MODERN HISTORY PRAYAAS QUICK

REVISION MODULE UPSC BY

KARMAYOGI IAS
TIMELINE
ADVENT OF EUROPEANS
The advent of Europeans in India marked a significant turning point in the
history of India.
The arrival of Vasco da Gama: It began with the arrival of Portuguese explorer Vasco
da Gama in 1498, establishing a direct sea route between Europe and India. This pivotal
moment opened doors to European colonialism and trade domination in the sub-continent.
Other Europeans: The Portuguese, followed by other European powers, sought to control
the lucrative spice trade, leading to the establishment of trading posts and fortifications
along the Indian coastline.
Impact: Their arrival brought about cultural exchanges, conflicts with local rulers, and the
reshaping of Indian society. This period laid the foundation for centuries of European
influence and COLONIAL RULE in India.
The Advent of The Portuguese
The Portuguese arrival in India marked the beginning of European colonialism in the subcontinent.

Factors behind the Portuguese Voyage to India

After the decline of the Roman Empire and the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Arabs
established dominance in Egypt and Persia, controlling the trade routes to India. The Europeans
lost direct contact with India and the easy accessibility to Indian commodities.
Spirit of the voyage: In the 15th century, there was a growing eagerness in Europe for
adventurous sea voyages to reach the East, driven by the spirit of the Renaissance and
advancements in shipbuilding and navigation.
Division of non-Christian world: The Treaty of Tordesillas(1494) divided the non-
Christian world between Portugal and Spain, granting Portugal the eastern territories and
Spain the western territories. This set the stage for Portuguese incursions into the waters
around India.

The Portuguese Governors

Vasco da Gama:
The arrival of Vasco da Gama in Calicut (now Kozhikode) in 1498 had a
significant impact on Indian history. The Hindu ruler of Calicut, the Zamorin,
welcomed him as the prosperity of his kingdom relied on trade.
However, the Arab traders, who had a strong presence on the Malabar coast, were
concerned about the Portuguese gaining influence in the region.
The Portuguese aimed to monopolise the profitable eastern trade and exclude their
competitors, especially the Arabs.
Vasco da Gama returned to India in 1501 but faced resistance from the Zamorin
when he sought to exclude Arab merchants in favour of the Portuguese.
 Francisco de Almeida (1505-1509):
In 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed as the Governor of India, with the
mission to consolidate Portuguese influence and destroy Muslim trade.
Almeida faced opposition from the Zamorin and a threat from the Mamluk
Sultan of Egypt.
In 1507, the Portuguese squadron was initially defeated in a naval battle off Diu but
avenged the defeat the following year.
 Almeida aimed to make the Portuguese the masters of the Indian Ocean through
his Blue Water Policy.
Blue Water Policy (Cartaze system): It was a naval trade licence or pass
issued by the Portuguese empire in the Indian Ocean during the sixteenth
century. Its name derives from the Portuguese term 'cartas', meaning letters.

Alfonso de Albuquerque (1509-1515)

Alfonso de Albuquerque succeeded Almeida and established Portuguese bases
strategically overlooking the entrances to the Indian Ocean.
Albuquerque introduced a permit system for other ships and exercised control over
major shipbuilding centres.
Goa was acquired from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510, becoming the first Indian
territory under European control since Alexander the Great’s time.
Albuquerque's rule also saw Portuguese men settling in India, establishing
themselves as landlords, artisans, craftsmen, and traders.
An interesting feature of his rule was the abolition of sati.

Nino da Cunha (1529-1538)

He moved the headquarters from Cochin to Goa.
The Portuguese secured the island of Bassein and its dependencies from Bahadur
Shah of Gujarat in 1534, but their relations soured after Humayun withdrew from
Gujarat, leading to a confrontation in which Bahadur Shah was killed by the
Portuguese in 1537.
Additionally, da Cunha attempted to increase Portuguese influence in Bengal by
settling many Portuguese nationals there with Hooghly as their headquarters.

Decline of the Portuguese

By the 18th century, the Portuguese in India experienced a decline in their commercial influence.
The Portuguese lost their local advantages as powerful dynasties emerged in Egypt,
Persia, and North India, and the Marathas became their immediate neighbours.
 The Marathas captured Salsette and Bassein from the Portuguese in 1739.
The religious policies of the Portuguese, including the activities of the Jesuits, caused
political concerns.
Their conversion efforts to Christianity, coupled with antagonism towards Muslims, led
to resentment among Hindus.

Significance of the Portuguese

The emergence of naval power: The arrival of the Portuguese in India marked the
emergence of naval power and initiated what is often referred to as the European era.
Own systems: The Portuguese disregarded existing rules and sought to establish their
dominance over Indian trade and the Indian Ocean trading system.
Military innovations: In the sixteenth century Malabar, the Portuguese demonstrated
military innovation with their use of body armour, matchlock men, and guns landing from
their ships.
Maritime techniques: The Portuguese excelled in maritime techniques, with their heavily
constructed multi-decked ships designed to withstand Atlantic gales, allowing for heavier
armament.
Organisational skills: Their organisational skills, the establishment of royal arsenals and
dockyards, and the maintenance of a regular system of pilots and mapping were notable
contributions.
Religious Policy: The Portuguese arrived in the East with a zeal to promote Christianity
and persecute Muslims. They were initially tolerant towards Hindus but became increasingly
intolerant over time, especially after the introduction of the Inquisition in Goa.

The Advent of The Dutch

The Dutch Commercial enterprise led them to undertake voyages to the East.
Trading company: In 1602, the States-General of the Netherlands merged various trading
companies to form the East India Company of the Netherlands.
This company was granted the authority to conduct wars, negotiate treaties, acquire
territories, and establish fortresses.
Trading centre: The Dutch established their control over Masulipatnam in 1605 and
they established their settlement at Pulicat in 1610.
The Advent of The English
In 1599, a group of English merchants known as the 'Merchant Adventurers' formed a company to
pursue Eastern trade and share in the high profits enjoyed by the Portuguese.
Queen’s charter: Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter on December 31, 1600, granting
exclusive trading rights to the newly formed 'Governor and Company of Merchants of
London trading into the East Indies.'
Initially granted a monopoly of fifteen years, it was later extended indefinitely.

Foothold in West and South

Arrival at Jahangir’s court: In 1609,Captain Hawkins arrived at the court of Jahangir in
an attempt to establish a factory at Surat, but it was unsuccessful due to Portuguese
opposition.
Beginning of trade: However, the English began trading at Masulipatnam in 1611 and
established a factory there in 1616.
Battle with Portuguese: In 1612, Captain Thomas Best defeated the Portuguese in a sea
battle of Surat, leading to Jahangir granting permission for an English factory in Surat in
1613.
Peace was established with the Portuguese, and an Anglo-Dutch compromise
allowed the English to trade without interference.
Gift of Bombay: Bombay was gifted to King Charles II in 1662 and later given to the East
India Company in 1668, becoming their headquarters in 1687.
Madras: The English also obtained trading privileges from the Sultan of Golconda and
built a fortified factory at Madras in 1639, which became the headquarters of English
settlements in South India.

Foothold in Bengal
Bengal, a prosperous and significant province of the Mughal Empire, attracted English merchants
due to its trade and commercial opportunities.
Permission to trade: In 1651, Shah Shuja, the subahdar of Bengal, granted the English
permission to trade in Bengal in exchange for an annual payment.
Request for a fortified settlement: Seeking a fortified settlement, William Hedges, the
first agent and governor of the Company in Bengal, appealed to Shaista Khan, the Mughal
governor, but hostilities ensued.
Settlement at Sutanuti: In 1686, Hooghly was sacked by the Mughals, leading to English
retaliation. After negotiations, Job Charnock signed a treaty with the Mughals in 1690,
allowing the English to establish a factory at Sutanuti.
 Fort William: The English obtained permission to buy the zamindari of Sutanuti,
Gobindapur, and Kalikata in 1698, and the fortified settlement was named Fort William in
1700, becoming the seat of the eastern presidency (Calcutta).

The Advent of The French

The French, although harbouring a desire for East Asian commerce since the early 16th century,
arrived on the Indian coasts relatively late.
Trading company: In 1664, during the reign of Louis XIV, Minister Colbert established
the Compagnie des Indes Orientales (French East India Company), which received a 50-
year monopoly on French trade in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
The company was reorganised as the 'Perpetual Company of the Indies in 1720 and
strengthened under the governance of Lenoir and Dumas.
Rivalry with the Dutch: The French company faced setbacks during wars with the Dutch
and the outbreak of the War of Spanish Succession, leading to the abandonment of factories
in Surat, Masulipatnam, and Bantam.
Pondicherry: It was founded in 1674 and became the nerve centre of French power in
India.

The Advent of The Danes

The Danish East India Company, also known as the Danish Asiatic Company, was established in
1616 and 1620; they founded a factory at Tranquebar near Tanjore, on the eastern coast of India.
Their principal settlement was at Serampore near Calcutta.
The Danish factories, which were not important at any time, were sold to the British
government in 1845.
The Danes are better known for their missionary activities than for commerce.

Reasons for English success against other Europeans

The success of England over other European powers in India can be attributed to several key
factors:
Structure and nature of trading companies: The English East India Company, unlike its
counterparts, was controlled by a board of directors elected annually, with shareholders
exercising considerable influence.
 Naval superiority: The Royal Navy of Britain was the largest and most advanced in
Europe, having achieved notable victories such as the defeat of the Spanish Armada and
the French at Trafalgar.
Industrial Revolution: England was at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution,
benefiting from inventions and advancements in textiles, metallurgy, steam power, and
agriculture.
Military skill and discipline: British soldiers were highly disciplined and well-trained.
British commanders demonstrated strategic prowess and implemented innovative tactics,
which, combined with technological advancements, allowed smaller groups of British
fighters to defeat larger armies.
Stable Government: Compared to other European nations experiencing periods of
political upheaval, Britain enjoyed relatively stable governance with efficient monarchs.
France, in particular, faced the turbulent period of the French Revolution and the
Napoleonic Wars, weakening its position and forcing it to align with Britain.
Lesser zeal for religion: Unlike Spain, Portugal, and the Dutch, Britain displayed less
zealousness in spreading Christianity. This more tolerant approach made British rule more
acceptable to the local population in India.
Use of debt market: Britain successfully utilised the debt markets to fund its wars,
particularly through the establishment of the Bank of England.

TRIBAL UPRISING
1857 REVOLT

Place Leader
Barrackpor Mangal Pandey
e
Delhi Bahadur Shah II, General Bakht Khan
Delhi Hakim Ahsanullah (Chief advisor to Bahadur Shah
II)
Lucknow Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir, Ahmadullah
(advisor of the ex-Nawab of Awadh)
Kanpur Nana Sahib, Rao Sahib (nephew of Nana), Tantia
Tope, Azimullah Khan (advisor of Nana Sahib)
Jhansi Rani Laxmibai
Bihar Kunwar Singh, Amar Singh
(Jagdishpur
)
Allahabad Maulvi Liyakat Ali
and
Banaras
Faizabad Maulvi Ahmadullah (He declared the Revolt as Jihad
against English)
Farrukhaba Tufzal Hasan Khan
d
Bijnaur Mohammad Khan
Muradabad Abdul Ali Khan
Bareilly Khan Bahadur Khan
Mandsor Firoz Shah
Gwalior/ Tantia Tope
Kanpur
Assam Kandapareshwar Singh, Manirama Datta
Orissa Surendra Shahi, Ujjwal Shahi
Kullu Raja Pratap Singh
Rajasthan Jaidayal Singh and Hardayal Singh
Gorakhpur Gajadhar Singh
Mathura Sevi Singh, Kadam Singh

IMPORTANT GOI ACTS

Provisions of the Charter Act 1813: Breaking Monopoly,
Empowering India’s Growth
The Charter Act 1813 was enacted in response to demands from business interests in England seeking an
end to the East India Company’s monopoly over trade in India. The act aimed to address these grievances
and introduce certain changes:
•End of Monopoly Trade: The act terminated the East India Company’s monopoly over trade in India, allowing for
competition in the Indian market. However, the Company still retained its monopoly over trade with China and the tea
trade.
•Shareholder Dividend: Shareholders of the East India Company were guaranteed a dividend of 10.5 per cent on the
revenue generated from India.
•Retention of Territories and Revenue: The act stipulated that the Company would continue to possess territories
and collect revenue for another 20 years, without compromising the sovereignty of the British Crown. This was the first
specific declaration of British territories’ constitutional position in India.
•Expansion of Powers of the Board of Control: The act further expanded the powers of the Board of Control,
granting it increased authority and control over the affairs of the East India Company.
•Promotion of Literature, Learning, and Science: A sum of one lakh rupees was to be allocated annually for the
promotion, revival, and encouragement of literature, learning, and science among the native population of India. This
provision highlighted the responsibility of the state in supporting education.
•Parliamentary Oversight: Regulations made by the Councils of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta were required to be
presented before the British Parliament, establishing a mechanism for parliamentary oversight.
•Separate Accounting: The act mandated the maintenance of separate accounts for commercial transactions and
territorial revenues, ensuring transparency and accountability.
•Permission for Christian Missionaries: Christian missionaries were permitted to come to India and preach their
religion, facilitating the spread of Christianity.
Established Chamber of Princes with 120 members

GANDHIAN MOVEMENTS

Mahatma Gandhi Movements: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi) was born on
October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat. He earned a degree in law from England in 1891. Before
entering Indian politics in 1915, he was in South Africa from 1893 to 1914. In the course of his
struggle in South Africa, he developed his political philosophy based on non-violence and
Satyagraha to give a new direction to the mass movement.
The emergence of Mahatma Gandhi in Indian politics marked the beginning of a new phase in the
Indian national movement, the phase of mass movements. This made Gandhi become the most
important figure in the history of the Indian freedom struggle.

Arrival of Gandhi in India

Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. His efforts were well known in South Africa, not just
among the educated but also among the common people.
Gandhiji spent a year travelling around British India, getting to know the land and its
people on the advice of Gopal Krishna Gokhale. In February 1916, he made his first major
public appearance at the inauguration of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU).

Gandhiji’s speech at Banaras revealed that Indian nationalism was an elite

phenomenon, and he wished tomake Indian nationalism more properly representative
of the Indian people as a whole.

Champaran Satyagraha (1917)

Champaran Satyagraha was the first attempt at mobilising the Indian masses by Gandhi on an
invitation by Rajkumar Shukla in the context of indigo peasants of Champaran. This Gandhian
Movement was the First Civil Disobedience in India.
It was mainly due to the tinkathia system of indigo farmers, where peasants were forced
to grow indigo on 3/20 part of their total land.

Gandhi intervened in the matter but was asked to leave the place by authorities. However,
Gandhi refused to leave, thus disobeying the order. Eventually, Gandhi was able to convince
the government about the illness of the tinkathia system and look into the matter.

The government appointed a committee to go into the matter and nominated Gandhi as
a member. As a result, the tinkathia system was abolished, and in a compromise settlement,
only 25 % of the money taken by peasants was compensated.

Participants: Rajendra Prasad, Narhari Parekh, and J.B. Kripalani

Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)

Following the Champaran Satyagraha, the next step in mobilising the masses was the workers of
Ahmedabad's urban centre. It was the result of the disagreement between the textile workers and
the mill owners arose in March 1918 regarding the end of the plague bonus.
Mill owners paid bonuses of 75% of their salary to retain the workers during the
outbreak of the plague in 1917. But, after the end of the plague, workers were
demanding an increase of 50 % in wages while mill owners were advocating
discontinuance of the bonus. As a result, a deadlock was created.
 Gandhi intervened at the request of Anusuya Sarabhai and undertook a fast unto death.
As a result, owners agreed to the 35% wage hike.

This was the first movement where fasting, a means of self-suffering to create moral
pressure, was used by Gandhi as a political weapon in India.

Kheda Satyagraha (1918)

Due to the failure of the monsoon, the peasants of the Kheda district were in distress. In 1918, they
mobilised themselves, demanding revenue relief from the government due to the crop failure and
rise in prices. Kheda Satyagraha was the First Non-Cooperation by Gandhi in the Indian National
Movement.
According to the government's famine code, cultivators were entitled to total remission if
crop yield fell below 25% of the average. But the authorities rejected it. As a result, peasants
turned to Gandhi.

Gandhi intervened on behalf of the poor peasants, advising them to withhold payment and
'fight unto death against such a spirit of vindictiveness and tyranny.'

The government ordered it to be restrained in the collection of revenues (collected only

from those ryots who could afford to pay) and not to confiscate lands. Gandhi decided to
withdraw from the struggle.
Participants: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Narahari Parikh, and Indulal Yagnik.

Satyagraha Against the Rowlatt Act (1919)

In 1917, a sedition committee was formed under Justice Sidney Rowlatt to curb revolutionary
activities and investigate the ‘seditious conspiracy’. It recommended the Rowlatt Act (Anarchic
and Revolutionary Offenses Act of 1919) ought to limit the liberty of the people passed by the
Imperial Legislative Council. Gandhi launched the Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act
The Rowlatt Act allowed political and revolutionary activists to be tried without judicial
proceedings or even imprisoned without trial for two years. It also suspended the right to
habeas corpus and the right to appeal.

Gandhiji called it the “Black Act '' and launched the satyagraha against the Act. It involved
fasting, praying, disobeying laws, and risking arrest and imprisonment. The satyagraha
brought Gandhi to the centre of the Indian national movement.

Gandhi also organised Satyagraha Sabha, his own organisation, to carry out the
movement. However, due to the violence in some parts of India, Gandhi had to call off the
Satyagraha.

Gandhi's ability to connect with the masses was demonstrated during this Satyagraha.
Gandhian ideology and methods for the freedom struggle (Non-violence and Satyagraha)
were introduced to the Indian masses.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1921-22)
The horrific massacre at Jallianwala Bagh took place in the backdrop of protests against the
Rowlatt Act. As a result, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non cooperation Movement in 1920.
In September 1920, the Congress held a special session in Calcutta and resolved to
accept Gandhi's proposal of non-cooperation with the British government until Khilafat and
Punjab grievances were addressed and self-government was established.

This Gandhian movement was merged with the Khilafat movement, which demanded that
the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa retain control over the Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile
Ottoman empire.

Methods: Non-cooperation movement included the boycott of schools, colleges,

courts, government offices, legislatures, and foreign goods and the return of
government-conferred titles and awards.

Withdrawal: Mahatma Gandhi withdrew the non-cooperation movement following the

Chauri Chaura violent incident on 5 February 1922, in which 23 police officers were
killed. After the withdrawal, he focussed on the constructive programme of social reforms.

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34)

After the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement (also known as Salt
Satyagraha) is regarded as the second major mass movement and a significant advancement in
broadening the social reach of India's freedom struggle.
Gandhi declared at the Calcutta Congress in 1928 that the British must grant India
dominion status, or the country would erupt in a revolution for complete independence. The
British paid no attention to this. As a result, INC in its Lahore session (1929) demanded
‘Punra Swaraj’, and decided to celebrate 26th January as ‘Independence Day’. It also
declared that a civil disobedience movement would be started under the leadership of
Gandhi.

Gandhi announced the 'Dandi March' against the unjust tax on salt as part of the
movement. On April 6 1930, he violated the salt regulations, thereby launching the Civil
Disobedience Movement.

Induced by Gandhi's extraordinary endeavours at Dandi, defiance of the salt laws spread
throughout the country. However, it was halted for a period after the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

When the movement was resumed after the failure of the Second Round Table conference,
it began to dwindle towards the end of 1932. It was officially withdrawn in May 1934.

 British rule in India with immediate effect, the formation of a provisional government
after the war and the declaration of free India.

As a result, major leaders of the Indian National Congress were arrested and imprisoned
without trial by British officials. However, the protests continued across the country with
huge mass participation.
 Although it did not immediately achieve its goals, it contributed to the weakening of
British rule and paved the way for the independence of India.

QUIET INDIA MOVEMENT

Region Associated leader Significant activities

Ballia (August
Chittu Pandey - Released many Congress leaders
1942)
- Jatiya Sarkar undertook cyclone relief work.
Tamluk (1942 - Satish Chandra - Sanctioned grants to schools.
1944) Samanta - The rich supplied paddy to the poor.
- Organised Vidyut Vahinis (electricity units).
- Named "Prati Sarkar" (Parallel Government).
- Organised village libraries and Nyayadan Mandals
Satara (1943 to Y.B. Chavan, Nana (justice forums).
1945) Patil, etc. - Carried out prohibition campaigns.
- Organised "Gandhi marriages" (marriages following
Gandhi's principles).

WOMEN LEADERS IN MOVEMENT

Usha Mehta
She actively supported the movement and was an important member of a small group which ran the
Congress Radio. Jawaharlal Nehru initially supported the arch Moderates, who was opposed to
Gandhi's plan, but later, he moved the Quit India Resolution on August 8, 1942.
Sumati Morarjee
She helped Achyut Patwardhan in his underground activities. She later became India's leading
woman industrialist.

Matangini Hazra
She was a 73-year-old peasant widow in Tamluk, was killed in violence on September 29, 1942,
when the Sutahata police-station was captured. Matangini kept the national flag aloft even after
being shot.

Underground activities were taken by leaders that included Ram Manohar Lohia, J.P. Narayan,
Aruna Asaf Ali, Biju Patnaik, Sucheta Kriplani, etc which later emerged as prominent leaders.

REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS
The First Case: Chapekar Brothers (1897)
• The first political assassination of a British officer in India post-1857 Revolt.
• Brothers Damodar, Balkrishna and Vasudeo Chapekar shot at WC Rand, ICS, Chairman of
the Special Plague Committee in 1897.

• Rand’s military escort Lieutenant Ayerst died on the spot whereas Rand died a few days later
due to wounds.

• The brothers were against the atrocities committed by the British authorities under Rand
during the plague epidemic in Pune.

• The government in order to curb the spread of the epidemic ended up harassing Indians and
employing extreme measures.

• All the three brothers were hanged for the assassination.

Alipore Bomb Conspiracy Case (1908)

• Also called Muraripukur conspiracy or Manicktolla bomb conspiracy.

• Douglas Kingsford was an unpopular British Chief Magistrate who was the target of the
bomb thrown at Muzaffarpur (Northern Bihar).

• Unfortunately, the carriage at which the bomb was targeted contained two English ladies and
not Kingsford. The two women died in the attack.

• Revolutionaries who threw the bomb were Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose.
• Chaki committed suicide while Bose, then only 18 years of age, was caught and sentenced to
death by hanging.

• The other people who were tried in the case were Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barin
Ghosh, Kanailal Dutt, Satyendranath Bose and more than 30 others.

• They were all members of the Anushilan Samiti in Calcutta.

• Aurobindo Ghosh was acquitted due to lack of evidence and others served varying life-terms
in prison.

Curzon Wyllie's Assassination (1909)

• The India House was an organisation in London involved in the freedom struggle of India
mainly engaging Indian students in the UK as its participants.

• Patrons of this organisation included Shyamji Krishna Varma and Bhikaiji Cama.

• India House became the centre of revolutionary activities for Indian independence outside
India.

• The organisation was liquidated after the assassination of an army officer Curzon Wyllie by
its member Madan Lal Dhingra in 1909.

Howrah Gang Case (1910)

• Also known as Howrah-Sibpur Conspiracy case.
 • In this case, 47 revolutionaries associated with the Anushilan Samiti were arrested and tried
for the murder of Inspector Shamsul Alam.

• Alam was investigating the revolutionary activities of the Samiti and was trying to link and
consolidate the murders and robberies into a single case.

• The case brought to light the work of revolutionary Jatindranath Mukherjee.

• Despite attempts, the case could not establish the links, mainly due to the decentralised
nature of the Samiti.

• Of all the accused, only Jatindranath Mukherjee and Narendranath Bhattacharjee were
sentenced to one-year imprisonment.

Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy Case (1912)

• Also known as the Delhi Conspiracy Case.

• This was an assassination attempt on Lord Hardinge, the then Viceroy of India.

• The revolutionaries were led by Rashbehari Bose.

• A homemade bomb was thrown into the viceroy’s howdah (elephant-carriage) during a
ceremonial procession in Delhi. The occasion was the transfer of the British capital from
Calcutta to Delhi.

• Lord Hardinge was injured while an Indian attendant was killed.

• Bose escaped being caught whereas a few others were convicted for their roles in the
conspiracy.

Kakori Conspiracy (1925)

• This was a case of a train robbery that occurred near Kakori in Uttar Pradesh.

• The attack was led by the youth of the Hindustan Republican Association (later renamed
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association) including Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla
Khan, Chandrashekhar Azad, Rajendra Lahiri, Thakur Roshan Singh and others.

• It was believed that the train carried money bags belonging to the British government.

• One person was killed during the robbery.

• The revolutionaries were arrested and tried in court.

• Bismil, Khan, Lahiri and Roshan Singh were sentenced to death. Others were sentenced to
deportation or imprisonment.

Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930)

• Also known as Chittagong Uprising.

• This was an attempt by revolutionaries to raid the police armoury and the auxiliary forces
armoury from Chittagong (now in Bangladesh).
 • They were led by Surya Sen. Others involved were Ganesh Ghosh, Lokenath Bal, Pritilata
Waddedar, Kalpana Dutta, Ambika Chakraborty, Subodh Roy, etc.

• The raiders were not able to locate any arms but were able to cut telephone and telegraph
wires.

• After the raid, Sen hoisted the Indian flag at the police armoury.

• Many of the revolutionaries involved escaped but some were caught and tried.

• The government came down heavily on the revolutionaries. Many were sentenced to
imprisonment, deported to the Andaman, and Surya Sen was sentenced to death by hanging.
Sen was brutally tortured by the police before he was hanged.

Central Assembly Bomb Case (1929) & Lahore Conspiracy Case (1931)
• Revolutionaries Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt sought to draw attention to their
revolution by throwing a bomb along with leaflets in the Assembly House at Delhi.

• They did not attempt to escape and were arrested and jailed for the act.

• Their intention was not to hurt anyone but to popularise their revolutionary activities and
philosophy.

• Bhagat singh was re-arrested in connection with the murder of a British police officer, JP
Saunders. This case was called the Lahore Conspiracy Case.

• Saunders was killed mistakenly as the real target was another police officer, James Scott,
who was responsible for the lathi charge that killed Lala Lajpat Rai.

• Others involved in this killing were Sukhdev, Rajguru and Chandrashekhar Azad.

• They were all members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).

• While in prison, Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev along with other political prisoners
went on a hunger strike to demand better conditions of prisoners in the jails.

• After the trial, all three were sentenced and executed by hanging in March 1931. Azad was
martyred the same year in February in a gun battle with the police in a park in Allahabad.

IMPORTANT CONGRESS SESSION

Year Location President Importance

1885 Bombay W C Bonnerjee 1st session attended by 72 delegates
1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji National Congress and National Conference
Appeal made to Muslims to join hands with other
1887 Madras Syed Badruddin Tyabji
national leaders
1888 Allahabad George Yule First English president
1889 Bombay Sir William Wedderburn –
1890 Calcutta Feroz Shah Mehta –
1891 Nagpur P. Ananda Charlu –
1892 Allahabad W C Bonnerjee –
1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji –
1894 Madras Alfred Webb –
1895 Poona Surendranath Banerjee –
1896 Calcutta Rahimtullah M. Sayani National song ‘Vande Mataram’ sung for the first time
1897 Amravati C. Sankaran Nair –
1898 Madras Ananda Mohan Bose –
1899 Lucknow Romesh Chandra Dutt –
1900 Lahore N G Chandavarkar –
1901 Calcutta Dinshaw E. Wacha –
1902 AhmedabadSurendranath Banerjee –
1903 Madras Lal Mohan Ghosh –
1904 Bombay Sir Henry Cotton –
1905 Benares Gopal Krishna Gokhale Expressed resentment against the partition of Bengal
1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji The word ‘Swaraj’ was mentioned for the first time
1907 Surat Rash Behari Ghosh Party splits into extremists and moderates
1908 Madras Rash Behari Ghosh Previous session continued
1909 Lahore Madan Mohan Malaviya Indian Councils Act, 1909
1910 Allahabad Sir William Wedderburn –
1911 Calcutta Bishan Narayan Dhar ‘Jana Gana Mana’ sung for the first time
Bankipore Raghunath Narasinha
1912 –
(Patna) Mudholkar
1913 Karachi Syed Mohammed –
1914 Madras Bhupendra Nath Basu –
1915 Bombay Satyendra Prasanna Sinha –
1916 Lucknow Ambica Charan Mazumdar Lucknow Pact – joint session with the Muslim League
1917 Calcutta Annie Besant First woman president of the INC
Syed Hasan Imam
Bombay Two sessions were held. First in Bombay in
1918 (Bombay) And Madan
And Delhi August/September Second in Delhi in December
Mohan Malaviya (Delhi)
1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru Jallianwala Bagh massacre strongly condemned
1920 Nagpur C Vijayaraghavachariar –
Hakim Ajmal Khan (acting
1921 Ahmedabad –
President For C R Das)
1922 Gaya C R Das –
1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammad Ali, –
1924 Belgaum M K Gandhi –
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu First Indian woman president
1926 Guwahati S Srinivasa Iyengar –
1927 Madras M A Ansari –
1928 Calcutta Motilal Nehru All India Youth Congress formed
Resolution for ‘Poorna Swaraj.’ Civil Disobedience
1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru movement for complete independence to be launched,
26 January to be observed as ‘Independence Day’.
1930 No Session – –
Resolution on fundamental rights and national
economic progress. Gandhi-Irwin pact endorsed.
1931 Karachi Vallabhbhai Patel
Gandhi nominated to represent INC in the second
round table conference
1932 Delhi Amrit Ranchhorddas Seth –
Malaviya Was Elected But
1933 Calcutta Mrs Nellie Sengupta –
Presided
1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad –
1937 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru –
1936 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru First rural session/first session to be held in a village
1938 Haripura Subhas bose National planning committee set up under Nehru
Bose was elected but had to resign since Gandhi
1939 Tripuri Subhas Chandra Bose supported Pattabhi Sitaramayya. Instead, Rajendra
Prasad was appointed
1940 Ramgarh Abul Kalam Azad –
1941
– – No session because of arrest
-45
1946 Meerut Acharya Kripalani Last session before independence
1948 Jaipur Pattabhi Sitaramayya First session after independence
1950 Nashik Purushottam Das Tandon Resigned in 1951; Nehru became President
1951 Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru –
1953 Hyderabad Jawaharlal Nehru –
1954 Kalyani Jawaharlal Nehru –
 Avadi(madr
1955 U. N. Dhebar –
as)
1956 Amritsar U. N. Dhebar –
1958 Gauhati U. N. Dhebar –
1959 Nagpur Indira Gandhi –
1960 Bangalore Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy –
1961 Bhavnagar Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy –
Bhubanesh
1962 Damodaran Sanjvayya –
war
1963 Patna Damodaran Sanjvayya –
Bhubanesh
1964 K. Kamaraj –
war
1965 Durgapur K. Kamaraj –
List of Committees and Commissions in India
before Independence
Name of Year Governor- Subjects of the Committees/ Commissions
Committees/ General/Viceroy
Commissions
Charles Wood 1854 Lord Dalhousie Education
Despatch
Hunter Commission 1882 Lord Ripon Education
Raleigh Commission 1902 Lord Curzon Education
Sadler Commission 1917 Lord Chelmsford Education
Hartog Commission 1929 Lord Irwin Education
Sargent Plan 1944 Lord Wavell Education
Campbell 1866 Sir John Lawrence Famine
Commission
Stratchy Commission 1880 Lord Lytton , Famine
Lyall Commission 1886 Lord d Elgin-II Famine
MacDonnell 1900 Lord Curzon Famine
Commission
Mansfield 1886 Lord Dufferin Currency
Commission
Fowler Commission 1898 Lord Elgin-II Currency
Fraser Commission 1902 Lord Curzon Agriculture
Babington Smith 1919 Lord Chelmsford Currency
Commission
Hunter Committee 1919 Lord Chelmsford Punjab Disturbances
Report
Muddiman 1924 Lord Reading To examine the working of Diarchy of the
Committee Montague-Chelmsford reforms
Butler Commission 1927 Lord Irwin Indian States
Whitley Commission 1929 Lord Irwin Labour
Simon Commission Lord Irwin To investigate the progress of the governance
scheme and suggest new steps for reform
Sapru Commission 1935 Lord Linlithgow Unemployment
Hilton young 1939 Lord Linlithgow Currency
Commission
Chatfield Commission 1939 Lord Linlithgow Army
Floud Commission 1940 Lord Linlithgow Tenancy in Bengal

KARMAYOGI IAS
 Socio-Religious Organisations/movements in 19th-20th Centuries

Year Place Name of the Founder Views/contributions

Organisation/movements
1702- Wahabi/Walliullah Syed Ahmed • Islamic revivalist movement
62 movement • inspired by the teachings of
Abdul Wahab (1703-87) of
Saudi Arabia and Shah
Waliullah of Delhi.
• Condemned the western
influence on Islam and
advocated a return to pure
Islam

1784 Bengal Asiatic society of Bengal Sir William

Jones
1804 Bombay Asiatic society of Bombay James
Mackintosh
1809- Bengal Young Bengal movement Henry Vivian
31 Derozio
1815 Calcutta Atmiya Sabha Rammohan To campaign against caste
Roy rigidities, Idolatry,
meaningless rituals and other
social ills.

1828 " Brahmo Samaj Rammohan To purify Hinduism and to

Roy preach monotheism- was
based on the Vedas and
Upanishads.

1829 " Dharma Sabha Radhakant Opposed to the abolition of

Dev sati, but supported the spread
of female education.

1839 " Tattvabodhini Sabha Debendranat • Its object was the

h Tagore dissemination of the
knowledge of the Upanishads
and promotion of religious
enquiry.
• Pt. Ishwar Chandra
Vidyasagar was for some
time the secretary of this
Sabha.
• It was the largest and most
influential cultural
organisation of Bengal and it
lasted till 1854.
KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 1
 lasted till 1854.
• It had a printing press and
Debendranath started
publishing the Tattwabodhini
Patrika.
• It promoted rational thinking
and outlook amongst the
intellectuals.
• It promoted a systematic
study of India's past.

1840 Punjab Nirankaris Dayal Das, The sect was founded by Baba
Darbara Dayal Singh, a Sahajdhari Sikh,
Singh, Rattan who aimed at refocusing Sikhs
Chand on the Adi Granth, the
religion's central holy text.

1844 Surat Manav Dharma Sabha Durgaram The goals of the Sabha were to
Mancharam expose the hypocritical arts
present in Christian, Muslim
and Hindu religions.

1849 Bombay Paramhansa Mandli Dadoba • the founders of these mandli

Pandurang believed in one god.
• They were primarily
interested in breaking caste
rules.
• At their meetings food
cooked by lower caste
people was taken by the
members.
• These mandali also
advocated women's
education and widow
remarriage.

1857 Punjab Namdharis Balak Singh,

Ram Singh
1861 Agra Radha Swami Satsang Tulsi Ram • The Radhaswamis believe in
one supreme being,
supremacy of the guru, a
company of pious people and
a simple social life.

• Spiritual attainment, they

believe does not call for
renunciation of the worldly
life.
KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 2
 • They consider all religions to
be true.

• While the sect has no belief

in temples, shrines and
sacred places, it considers as
necessary duties, works of
faith and charity, service and
prayer.

1866 Calcutta Brahmo Samaj of India Keshab

Chandra Sen

1866 Deoband Dar-ul-Ulum Maulana

Hussain
Ahmed
1867 Bombay Prarthna Samaj Atmaram • There was a four-point social
Pandurang agenda also:

1. Disapproval of caste
system,
2. women's education,
3. widow remarriage, and
4. raising the age of
marriage for both males
and females.
• Atmaram Pandurang was the
first president.

• Prarthana Samaj also

preached monotheism,
denounced idolatry, priestly
domination and caste
distinctions.

• The Prarthana Samaj had as

its prominent leaders
Mahadeo Govind Ranade,
R.G. Bhandarkar and N.G.
Chandavarkar.
• Keshub Chandra Sen was
also associated with it.

1870 Indian reform association Keshav • Keshav Chandra Sen as

(related to civil marriage Chandra Sen president.
act) • It represented the secular
side of the Brahmo Samaj
and included many who did
KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 3
 and included many who did
not belong to the Brahmo
Samaj.
• The comprehensive objective
of the Association was to be
served through five
departments of activity –
cheap literature, female
improvement, education,
temperance, and charity.

1875 " Arya Samaj Swami • Dayanand's views were

Dayanand published in his famous
Saraswati work, Satyarth Prakash (The
(He was the True Exposition).
first who
used Swaraj • Dayanand's vision of India
word) included a classless and
casteless society, a united
India (religiously, socially and
nationally), and an India free
from foreign rule, with Aryan
religion being the common
religion of all.

• He took inspiration from the

Vedas and considered them
to be "India's Rock of Ages",
the infallible and the true
original seed of Hinduism. He
gave the slogan "Back to the
Vedas".

• Dayanand subscribed to the

Vedic notion of chaturvarna
system in which a person
was not born in any caste but
was identified as a brahmin,
kshatriya, vaishya or shudra
according to the occupation
the person followed.

• The Samaj fixed the

minimum marriageable age
at 25 years for
boys and sixteen years for
girls.

• Inter-caste marriages and

KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 4
 • Inter-caste marriages and
widow remarriages were
also encouraged.

• Equal status for women was

the demand of the Samaj,
both in letter and in spirit.

• The Samaj also helped the

people in crises like floods,
famines and earthquakes.

• The nucleus for this

movement was provided by
the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic
(D.A.V.) schools, established
first at Lahore in 1886, which
sought to emphasise the
importance of western
education.

• Dayanand's slogan of 'Back

to the
Vedas' was a call for a revival
of Vedic learning and Vedic
purity of religion and not a
revival of Vedic times.

• He accepted modernity and

displayed a patriotic attitude
to national problems.

Ten guiding principles -

1. God is the primary
source of all true
knowledge;
2. God, as all-truth, all-
knowledge, almighty,
immortal, creator of
Universe, is alone
worthy of worship;
3. the Vedas are books of
true knowledge
4. an Arya should always
be ready to accept truth
and abandon untruth;
5. dharma, that is, due
consideration of right
and wrong, should be
KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 5
 and wrong, should be
the guiding principle of
all actions;
6. the principal aim of the
Samaj is to promote
world's wellbeing in the
material, spiritual and
social sense;
7. everybody should be
treated with love and
justice;
8. ignorance is to be
dispelled and
knowledge increased;
9. one's own progress
should depend on uplift
of all others;
10. social well-being of
mankind is to be placed
above an individual's
well-being.

Lala Lajpat Rai was one of

the members of Arya Samaj
and supported the appeal of
Arya Samaj to the authority
of Vedas in support of the
social reform movements.

Swami Shradhananda was

associated with it.

1870 Indian reform association Kesub To create public opinion

Chandra Sen against the child marriage, for
upliftment of status of
women.

1875 New York (USA) Theosophical Society Madam H.P. It aimed at the revival of
Blavatsky Hinduism, Zoroastrianism and
and Col H.S. Buddhism.
Olcott
1878 Calcutta Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Anand
Mohan Bose
1884 Pune (Poona) Deccan Education Society G.G. Agarkar
1885 Seva Sadan Behramji M. The organisation specialised in
Malabari taking care of women who
were exploited and then
discarded by society. It
catered to all castes and
KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 6
 catered to all castes and
women with education,
medical and welfare services.

1886 Aligarh Muhammadan Educational Syed Ahmad

Conference Khan
1887 Bombay Indian National M.G. • Indian National Congress did
Conference/National Social Ranade and not want to include the social
Conference Raghunath reforms in its deliberations
Rao and decided to form a
separate body for such a
purpose.

• To endorse the upliftment

for untouchables, as well as
the education of women, the
banning of child marriages
and the abolition of social
boycott for widows.

• It launched the ‘Pledge

Movement’ to inspire people
to take a pledge against child
marriage.

1887 Lahore Deva Samaj Shivnarayan this sect emphasised of the

Agnihotri soul, the supremacy of the
guru, and the need for good
action. It called for an ideal
social behaviour such as not
accepting bribes,
avoiding intoxicants and non-
vegetarian and keeping away
from violent actions. Its
teachings were compiled in a
book, Deva shashtra.

1894 Lucknow Nadwah-ul-Ulama Maulana

Shibli
Nurnani

1897 Belur Ramakrishna Mission Swami

Vivekanand

1905 Bombay Servants of Indian Society Gopal • To train national missionaries

Krishna for the service of India.
Gokhale
• To promote, by all
KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 7
 • To promote, by all
constitutional means, the
true interests of the Indian
people.

• To prepare a cadre of selfless

workers who were to devote
their lives to the cause of the
country in a religious spirit.

• M.C. Setalwad (First Attorney

general of India), B.N. Rao
and Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
were distinguished members
of it.

1909 Pune (Poona) Poona Seva Sadan Mrs Ramabai

Ranade and
G.K.
Devadhar

1911 Bombay Social Service League N.M. Joshi • To secure for the masses
better and reasonable
conditions of life and work.

• They organised many

schools, libraries, reading
rooms, day nurseries and
cooperative societies.

• Their activities also included

police court agents' work,
legal aid and advice to the
poor and illiterate,
excursions for slum dwellers,
facilities for gymnasia and
theatrical performances,
sanitary work, medical relief
and boy's clubs and scout
corps.

• N.M. Joshi also founded All

India Trade Union Congress
in 1920. Lala Lajpat Rai was
its first president.

1914 Allahabad Seva Samiti H.N. Kunzru

1852 Gujarat Satya prakash Kasondas Advocated widow remarriage

KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 8
1852 Gujarat Satya prakash Kasondas Advocated widow remarriage
mujli

Sarvodaya Samaj Vinoba

Bhave

Bombay Rehnumai Mazdayasan Dadabhai for religious reforms among

sabha or religious Reform Naoroji, Parsis in
Association Naoroji
Furdonji, SS
Bengalee

1920s Akali movement • It was a campaign to bring

reform in the Gurudwaras in
India.
• Based on Ahimsa and
Satyagraha philosophy.

KARMAYOGI IAS
Himanshu's Notebook Page 9
List of Important Wars and Treaties in Indian History
Important Wars and Treaties in Indian History. Wars and battles fought in India have long
influenced the country’s cultural and linguistic ethos. The main wars and battles were fought
between different dynasties, kingdoms and empires. There are some Important Wars and Treaties in
Indian History that can never lose significance.
So here is the compilation of important wars and treaties You must remember for exams
War Year Treaty Gov General Battles
Anglo
Marathas
Began: Treaty of
Surat Warren Battle of
First 1775-82
End: Treaty of Hastings Wadgaon
Salbai
Began: treaty of Lord
Second 1803-05 Battle of Assaye
Bassein Wellesley
Battle of Pindari
Treaty of Marquess of
Third 1816-19 End of Peshwa
Gwalior Hastings
rule

Anglo French
Reason:
1746: Battle of
Treaty of Aix-la- Austrian
First 1746-48 Adyar/San
Chepelle succession in
Thome
Europe
War of
succession
between Nasir1749: Battle of
Jung Ambur
Second 1749-54 (English) and
Muzaffar Rise of Robert
Jung (French) Clive
after death of
Nizam
Reason: 7 1760: Battle of
Third 1758-63 Treaty of Paris years war in Wandiwash
Europe (French defeat)

Anglo Mysore
First 1766-69
After death of
Treaty of Warren Hyder Ali in
Second 1780-1784
Mangalore Hastings 1782 Tipu led the
war
Treaty of
Third 1789-92 Cornwallis Defeat of Tipu
Seringapatnam
Fourth 1799 Wellesley Battle of
Seringapatnam.

KARMAYOGI IAS
War Year Treaty Gov General Battles
Anglo
Marathas
Death of Tipu.

Anglo Sikh
War
First 1845-46 Treaty of Lahore Hardinge
Final
Second 1848-49 Dalhousie Subjugation of
the Sikhs

List of Important Treaties in the History of India

Name of The
Year Importance/Remarks
Treaty
The treaty established the boundary between the Mughal
Treaty of Asurar
1639 empire and the Ahom kingdom ending the Mughal’s
Ali
efforts to conquer Ahom.
The Treaty of Purandar was signed in 1665 between the
Rajput ruler Jai Singh I, who was commander of the
Mughal Empire, and Maratha Chhatrapati Shivaji
Treaty of Maharaj. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after
1665
Purandar Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort. When Shivaji realised
that war with the Mughal Empire would only cause
damage to the empire and that his men would suffer
heavy losses, he choose to make a treaty.
Henceforth the maratha king became the mayor of the
Sangola
1752 place and the peshwa emerged as the real head of
Agreement
maratha federacy.
Signed between Siraj-ud-dwala and Robert Clive
Treaty of Alinagar1757 allowing the British to fortify Calcutta and also allow
British goods to pass through Bengal without duties.
The french were defeated by the british company and its
Treaty of Paris 1763 settlements were captured. The french possessions in
india were ,however restored by this treaty.
The Treaty of Allahabad was signed in 1765, between
the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late
Emperor Alamgir II, and Lord Robert Clive, of the East
India Company, as a outcome of the Battle of Buxar of
Treaty of 1764. As per the terms of the agreement, Alam granted
1765
Allahabad the East India Company Diwani rights, or the right to
collect taxes on behalf of the Emperor from the eastern
province of Bengal-Bihar-Orissa. This Treaty marks the
political and constitutional involvement and the
beginning of British rule in India.
The Treaty of Madras was signed between the British
and Hyder Ali of Mysore to bring to and end the first
Treaty of Madras 1769 Mysore War. Under the treaty, both the parties agreed to
return the areas won the each and to support each other
in case of a thrid party invasion.

KARMAYOGI IAS
 Between hastings and nawab of oudh. Allahabad was
Treaty of Benaras 1773
handed over to nawab.
On the death of shuja ud daula in 1775 , a new treaty
was concluded with his successor , according to which a
Reaty of 1775 1775
regular brigade of the company’s troops was stationed
in oudh..
Signed by raghunath rao with the bombay governament
Treaty of Surat 1775 in the hope of help of english subsidiary troops in his
flight for peshwaship
Treaty of Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing
1776
Purandar the first phase of the First Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing
Treaty of
1779 the second phase of the First Anglo-Maratha War to an
Wadgaon
end.
Signed between the British and the Marathas bringing
Treaty of Salbai 1782
the First Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu
Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March
1784. It was signed in Mangalore and brought an end to
Treaty of
1784 the Second Anglo-Mysore War.
Mangalore
Lord macartney ,governor of madras ,concluded with
tipu the treaty of mangalore on the basis of mutual
restriction of conquests and liberation of prisoners.
Signed between the British (Lord Cornwallis), the
Marathas, Hyderabad and Tipu Sultan. This ended the
Treaty of
1792 Third Anglo-Mysore War allowing the Marathas, the
Seringapatam
Nizam of Hyderabad and the British to annex almost
half of Tipu Sultan’s territories.
Signed by baji rao II with the english after his defeat at
Treaty of Bassein 1802
the hands of holkar.
Treaty of
1805 Holkar gave up claims on the areas of company’s allies.
Deogaon
Between ranjith singh and the english company , which
Treaty of
1809 fixed the river sutlej as the boundary of ranjith singh’s
Amritsar
authority.
After the english victory over nepal , the treaty was
signed . The nepal ruler gave up his claims to sikkim ,
Treaty of Sagauli 1816
ceded the disputed tarai tracts , and received a resident
at khatmandu .
Treaty of Great britain agreed to help iran with men and money
1826
Yandaboo against any european invader .
Signed between Governor General Air Henry Hardinge
for the British and members of Lahore darbar
Treaty of Lahore 1846 representing the young Maharaja Duleep Singh
Bahadur. The treaty marked the end of the First Anglo-
Sikh War.
The Treaty of Amritsar followed the Treaty of Lahore.
By this treaty the British East India Company sold
Treaty of
1846 Kashmir to Maharaja Gulab Singh, whose dynasty ruled
Amritsar
till 1947, when Maharaja Hari Singh acceded Kashmir
to India.

KARMAYOGI IAS
 By this treaty , rani jindan was deprived of all powers
Treaty of and the administration was to be carried on by a ‘
1846
Bhirowal council of regency ‘ composed of eight leading chiefs
under the virtual dictatorship of the british resident .

List of Important Wars and Battles in Indian History

Name of the
S.N. Year Battle between Won by Significance
Battle
Impressed by the
Alaxender
Battle of 326 Alaxender and bravery of Porus, he
1 defeated king
Hydaspas B.C. Porus allowed to retian the
Porus
kingship of Porus
It was the bloodiest
war of human
history and lakhs
Ashoka and Raja were killed from
261
2 Kalinga War Anant Ashoka either sides. Ashoka
B.C.
Padmanabhan filled with remorse
and took pledge of
non violence and
adopted Buddhism
This is called the
first war of Hindu
Prithviraj Rajput king and
First Battle 1191 Chauhan and Prithviraj Muslim invader.
3
of Tarain A.D. Muhammad defeated Ghori This war took place
Ghori near Tarain,
Thanesar distt of
Haryana
Muhammad
Second Ghori defeats Establishment of an
1192 Ghori and
4 Battle of Prithviraj Islamic empire in
A.D. Prithviraj
Tarain Chauhan India
Chauhan
Muhammad Ghori defeats
Battle of 1194
5 Ghori and Jaichandra of
Chhandwar A.D.
Jaychand Kannauj
Battle of Ghori was killed
1206 Gakkhar and Md
6 Gakkhar and by Gakkhar tribes
A.D. Ghori
Ghori in this attack
7 First Battle 1526 Babur and Babar defeats Canons, Gunpowder
of Panipat A.D. Ibrahim Lodi Ibrahim Lodhi and artilery was
used by Babur
which was the first
time ever use of
these in Indian
subcontinent.
Ibrahim Lodi was
killed in the field
and this war paved
the foundation of
strong Mughal

KARMAYOGI IAS
 Name of the
S.N. Year Battle between Won by Significance
Battle
Empire in India
Babur assumed title
of Ghazi after this
battle,The alliance
of Rana Sanga
although
Battle of 1527 Babur and Rana Babar defeats outnumbered that of
8
Khanwa A.D. Sanga Rana Sanga Babur, still Sanga
was defeated and
the alliance
dispersed. Rana
Sanga escapes to
Chittor
Battle of 1528 Babur and Babar defeats
9
Chanderi A.D. Medini Rai Medini Rai
This was the third
major battle of
Babur after which
control of Mughal
Empire over India
was secured and
fully established.
Mahmud Lodi who
was the brother of
Babur and Ibrahim Lodi
Battle of 1529 Babar defeats the
10 Sultan Mahmud declared himself the
Ghaghara A.D. Afghans
Lodi sultan of Delhi with
the support of
Nusrat shah of
Bengal, Jalaluddin
Lohani, Sher Shah
Suri , Rajputs and
Afghans. Babur
emerged victorious
and consolidated his
control.
Sher Shah became
Battle of 1539 Sher Shah Suri Sher Shah Suri emperor of India
11
Chausa A.D. and Humayun defeats Humayun thus breaking the
Mughal rule in India
Sher Shah Suri
Battle of
1540 इ Sher Shah Suri defeats Humayun
12 Kannauj (or
A.D. and Humayun for the second
Bilgram)
time.
Bairam Khan
Second Ended afghan
1556 Akbar and (representing
13 Battle of rule,strengthened
A.D. Hemu Akbar) defeats
Panipat mughal rule
Hemu
14 Battle of 1565 Deccan Deccan Destroyed Hindu

KARMAYOGI IAS
 Name of the
S.N. Year Battle between Won by Significance
Battle
A.D. Sultanates
kingdom of the
Sultanates and defeated the
Talikota (or Deccan,sealed the
Vijayanagar glorious
Banihatti) fortunes of
Empire Vijayanagar
Vijayanagar empire
empire
Rana Pratap fought
Undecisive battle gallantly and took
Maharana Pratap
between Raja refuge in a remote
& Mughal
Battle of 1576 Man Singh of fortress.This battle
15 Emperor Akbar,
Haldighati A.D. Mughal Army andis the shortest battle
who was led by
Rana Pratap of of Indian history
Man Singh
Mewar and lasted only 4
hours.
Aurangzeb &
Battle of 1659 Aurangzeb captured
16 Imperial forces Aurangzeb
Samugarh A.D. the Mughal throne
led by Dara
Battle of 1757 Siraj-ud-daulah
British defeated Fought at Plassey.
Plassey A.D. with French &
Siraj-ud-duala the The British empire
British East
17 Nawab of Bengal became masters of
India Company
with the help of Bengal, foundation
under Robert
Mir Zafar. of British rule
Clive
Third Battle 1761 Gave a setback to
of Panipat A.D. marathas in the
Ahmed Shah Ahmed Shah
north; sealed destiny
18 Abdali and Abdali defeats
of Mughal empire
Marathas Marathas
and made British
entry easier
British defeated
British East the combined
India Co Vs forces of Mir
Battle of 1764 alliance of Qasim, Shuja-ud- Led to English
19
Buxar A.D. Nawab of duala (Nawab of occupation of India
Bengal, Awadh Oudh) and Shah
and Mughals Alam II(Mughal
emperor).
The battles include
Hyder Ali
1767- Battle of Chengam,
First Anglo (Mysore) Vs Hyder Ali defeats
20 69 Battle of
Mysore War British, English forces
A.D. Tiruvannamalai,
Marathas
Siege of Ambur
21 Second 1780- Hyder Ali, Tipu Hyder Ali dies. Various battles in
Anglo 84 Sultan (Mysore) Treaty of this series of war
Mysore War A.D. Vs British Mangalore is includes Battle of
signed Pollilur, Battle of
Porto Novo, Battle
of Sholinghur, Siege
of Tellicherry,
Vellore, Cuddalore,

KARMAYOGI IAS
 Name of the
S.N. Year Battle between Won by Significance
Battle
Mangalore.
The battles of this
war include Battle
of Nedumkotta,
Battle of Calicut,
Tipu Sultan
Mysore Battle of
1789- defeated. Treaty
Third Anglo kingdom Vs Sittimungulum,
22 92 of
Mysore War British East Battle of Arakere,
A.D. Serirangapatnam
India Co. Capture of Hooly
is signed.
Honroe, Capture of
Seringapatanam,
Capture of Shimoga
etc.
23 Mysore kingdom
Fourth Tipu Sultan is was given back to
1799 British Forces
Anglo defeated and Wodeyar dynasty
A.D. Vs Tipu Sultan
Mysore War killed under subsidary
alliance.
This war ended with
First Anglo 1766- Maratha Empire
British defeated Treaty of Salbai
24 Maratha 69 and British East
Marathas between Maratha
War A.D. India Company
and British
Second Only in Battle of
Anglo Bharatpur, Marathas
Maratha were able to defeat
1803- Maratha Empire
War Marathas lose to and repulse the
25 06 and British East
the British British Forces four
A.D. India Company
times when they
attempted to capture
Bharatpur Fort.
Third Anglo 1817- Maratha Empire
Marathas lose to
26 Maratha 19 and British East Treaty of Mandasor
the British again
War A.D. India Company
Tripartite Treaty
1839- British East
First Anglo between Ranjit
27 42 India Company Afghans
Afghan War Singh, Shah Shuja
A.D. and Afghan
& Lord Auckland
Second 1868- British East
British defeat Treaty of Peshawar,
28 Anglo 80 India Company
Afghan Treaty of Gandamak
Afghan War A.D. and Afghan
29 Afghans Ended in an
1919- British East Artimice. Durand
Third Anglo
21 India Company line
Afghan War
A.D. and Afghan established.Treaty
of Rawalpindi
1845- Sikh Empire &
First Anglo Sike lose to
30 46 British East
Sikh War British
A.D. India Company
31 Second 1848- Sikh Empire & British East India Sikh kingdom came

KARMAYOGI IAS
 Name of the
S.N. Year Battle between Won by Significance
Battle
Anglo Sikh 49 British East Company
under the British
War A.D. India Company defeated Sikhs

Pre-Congress Association
a. Landholder's Society, 1838
▪ First political association of modern India
▪ Calcutta -> safeguard interests of landlords using constitutional
agitation
▪ Radhakant Deb + Dwarkanath tagore - founding members

b. British India Society, 1839

i. Founed by William Adam in London

b. British India Association, 1851

i. Landholder's Society + British India Society

ii. Radhakant Deb - President

d. Madras Native Association, 1852

i. CY Mudailar

e. East India Association, 1866

i. By Dadabhai Naoroji in London

f. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, 1867

i. By MG Ranade
ii. To serve as bridge btw govt and people

g. Indian Society, 1872

i. By Ananda Mohan Bose in London

h. The Indian League, 1875

i. By Sisir Kumar Ghosh => stimulating the sense of nationalism
amongst people

i. Indian Association of Calcutta, 1876 (aka Indian National Association)

i. By Surendranath Bannerjee (wrote 'A Nation in Making') and
Ananda Mohan Bose

j. Madras Mahajan Sabha, 1884

i. By M. Viraraghavachari, G. Subramaniya Iyer and P. Ananda
Charlu

k. Bombay Presidency Association, 1885

i. By Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta and KT Telang

KARMAYOGI IAS
1857 Revolt leaders
a. Delhi - Bahadur Shah II, General bakht Khan
b. Bareily - General Bakht khan (led Bareilly brigade to Delhi to support
Bahadur Shah Zafar's army), Khan Bahadur
c. Lucknow - Begum Hazrat Mahal, Birjis Qadir
d. Kanpur - Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope, Azimullah Khan
e. Jhansi - Laxmibai
f. Bihar (Jagdishpur) - Kunwar Singh
g. Allahabad - Maulvi Liyakat Ali
h. Gwalior - Tantia Tope
i. Assam - Kandapareshwar Singh, Manirama Datta

Indian Revolutionary Missions

o BENGAL
a. Anushilan Samiti, 1902
i. By Satishchandra Basu, Pramathanath Mitra in Calcutta
ii. Yugantar weekly - Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupender Dutta

b. Swadesh Bandhab Samiti, 1905 - in Swadeshi movt

i. By Ashwini Kumar Dutta

c. Alipore Conspiracy Case, 1908

i. To kill the chief presidency magistrate Kingford of Muzaffarpur
ii. Aurobindo Ghosh and his brother Barindra were arrested
iii. CR Das -> took up Alipore Bombing Case

o MAHARASHTRA

• Ramosi Peasant Force, 1879

a. Vasudev Balwant Phadke

• Mitra Mela/Abhinav Bharat Samiti, 1899

a. Initially started as Mitra Mela in 1899, later in 1904 it became Abhinav
Bharat Society (after Mazzini's Young Italy) by Savarkar Brothers in
Nasik, MH
• Hindu Dharma Sangrakshini Sabha, 1894 - by Chapekar Brothers

• HRA, 1924
a. By Sachindra Nath Sanyal, Narendra Mohan Sen, Pratul Ganguly
• Bharat Naujawan Sabha, 1926
a. In Lahore by Bhagat Singh
• HSRA, 1928
a. By Chandrashekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev

KARMAYOGI IAS
ABROAD

KARMAYOGI IAS
PEASANT MOVEMENTS

TRIBALS REVOLT

KARMAYOGI IAS
IMPORTANT WOMEN ORGANIZATION

KARMAYOGI IAS
KARMAYOGI IAS
By Ashif Abdulrahman https://t.me/upscmentor_ashif
News Paper / Journal Founder

Bengal Gazette James Augustus Hicky

Samvad Kaumudi Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Mirat-ul-Akbar Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Rast Goftar Dadabhai Naoroji

Som Prakash Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Indian Mirror Devendra Nath Tagore

Amrita Bazar Patrika Sisir Kumar Ghosh

Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

Hindu G.Subramanya Aiyar

Swadeshmitran G.Subramanya Aiyar

Kesari Bal Gangadar Tilak

Maharatta Bal Gangadar Tilak

Sudharak Gopala Krishna Gokhale

Hitavada Gopala Krishna Gokhale

Hitechhu Gopal Hari Deshmukh

Hindoo Patriot Girish Chandra Ghosh

Prabuddha Bharata Swami Vivekananda

Udbodhana Swami Vivekananda

KARMAYOGI IAS
By Ashif Abdulrahman https://t.me/upscmentor_ashif
Indian Opinion Mahatma Gandhi

Nav Jeevan Mahatma Gandhi

Harijan Mahatma Gandhi

Navayug Muzaffar Ahmed

Langal Muzaffar Ahmed

Young India Mahatma Gandhi

Mook Nayak B.R. Ambedkar

Bahishkrit Bharat B.R. Ambedkar

New India Annie Besant

Commonweal Annie Besant

Independent Motilal Nehru

Free Hindustan Taraknath Das

Al-Balagh Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Al-Hilal Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Bande Mataram Aurobindo Ghosh

Bombay Chronicle Firoze Shah Mehta

Comrade Maulana Mohammad Ali

Pratap Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi

Hindustan Dainik Madan Mohan Malviya

KARMAYOGI IAS
By Ashif Abdulrahman https://t.me/upscmentor_ashif
The Leader Madan Mohan Malviya

Punjabi Lala Lajpat Rai

Indian Sociologist Syamiji Krishna Verma

Yugantar Barindra Kumar Gosh

Sanjivani Krishnakumar Mitra

Voice of India Dadabhai Naoroji

Bharat Shramjeevi Sasipada Banerjea

Deenbandhu N.M Lokhanday

Satya Prakash Karsondas Mulji

The Crescent Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty

Indian Spectator B. M. Malabari

Paridarshak Bipin Chandra Pal

Sandhya Brahmobandhab Upadhyay

Dawn Muhammad Ali Jinnah

East Indian Henry Louis Vivian Derozio

Bangadarshana Bankimchandra Chatterji

Tribune Dayal Singh Majeetia

Talwar Virendranath Chattopadhyay

The Hindustan Times K. M. Panikkar

KARMAYOGI IAS
By Ashif Abdulrahman https://t.me/upscmentor_ashif
Kudi Arasu E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker

National Herald Jawaharlal Nehru

Swaraj Subhas Chandra Bose

Forward C.R Das

Liberty C.R Das

Labour Kisan Gazette M. Singaravelu

The Socialist S.A. Dange

Gandhi and Lenin S.A. Dange

Inquilab Ghulam Hussain

Kirti Bagath Singh

Congress Socialists Ram Manohar Lohia

Viveka vardhini Veeresalingam Pantulu

Vital Vidhvansak Gopal Baba Walangkar

Vanguard M.N Roy

KARMAYOGI IAS