1. What are covalent bonds?

2. Draw electron dot structure of methane.

3. Why are covalent compounds generally poor conductors of electricity?
4. Why are covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?
5. Name a cyclic unsaturated carbon compound. Also draw its structure.
6. (a) Define homologous series.
(b) Write the molecular formula of first two members of homologous series having
functional group -Cl
© Write the molecular formula of the 2nd and 3rd member of the homologous series
whose first member is ethene.
(d) Write the next homologue of each of the following:
(i) C2H4
(ii) C4H6
7. Select saturated hydrocarbons from the following : C3H6; C5H10; C4H10; C6H14; C2H4
8. Write the name and structure of an alcohol with four carbon atoms in its molecule.
9. Write the name and structure of an aldehyde with four carbon atoms in its molecule
10. Define (1) catenation (2) tetravalency
11. Write the name of each of the following functional groups:

(a) -OH
© C2H5Cl
12. What is meant by isomers? Draw the structures of two isomers of butane, C4H10.
Explain why we cannot have isomers of first three members of alkane series.
13. Write the molecular formula of the following compounds and draw their electron-
dot structures:
(i) Ethane
(ii) Ethene
(iii) Ethyne
14. What is meant by functional group in carbon compounds? Write in tabular form
the structural formula and the functional group present in the following compounds
:
(i) Ethanol
(ii) Ethanoic acid
15. Write down the following chemical equations:
(a) Oxidation of ethanol
(b) Hydrogenation (addition) reaction.
(c) Esterification Reaction
(d) Saponification Reaction
(e) Reaction of ethanol with sodium
(f) Dehydration Reaction of ethanol
 (g) CH3COOH + NaHCO3 →
(h) C2H5OH + O2 →
(i) CH3COOH + Na2CO3 →
16. Write 2 physical properties of each (a) ethanol (b) ethanoic acid
17. Write 2 uses of each (a) ethanol (b) ethanoic acid
18. (a) Define esters? (b) How they are formed? (c) Write 2 uses of esters.
19. Soaps and detergents are both, types of salts. State 3 differences between the two.
20. Write the mechanism of the cleansing action of soaps. (you have to draw diagram
here)
21. Why do soaps not form lather (foam) with hard water?
22. Mention any two problems that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.
23. What are micelles? Why does it form when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be
formed in other solvents such as ethanol also.
24. Write 2 differences between hard water and soft water.