWn yari ables Ao, o tndepedet
equatir
Let to. o CDhpnerds
P= No. oh phases

Tot al n e r o lntensive Unknoon variables

2 t (c- ) P
Tot al nMnb r ln oependent Eqilibriun equtio
(p-)c
2 +(c-)P- (P-)c

ntensie state o a phxe

oyder to deteYwine
intensive yeriabes
Equibriwm SYster,F nuhber o
heed be spe ciied.
Auheu's TueoreM
es etncíve state
-eter wnes a phae equiibriom sste
Total nwuber 1 Eatensive Unknoon Variables
Tota htensive, vRri ables t
mUwber phaes
2+ C-)P + P =

Total Auyber lndep en dent equoions

tquilibriud eg. t+ Material bolase egas
CP
 F any closed syste Med yoM knoun o o t
ant chenical spccies,
pyescripet species, the eguiriun state
is conupletely deter mined when ang two indepertrt
Variables are j2ed.
criteric t r Ph se Eqilibriun
Tre Eqitibriuna Criteria
Con st ont T
hernmal
Mechnicl Conctant p
Adcitibna critria to be
Theroaygnane
clausus Inegualit

First Lww y Ther odynamics

dtd

s ubstittirg in
 Minimun is
ve
mazimum is AG
ABE UNST is
Osystem phases (A the
tionb, dican 7iven nder
be
EquilibriwM
Syste ase Ph
Eqnilbrim Phase stabiuty
stituting
eyin Sut
free Gibb's
T,
Constant
P. . 3?case
e4..
sbstittingin
Lney HelmholB2
Free TS U- A
&V srat
T Con Case2
R aouts Law
a srlution eerts v apur pressre

where, ol y a cti on , conponent in soldtior

P P re cunuponent Vaper pressuve
CEn si der a Binay solutien in equi libriuna oith
vapor,
Vapor Pvess ure eerted by conponent 1: P, , ,
Vaper presswre eerted
At AuiRbriun, Tot ol presswre. eeted by
vapor phase is
b the
P P, + P =

(, -
Using Dal
al ton's
ton's Law, partia pressre in vapor
phese
P

tomeining with Rabults Law

P. , 7, P &
* Liqid phase. ratn
tdeal Soltin
A soluten ie be called IDEAL i1 it satisies
ottowing riteria
The cbwpenets
chenicall y sinilor
2) Tere is no Vol e Dn

3) There is Dr
Terupey ature chen9
B The coupnents tbey Raolt's Law.
La
End-Sen 2022
Griven: For a Benzne Toluene systenn
B
Antoine

cOpDnd A

Bengne 3859y2773.72 22D. o7

Toluent 4. DO983163- DI 2|9-79

, o 33 T= lo°c. Find
1 ’Bengene 2 9 Toluene

Ucing Antoine q Vapov pressure o Pe

Ben zine & Tolqene deterined
2773 78

P 180.D5 kie
3103. o)
|u.oDg8 -
100t 219.73
2

2 4:18 kPa
usng e

|o9.12 Lfa

D.33 120
10912

P=
D. 33

From e. t
S

’ 5u5. (l , 7418 + 1D5.877,

u39.741 17418

92: 715 LPa

& P 12 LPa, find

Trial & Errvy et ubd.

110 234.I| 99.56

2.06.72 86.13 I25.6
2D0.3 83.63 I22: 6
I3 195.14 81: 18
103.5 | 197. 74 82 4
 |63.4 p'
P, |97.2 kra
197.22
Lest il
P 20.12 LPa

:.|T=o3.4°c
b. 33x 19722
4.)
120

whicth do nott Lriteria or tdeal

AU the soltions

do not obey kRao aw, the

As Non- ldeal sol utions
Frgerty "hchvity" is used.
For a vapor- Liquid Equilbriun, Fugaity cDmporert i
P

where,
P Total pressre
éaz Vapor phae wol racion
Aeiviy cOnponent sol vtion is deined
Actu Portial Pyessure
1de al cse Prtil Pvessere

fUr a
Binry solutior in Vapor - Liquid cqilíbjm

Tot e pressuei
 End Se 2022
I ’ c y ohenne 2 ben2ene
@.2@) Given :
P = 24.62 kPa

> Y,=exp (o.u5g )

o.u O.

58 |341 1.179 |.076

Y,= exp (o.u6g) I.59
076 179 .34L
15.9 20 24.62

24.u| 19.89 15.76

24.4 |264& 2737 27.41 26-55 24.62
b.25 D. 424 o.75

28

27 P

26

24 Du
O.2
b22

2 Phene

a2 Q2

At Azco pe concerhyothn, Achviy coyúertt are

(

Ala)
2
A(1 0.70LA

= A(
D294 A

b. D86 A

2
(D. y9g- D. o26) A
B1.(6
P
75.2
A-2")
 d P

Activity co'ents are b.336

Y. eup (- D.33) Di7|5

32.26 5.2
5,95

5.42

32·26
P= 38.22 La An
 Azeotrope
Srecial CAeabrs c sol wtions with
wth sahie Concentran
bott varr And Qid hoe
to
282
hevity coagetent A2cots opic con ent t o
,

Consisten or vLE Doda

Tests
VLE data are
e nt ally deterined vE
wed n wAary àppi cotions, it be cones iheprtant
chect theiy accur acy. toUpwing
(a) Us ing slope of nY cur ves
Gibbs ouhen e

- ((-2y)

Dn both

Cerves

Chect
Both tte slopes

oppusite ígn
 t condíion 3 is sDticed, subst5 tute the valuec
and he ct i LHS =RHS.
Gror owAplete test, rpeat steps and ) r
btaer values .
exhíbits Mainua
but
2 yom (2, sipn ir oppusite
At a particu ar
(en ) a

Win
nin

consisteot Inconsitest
using Dota at the Mia- Point
yE22 b5, Va Laer
L eq. be coMes

A
A , t 22) B

AB
B (At B)
2 BA2

B2 (A+ B)
A (
 AB
(ABY
AB

Cnsíder otlowing
B A
AB

AB Blu nY, > n7,

At ,2D.E
A 28 28/9 2A/g
38/16
B &
At

Consistent Ihconsistent

© Redlih- Kister Metod

EcesS aibbs
Chang Energ?
RTx;nY
Binary sol dior,
D'ren;sting W.r..
d (AGE
RT

betocen intr
trtcgratia
rebreseot end stotes puwe conpenent.
hest
these pwe cOhpehent nd stotes

RT

Using Coezisterne Equotion

Je
)
 UNITy PHASE ERUILIBR\A
LIRUID- LI&U1P E0}L|BRIUM

# Binary Liquid- Liquia Equii'bria

At contant PressUre

Ik 2 iquids De conapletely rol uble, They tr

HOhADgeneou solutior
Ik 2 Liauidr are parialy solable

@They or 2 phee lMnascible iauid iture

or Concen atio
For YenM aininq Yonge ot concetr
odien, they o mM
Howwgenebus soletjer.

eneous
Te
Brye
phae A- ch
phe
M
A
Te ine

criticae soltio Tenperot ure.

Pyea Rnlosed by the cr e
yepre ser iature Two
Iwmistb le Liaid pluases,
1 w0 LIqids A &B re
soluble:
whep they tr Hbwogene OwA colwon at
Partialy solusle ' wher they
they 4eram
orM Hoegeneoud coletío
specáied range o aR
 BO) cO) sent repre
otatio cuncen
Equilateral
iongle t the by
Aco) enctosed vea twhole
Soluble A,8,c AU 0
) c
WAss Totol
Eatoct fn C oac
Etact
(E)
paAe Yic B-
pase rích A-
Parhiy B) &
paiys
AB 2
Soleble
+|C Systey pe-2
portio pair
B)(A I
<oluble
syste T9Per)
suluble ir byul (A8)
is Paiy
1uly BC) (AC Pars 2 2
Suluble
Ezycthon
soldde C
B,A, AU
Coltion
Liquid Aripoge act eatr to used B
is Solyent A
Lquild
eval awn y
Systens
we Liquids ibyiuh Lqui
ction Liquia-Liquid
Extra -Liqid
Diagran Equiübriu Ternavy
(2 paiT (A8) uly insolble fimmiscible
Other 2 paivs (AC &8 Bc) re Solub)e.
Sides AB, BC & AC represent Binry ni tures.
As an exArple, Let
M Yepye Sent insial
bveyal (or coabinet)
Con ccnhation
B(o) \Ato)
Liaid nizture,
R M

AO B()

M Equiibri , nMwil split into 2 aieret phues

er Eation prpose, solvent B is chosen svch thae
ae

1H rizontae Tie ne RME wOuld een

Tis is te
iuply equal solubi lty AC BC.
reason-he Tie ine RME oiL aayS
ave pDstve
s\ope. alays
Type-I
Pair A8 is partally soluble
bther 2 pirs AC RB Bc Dre soluble

A Ter ary Liqwid izt ure o concppsi Ho M (initial

concenratien) Sputs (at Cquibriun) into 2. Hetero
qeneDs phase Concents 4tbr R
M Injtía bveral
RME is a Tre 'ne
concentratior (ar bi trary)
Golubitity
Tie tines,
DRPEF is yor nmed by man Such
 M

A)D c(o)
Poimt 'p" is called Plait point - vepre septs the tot P
Aie ines ohere A-rich and Brich phases becone
denti cel
Ye-R Eqi ibn' DbAined
Tie nes.

9 Type-2 ystem
2 parys AB are partialy oluble
Dr y pair (Ac) is uisible.
c)

D Co) B)

Toints D & F vepyese at solvh ility

Puints G &H repres ent mutual solubility o B & C.

the puiotr Curve DRH repre sent concentyat on

Ratiynate phale.
t he pbints Curve FEG vepye sot concentration
Etr act phase.
 point
Pressure

Liquid
Solid vapor Gs
SVE
Tviple poirt

Te
Teupeyature
VLE ’ Vapor -Liquid EqLiibríum
LSE > Llaid soid
Eqiibrýuhy
svE > Solid -vaper Equilibriw
riple Point : The peint on PT aiaqy
o 2 phases (solid, quid, vapey ) eaist in equibrin
t 2) et the cuYyest State
tLe Laaterioe s soi,
represerted by the
Ahe point p
P.
the pesswre constont, toe w'te het the

eratNe
state
tinuoudly
thateri al
heat, the
Qnd t e
tehp

Point On t e Liqeid solid eqeilib yiw,ol

hence, p e Loithout change
Tenaper ntre. Al the atenio wiel
COnver t tiqid
 the taeoat spply is con tínuDW, the tempertre
s the iquid wtl se al ong the ine qv.
Puint Y ies n the vapr- Liqid eaui lisrY
Dnce tthe Aewperate yeaches r, vaporizat
ion begins
Vapor phae oithout cdorge in Tepereture at r,
estont pressye),
tepertyc B the vapor ph ase oí U inoee
albng Line YS.

nce the vapur att ains a tenupe od ure T>e

(orce the tenperature incre wles post Te). *he
St ate is colesa
Vepe" Rre 2

wnttey, Vapor be cooverted into Liqd

cannt be
But
Converted Into iquod naerely b4 compvec Sim.
UNIT -5 CHEMIeAL REAcT |ON £RULIBR)A

Reaction stoichioery
a cheuical Reaction
aA t bB cC t d D

is con be written al

where Dre Chewical spedes

CtuichiDMetyie cDetiierts ar
-b

-+d d

Chenial Reachion
Erample 0: consider the toooing

Reactur onti
GD kho) H
Atter SOMee
the number oles all 3 species at tis wwomert
2 H2
2Dkmo)

Ho reacted

Ce Hg in Product 20-16 kwo) tkmo)

ín roduct
 Feed (nio 20

-30
Consuwphtn fov wat
5 20
PYodu ct

Ertent of Reaction (Reaction Coordinate)

tet huoles C2H eated.

Muniber woles M cowptng

Species ?
n ine nber

Let A C2H
in al nnbey o moles in Product ere

nco
eapressivn can be wrtten a
qeneral
Drdinete
Reacior (Reacotn Co
can be calCeelate a
speies

nto

Ttal Inihal moles,

wote.
n
were, Final oles.
n Total
n
(0
braple : For data givern in Ez Dneple O, bvelop
empressíons Y the wzl ractions yeveachin
Species Rnction o Rea cion Coovdírale
Sol:
Cz He t 2H
(A) (B) (c)

20 nco

-2

r2Do- 2E
120-2E

120-28

Multiple Reactions
Foy Reaiorn system, eq. O Con be hodi7iad
2)

StoichiDyetic cweicient in Reastn

where, icient in Readon
Stoicioycric co
E, Reachorn cUDydincte bt Reactien
E, Reactiun cuurdinate o Reaction (2)
 & Apri) 2022
9.G(a)
system initiny corta
ntaiing
3 mol D underqoes the reaien

yeachng speciec a unct'ons o the veati

cUUrdinates 9r the wo rea ch'ens.
Let cUrdiete
E, Reai coOYdinote

Tot ee
el oital hMoles, 2 +
3Sc) no

2 + 2 Hao- cH-3D, o

2
2 t 2-|-3 D

Totod na ha oles, n
2

Using
2(2-E, - E)
2.- E,

Bo
 Uol raction
3 E-3E

ol rachir {(c4,o
204 E)* 2 E

Yaction
2(0+ 2 E2)

rachion
2(0+ 2 E)

April 2022
2 hrol Methane n 3 we) waser
Q. G(0)
the oltowing veactior ?

Cot 3H

+ 2 H
Derive
Reactio.
Init haoles Dve
Let A’ CHut
3wol
ngo WAoles np
Tute 1nitid woles
Reatend be Loritten
Let Ead ent of Reacti on o(R)
Ph Reaction
| t 3 - 1-| 2

Total inal wle s,

Mol raction t

Mol CHu

2 - E,-E2
5+ 2(e,t E)
Mol Yactien Heo
3-E2g

Mol ra ctior
5+ 2 (e,t E)

E2
Chemical Reaction Eqiibria
cheicad Reahon
K, cC RO
Lwher the reaotion attoins eAui Libri uht
Rote for ward Reacto Rate o Backipad Reacsonl
K Equili briu constort
The e t e t React'on et wit any reacion attaind
equilibriunt, is deter ined by K.
HigherAReach Att ai equibrilsha t oer E
Looer
Let Ea Extent Reachon at equilbiun

Criteria aa chewical reahi on eaii bxiA

> tibbs Enrqy vemein constat tor

sbri ( constant T & P)
chenicas reachion RD, an ingiaátestsl change
cws, Change in ibbs Ener1% is giver by

AE equbrileu
Eqiibriuy Constaot
e is dejned a 6
- f (a;)
K Ka =
a
where Acti
Stoichioetle n b r

we know that
RT d(enf:)
StodQrd stote to wrr state

RT

RT

Substthtng in
-(a

a a
a a
A a
2-RT K
 )
Feasibilty ot aa Reacion
- AAcheical relcon oie tae pl ace nly h t is
therody nanically 7easible
Consider the decowepDsition water vapor

HD )
At 299 k , theequibrí wny cont
k 40

React
is not th r wodynaìcodly g'aib le.
we know
’ Rea ctien is FaupYable
’ Reachon proceeds to a conside -
Yable extet.
Less FRUoyable.
veations oith +ve Aa re ¡evorabe.
Gy6,2DD
Sthesis
reacion
ovF S Dend easíble,. This
caryied hagu presseres to byerCOMe
the whavorable
There elr degined deny Drcato to separate
is nD Loellr
1avoYable ano n qevoy able veacons,
criter ib
Rea ct bo
Reaon

be possible, needs uy ther study.

 Rea c tn is very unovAbe
E4}et T on K
(At constant Pressure)

(): H (for conuponent i)

At st andRyd state
H;

Mettipying by and susMneing Dver

( G T2

stand ord ajbbs Energy ch ange o Reacton

St and rd He t React'on

Sub stitttrg in eq 9
)
Aivíde both sfdes by 'R
dT

d (ln K) RT2
Van't
dT

AH
R
 where, Aaf tibbs EnergY change 4oraf
n T2

We need A e4 a qun oton of T.

Let +eperat e T,
AlSo,
AH° T)
Reactbts (T) Pyoductr T)

AH Products (T)
Reatants

((}n; pi) reactant reactat

(Enoon)
produsts

&H°T) +

the Drm
K; t B T
Cpi
> Ev;qi 2 ;; t ;B; T
A ' t Ap T ohere
 substi tutig in
)= AH° T) +t

AH° )+

bH°(T) + bd T 2

H°(T) + (T-T) t 2 (-T)

AH°) 2

where

+ 1
2

from ea. ,
AG - RT n
IRT
2

Constast.
where I intgration
 Det 2022 d April 2022
Civer
Nz (q) t 3 H2 ) 2NHa
At 298 K,

Let

speies H2 NH2
27.27 29.75
351x I63 25.) | x63

At T700K AG and K.
Sal: Let Ng A,H B , NH 9c
Rea coh: A+3B 2c

= - 27.2)- 327.0) 2x29.75

Heat
AH (T,= 298K) 2 ; (AHi):
- 92200 JwDl
2 (-u6 t00) -

E ;(0G4);
2 (-t650) -33 oo0 Irol
 t T = 298 K
using
NH'd)=
34-7eX 163 Q98
-g2200 SH'++ (-u8. R) (29&) + 2

922Db _ AH 2999

H
79201

vsing eq at
AH'- Aod Te T

- 7920) - cu8-8) x 29&x tn23?)

34.76x I0 (29R2y - . 314X29? I I
2

21 D3 - 27757 I
33 DO0

at

+ I

1 7920) +t ug-3) loo) + 2

8314

-RT K
A6ect D P on K
L does nDt vRry coith .
caniibrn Constet (K)
ceUses change in
HoLOever, Change in Pressure
caiibri uw co MpDCDn.

state ls deal gRs >t, )

For Gas es, Reerense

EaiibriM const eht

K Ka
a a (a?)
A

icient odd a coponet ín qa4

gas iztve
Fugaciy coe

F (; P
p pd
F(P) pb

1deal Ge
For

K= Ky P
K
 UNIT-6

April2b23
@-7(a) iven: P |6D bar

Ka ||22x Ib*5

feed Comt ns stoichio metoic

Te Find: o conversjon and equilibriuM cohup Díi
Doi
so: Basis Feed | Hio) nd 3 uo) H
Let H B
Rea ctbn: AA + 3 B ’2c

Initil nmber woles Stoi chibwetrc nuber

h

3
2
no
2 - l 3 +2 -2

Let e Eztent Reactor

nunb er haoles

3-3e 3(-s)
2 E
ne nco

Tot a number oles at equlibri

2 (2- e
 "A

2E
y- 2 2-E

-3
NOw.
Ky 2

2 (2
(2-E) 27(1-e)
16 eC2- )
(1- E4
using q ,
K

((-e)4
1122 o3 ((-e)
(2

2
4E) = 7X16 (1r 8)
1-22 xx16x (-e
((-) (o)22%to')
+tr22 (l-&)1

n A x|D

D.979
76) Let CO’ A H’B
Reacen

Wi t Mre A
Basis nitia ioles l we) A ol B
nA I,
Va-2,
B

Final woles

l- 2E

2(1- E)

Mol ra ctios at equi'briun are

nA
2 (-E)
1-28
2 (l- E

2 (l-)
2

No, y 2.
2 x21-E)*
2 (- E)

(r2e)2
ASS Wne
p

Ky
(5
(1-2E)
25(1-2E) -

O.4
is fnvald as ng cannot be egetive.

1 ( X100

A sto cibwtoic utre

AD

Final uoles

ng 2(1-e)
ne

Total oal yoles, n

2(4-8) 3-2¬
3-28 3-28
 3-28 (3-2e)
4(-E 3-22

E (3-2ey

K Ku p

E(9 t uE- 12¬)

( | t - + 3E-3 E)
3

3o96 t 10 D
1oys-212

A
Oct 2b22

Kp

Calcelatei

26 10028
A
60- 3E
Go3E
-3 1b0-2
H
2 &
2&
2

20
20
1DD2E

|o-28
-2

-3 2

1 b0- 2 (1D6- 28)

20 (6o- 3E

27 (20-¬)1

(50-E) (56)
D. D)25
27 (20-E)1
16 E Go-) 3 .25
27 (eo-E
16 E2 1so-) 31.25 x27 (20 -e
 BO

)
38
20

) NMz in eit gases

28
X1DD lo0-2¬

(bct 2D22)
T-29?K
iveni Czty t
H molk

220.8S 48986
-24)997
8912
-2389 4)

Equiisriny constarst ki
B HD
tet

stoichió mets ic coergícieret;

28|3|07
-22D 8 5 - 89.12 +
S)
489 86-- 241997) + -23 8
4593o

298 (-31.9)66D294

Al so, RT
p2645 |4.37 As ba<o Feasible reaihin
April 2o22

’ C2 Hy t Cz He K, 3.8 56
Ke 262.4
CuHn- C3 He t CHy
Let E,- Etetet ot Reacho k)
E, Extent b1 Reaction R2

BASIS

n; nit ; E

)
B
--
E2/+ E, +8)
E2/+ E, + 8)
cHu

For Rea i Foy Rea ction R

(2) -)

2
 8-343 E
Ki

substtuting
3.856

&j)
(1- g.343 è) st3 )"2 ¬
56 l1+ 9. 343 E,)
6)
> 3-8 2

3856 (- 87. 29 E) l2 Ej
2

337.79 3.856

nd

Pvody et couposíHo :

D o531
April 2v22
T 2915 K

-l6.747
n 228.G

CzHsoH-74982

Nz t 3 H 2NHa

2 -16:747) = -33:49y T|t)

For and Ne! ,

3349y
RT 2314 x 298.E

K7.37X o

174.883 + (-133.978) + -2 28.)

187695 75 72
RT
32
K 7 6 7 Xib