x05_Chichewa Module 4 Final (1)

Initial Primary Teacher Education
Buku lophunzitsira
m’sukulu za uphunzitsi
Chichewa
Buku 4
Malawi Institute of Education

Initial Primary Teacher Education
Buku lophunzitsira
m’sukulu za uphunzitsi
Chichewa
Buku 4

Omwe adalemba ndi kusindikiza bukuli
P O Box 50
Domasi
Malawi
Email: miedirector@sdnp.org.mw
Website: www.mie.edu.mw
© Malawi Institute of Education 2018
Zonse za m’bukumu n’zosati munthu akopere mu njira ina iliyonse popanda

chilolezo. N’zosatinso munthu achitire malonda mpang’ono pomwe. Komabe ngati
munthu afuna kugwira ntchito ya za maphunziro ndi bukuli, ayambe wapempha ndi
kulandira chilolezo kuchokera kwa eni ake omwe adalisindikiza.
Mawu otsogolera
Maphunziro ndi maziko a chitukuko m’dziko. Iwo ndi gwero la chitukuko pa moyo
wa munthu, gulu la anthu ngakhalenso dziko. Maphunziro amakonzekeretsa
ophunzira kukhala ndi maluso oti azithandiza kutukula moyo wa anthu ndi chuma
cha dziko moyenera. Makolo amafuna kuti ana awo azikula ndi nzeru zabwino
komanso moyo wathanzi kudzera m’maphunziro omwe angawathandize kukhala
ndi maluso ndi maganizo abwino kuti akhale anthu odalirika ndi okondwa.
Choncho n’koyenera kuti maphunziro azikhala othandiza ophunzira kukhala a

makhalidwe abwino, maganizidwe oyenera komanso odziwa udindo wawo.
Ophunzira uphunzitsi aziphunzitsidwa moyenera kuti azitha kuphunzitsa
mwaluso.
Pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimathandiza kuti maphunziro akhale apamwamba.

Chimodzi mwa izo ndi kukhala ndi aphunzitsi osulidwa bwino. Aphunzitsi ali ndi
gawo lalikulu pamaphunziro chifukwa ndiwo amatsogolera ophunzira kupeza
nzeru za maphunziro. Iwo amakhalanso chitsanzo kwa ophunzira m’machitidwe
awo.
Cholinga cha maphunziro a zauphunzitsi m’Malawi ndi kusula aphunzitsi ogwira

ntchito yawo mwaluso ndi mwaukadaulo. Izi zimatheka ngati aphunzitsiwo
aphunzitsidwa mwaluntha kuti akhale ndi nzeru, maluso ndi ukadaulo
wowathandiza kuphunzitsa ophunzira akupulayimale moyenera. Choncho
maphunziro a uphunzitsi a IPTE aunikidwanso ndi cholinga choti ophunzira
uphunzitsi akamatsiriza maphunziro awo azikhala atasulidwa bwino kuti akagwire
ntchito yawo mwaukadaulo.
Ndondomeko younikanso maphunzirowa yatsogoleredwa ndi lingaliro ili:
‘Kusula mphunzitsi wotha kudziunika, wodzidalira, wozindikira kuti kuphunzira

sikutha pa moyo wa munthu, wamakhalidwe abwino komanso wodziwa
kuphunzitsa ophunzira osiyanasiyana molingana ndi kuthekera kwawo.’
Tikukhulupirira kuti aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira m’sukulu zophunzitsa ntchito

yauphunzitsi m’Malawi muno azindikira kuti maphunzirowa ndi aphindu
pothandiza ophunzira uphunzitsi kukhala ndi maziko odalirika pa ntchito yawo.
Dr William Susuwele-Banda
Executive Director
v
Kuthokoza
Unduna wa za Maphunziro, Sayansi ndi Luso pamodzi ndi Malawi Institute of
Education ukuthokoza anthu onse amene adathandiza mu njira zosiyanasiyana kuti
bukuli lilembedwe.
Akuthokoza makamaka bungwe la UNICEF ndi GIZ chifukwa cha thandizo la

chuma ndi upangiri osiyanasiyana pa nthawi yolemba bukuli.
Undunawu ukuthokozanso mwapadera Mkulu wa Department of Inspectorate and

Advisory Services (DIAS), a Raphael Agabu, ndi onse ogwira ntchito ku
Dipatimentiyi, Mkulu wa Malawi Institute of Education, Dr William
Susuwele‐Banda, ndi onse ogwira ntchito kumeneko, Mtsogoleri wa ntchito
yokonzanso maphunziro a m’sukulu za uphunzitsi (IPTE), a Edward Gobede-
Mtonga ndi onse owathandizira (a Loyce Chisale, Anthony Malunga ndi Catrin
Anderer) chifukwa chotsogolera ntchito yolemba bukuli.
MIE ndi Undunawu akuthokozanso a Frackson Manyamba, Foster NJ Gama,

Benjamin David, Margaret Magalasi ndi Victor Mwakanema pounika bukuli ndi
kupereka malangizo othandiza.
Okonza
Mkonzi : Max J Iphani
Wotayipa ndi
kuyala bukuli : Catherine Katete
Mkonzi wamkulu : Max J Iphani
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Olemba
Innocencia Guzako-Kachala - Lilongwe Teachers’ College

John Kunkumbira - St Joseph’s Teachers College
Gertrude Mkandawire - Blantyre Teachers’ College
Laston Mkhaya - Montfort Special Needs College (Rtd)
Ndamyo Mwanyongo - Kasungu Teachers’ College
Wisdom Nkhoma - Domasi College of Education
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viii
Zamkatimu
Mawu otsogolera ……………………………………………………………. v
Kuthokoza ……………………………………………………………………..… vi
Mutu 1 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo ………………..… 1
Mutu 2 Kuphunzitsa malonje ……………..………...……………………….. 4
Mutu 3 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa kuwerenga ………………………………. 8
Mutu 4 Kuphunzitsa kulemba chimangirizo ndi kalata mu
Sitandade 4 mpaka 8……………………….……………………….... 12
Mutu 5 Kuphunzitsa kulemba lembetso ndi zidziwitso mu Sitandade
3 mpaka 8………………..………………...………………………….. 15
Mutu 6 Kuphunzitsa akapandamneni ……………………………………... 18
Mutu 7 Kuphunzitsa mitundu ya ziganizo………………………………… 21
Mutu 8 Kuphunzitsa nthambi za chiganizo …………………………………… 24
Mutu 9 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa kuzukuta ndakatulo/nyimbo, zilapi/ndagi,
nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi sewero …………………………….... 28
Mutu 10 Kuphunzitsa nsinjiro zachiyankhulo ………………………….………. 32
Mutu 11 Kuphunzitsa mtantho wa mawu ………………………………………… 36
ix
MUTU 1 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
Luso Kumva ndi kuyankhula kulemba, kulakatula ndakatulo

Nthawi Maola 5 komanso kuimba nyimbo.
Chigawo Chachitatu
Aphunzitsi ayenera kukhala ndi luso
Chiyambi lophunzitsa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
Ndakatulo ndi nyimbo ndi zina mwa kuti azitha kuphunzitsa
zinthu zomwe zimakometsa mwaukadaulo.
chiyankhulo. Pali zifukwa zambiri
zophunzitsira ndakatulo ndi nyimbo Ntchito 2 Kufotokoza ndondomeko
m’sukulu za pulayimale. yophunzitsira ndakatulo
ndi nyimbo
Kutsatira ndondomeko pophunzitsa
M’mutu uno muunika momwe
ndakatulo ndi nyimbo n’kofunika
munkaphunzitsira ndakatulo ndi
chifukwa ophunzira amamvetsa
nyimbo. Mukumbutsana zifukwa
bwino zoyenera kuchita. Tsopano
zophunzitsira ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
muunika ndondomeko yomwe
kwa ophunzira akupulayimale.
munkatsatira pophunzitsa ndakatulo
Muunikanso ndondomeko yoyenera
ndi nyimbo.
kutsatira pophunzitsa ndakatulo ndi
nyimbo.
Zochita 1 Kukambirana kufunika
kophunzitsa ndakatulo
Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe ndi nyimbo
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira:
1 Kambiranani matanthauzo a mawu
 afotokoza ndondomeko yomwe
otsatirawa: ndakatulo, kulakatula
ankatsatira pophunzitsa ndakatulo
ndi nyimbo.
ndi nyimbo.
2 Fotokozani kufunika kophunzitsa
 apeka ndakatulo ndi nyimbo.
ndakatulo ndi nyimbo kwa
 alakatula ndakatulo/aimba nyimbo.
ophunzira a m’sukulu za
pulayimale.
Mawu otsogolera 3 Uzani anzanu zomwe
Kuphunzitsa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
mwakambirana.
n’kofunika kwambiri. Ndakatulo ndi
nyimbo zimathandiza ophunzira
Zochita 2 Kuunika ndondomeko
kufotokoza zomwe zili m’maganizo
yomwe munkatsatira
awo kudzera mu kulatula kapena
pophunzitsa ndakatulo
kuimba. Zimathandizanso kusunga
ndi nyimbo
chikhalidwe cha makolo komanso
1 Fotokozani ndondomeko yomwe
kupereka maphunziro osiyanasiyana.
munkatsatira pophunzitsa
Izi zingathandizenso ophunzira
ndakatulo ndi nyimbo.
kukhala ndi luso la ntchito yomwe
angadzagwire m’tsogolo monga
1
2 Kambiranani mavuto omwe Zochita 2 Kulemba ndakatulo ndi
munkakumana nawo pogwiritsa nyimbo
ntchito ndondomeko imeneyi. 1 Kambiranani mfundo zoyenera
3 Perekani njira zomwe kutsatira popeka ndakatulo ndi
mungagwiritse ntchito pofuna nyimbo.
kuthetsa mavuto omwe 2 Lembani ndakatulo kapena nyimbo
munkakumana nawo. m’magulu mwanu.
4 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe 3 Werengerani anzanu ndakatulo
mwakambirana. kapena nyimbo zomwe mwalemba.
4 Zukutani ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
Ntchito 2 Kupeka ndakatulo ndi zomwe mwamvetsera.
nyimbo
Tsopano muphunzira kupeka Ntchito 3 Kulakatula ndakatulo ndi
ndakatulo ndi nyimbo. Kudziwa kuimba nyimbo
kupeka ndakatulo ndi nyimbo M’gawo lino, mulakatula ndi kuimba
kukuthandizani kukaphunzitsa nyimbo zomwe mwalemba. Kenaka
ophunzira anu mosavuta. musonyeza momwe
mungaphunzitsire ndi kuyesa
ndakatulo ndi nyimbozi.
Zochita 1 Kulakatula ndakatulo ndi

kuimba nyimbo
1 Kambiranani momwe
mungalakatulire ndakatulo ndi
kuimba nyimbo zomwe
mwalemba.
2 Konzekerani momwe
mungalakatulire ndakatulo
komanso mungaimbire nyimbo
Zochita 1 Kuzukuta ndakatulo ndi
zanuzo kwa anzanu onse.
nyimbo
3 Lakatulani ndakatulo ndi kuimba
1 Kambiranani mfundo zoyenera
nyimbo zanu.
kutsatira popeka ndakatulo ndi
4 Perekani ndemanga pa ndakatulo
nyimbo.
ndi nyimbo zomwe mwamvetsera.
2 Zukutani ndakatulo ndi nyimbo
5 Fotokozani phunziro lomwe
zomwe aphunzitsi anu akupatsani
likupezeka mu ndakatulo ndi
potsatira mfundo zomwe
nyimbo zomwe mwamvetsera.
mwakambirana.
3 Perekani maganizo anu pa
ndakatulo ndi nyimbo zomwe
mwazukuta.
2
Zochita 2 Kuphunzitsa kulakatula ndondomeko yoyenera kutsatira
ndakatulo ndi kuimba pophunzitsa kulakatula ndakatulo ndi
nyimbo kuimba nyimbo.
1 Kambiranani momwe
mungaphunzitsire kulakatula Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa
ndakatulo ndi kuimba nyimbo. 1 Perekani zifukwa zophunzitsira
2 Phunzitsani ndakatulo ndi nyimbo ndakatulo ndi nyimbo.
zomwe munapeka. 2 Fotokozani ndondomeko
3 Perekani maganizo anu pa momwe yophunzitsira ndakatulo ndi
maphunziro ayendera. nyimbo m’sukulu za pulayimale.
3 Kodi mlakatuli ayenera kukhala
Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi ndi maluso ati kuti ndakatulo yake
1 Mukonzeretu ndondomeko ipereke tanthauzo loyenera?
yophunzitsira ndakatulo ndi
nyimbo. Matanthauzo a mawu
2 Muonetsetse kuti ophunzira Ndakatulo: Maganizo olembedwa
akupeka ndakatulo/nyimbo mwachidule m’ndime kapena
potsatira ndondomeko yoyenera. Mwampululira
3 Muotsetsenso kuti ophunzira Kulakatula: Kunena za muntima
akulakatula mopatsa chidwi Nyimbo: Maganizo amene
potsatira izi: amanenedwa kudzera m’kuimba.
 kukweza ndi kutsitsa kwa
mawu koyenera. Mabuku
 kutchula mawu motsindika. Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
 Kulakatula mwanthetemya Maphunziro a m’sukulu zauphunzitsi
kapena kuimba nyimbo mwa Chichewa Buku la mphunzitsi.
mingoli. Domasi: Malawi Institute of
 kusonyeza kukondwa kapena Education.
chisoni. Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
Maphunziro a m’sukulu zauphunzitsi
Kufotokoza mwachidule Chichewa Buku la ophunzira.
M’mutu uno, mwaunika momwe Domasi: Malawi Institute of
munkaphunzitsira ndakatulo ndi Education.
nyimbo. Mwafotokoza zifukwa
zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira Kuwerenga koonjezera
ndakatulo komanso nyimbo kwa Ministry of Education, Science and
ophunzira a m’sukulu za pulayimale. Technology, (2009). Initial primary
Mwaphunziranso kupeka ndi teacher education through open and
kulakatulo ndakatulo komanso distance learning. Module 2.
kuimba nyimbo mwaluso kuti Lilongwe: Department of Teacher
zipereke matanthauzo oyenera kwa Education and Development
omvera. Pomaliza, mwapereka (DTED).
3
MUTU 2 Kuphunzitsa malonje
Luso Kumva ndi kuyankhula malusowa nthawi imodzi popeza

Nthawi Maola 4 kumva ndi kuyankhula kumachitika
Chigawo Chachitatu nthawi imodzinso. Pali ntchito
zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira
Chiyambi malusowa monga malonje, malangizo
M’mutu uno, mukumbutsana mitu ndi mauthenga. Panthawi yomwe
yosiyanasiyana ya kumva ndi munkaphunzitsa malusowa
kuyankhula m’makalasi onse a mudakumana ndi zovuta zambiri
m’sukulu za ku pulayimale. Ina mwa monga kuchuluka kwa ophunzira
mitu ya kumva ndi kuyankhula ndi komanso kusowa kwa zipangizo
malonje, zouzidwa ndi maliwu. zophunzitsira, zophunzirira ndi
Mufotokoza malo osiyanasiyana zoyesera.
kumene anthu amalonjerana pa moyo
wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Pomaliza, Kudziwa kaphunzitsidwe koyenera ka
muphunzitsa kapena kuonerera malusowa kumathandiza mphunzitsi
phunziro la malonje ndi cholinga choti kuphunzitsa mwaukadaulo ndi
mupeze njira zothetsera mavuto omwe mwachikoka. Ophunzira nawonso
mudakumana nawo pamene amaphunzira kagwiritsidwe ntchito
munkaphunzitsa malonje pa maluso a
koyenera ka chiyankhulo pa zochitika
kumva ndi kuyankhula.
zosiyanasiyana. M’mutu uno,
muunika momwe munkaphunzitsira
Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira: malonje. Kuonjezera apo,
 afotokoza mitu yosiyanasiyana muphunzitsa mutu wa malonje kuti
yophunzitsira kumva ndi mupeze ndi kukonza zolakwika
kuyankhula m’makalasi onse zomwe mudakumana nazo pamene
akupulayimale. munkaphunzitsa malonje
 afotokoza komwe anthu osiyanasiyana m’sukulu zomwe
amalonjerana. munkaphunzitsa.
 asonyeza momwe adaphunzitsira
Ntchito 1 Kufotokoza za mitu ya
malonje apauzimba, apamatenda,
kumva ndi kuyankhula
apamsonkhano komanso
M’mbuyomu, mudaphunzira mitu
akunyumba.
yosiyanasiyana yophunzitsira maluso
a kumva ndi kuyankhula. M’gawo
Mawu otsogolera lino, muunika momwe
Maluso a kumva ndi kuyankhula ndi
mudaphunzitsira malusowa.
maluso awiri osiyana. Ngakhale
malusowa ali awiri choncho,
mphunzitsi ayenera kuphunzitsa
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Zochita 1 Kuunika mitu
yophunzitsira maluso a
kumva ndi kuyankhula
1 Fotokozani mitu yophunzitsira
maluso a kumva ndi kuyankhula
yomwe ikupezeka m’silabasi ndi
mabuku ophunzitsira m’sukulu za
pulayimale.
2 Kambiranani njira zomwe
mungagwiritse ntchito Zochita 1 Kufotokoza za malo
pophunzitsa mitu yosiyanasiyana amene anthu
ya kumva ndi kuyankhula yomwe amalonjerana ndi nthawi
mwatchula. yake
3 Unikani momwe ntchito 1 Pezani malo osiyanasiyana kumene
yophunzitsa kumva ndi anthu amalonjerana ndi nthawi
kuyankhula idayendera m’sukulu yake pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku
zomwe munkaphunzitsa ophunzitsira ndi ophunzirira
4 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe Chichewa m’sukulu zapulayimale.
mwakambirana. 2 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe
mwapeza.
Zochita 2 Kukambirana mavuto
omwe mudakumana Zochita 2 Kukambirana kufunika
nawo kopereka malonje
1 Kambiranani mavuto omwe molingana ndi malo
mudakumana nawo pophunzitsa komanso nthawi
maluso a kumva ndi kuyankhula. Kambiranani nkhani yotsatirayi:
2 Fufuzani njira zomwe Bambo Salambula adali mkulu wa
mungagwiritse ntchito kuti mpingo. Tsiku lina kudachitika maliro.
muthetse mavuto omwe Bambo Salambula adapatsidwa
mwatchula. udindo wotsogolera mwambo wa
3 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe malirowo. Iwo adati, “Moni mabwana
mwakambirana. ndi madoma. Ife tonse tabwera pano
chifukwa chauta watigwera. Choncho
Ntchito 2 Kukambirana za malo tili ndi chisoni chambiri. Tsopano
osiyanasiyana kumene tifuna tiyambe mwambo wa maliro.”
anthu amalonjerana Tsopano yankhani mafunso
Anthu amalonjerana pa malo otsatirawa:
osiyanasiyana molingana ndi zochitika 1 Kodi ndi mtundu wanji wa
za pamalopo. M’gawo lino, malonje womwe waperekedwa mu
mukambirana za malo osiyanasiyana nkhaniyi?
kumene anthu amalonjerana ndi 2 Kambiranani zomwe zalakwika
nthawi yake. m’malonjewa.
5
3 Fotokozani momwe bambo Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi
Salambula akadaperekera  Muonetsetse kuti ophunzira ali ndi
malonjewa moyenera. zipangizo zoyenera kukonzekera
4 N’chifukwa chiyani ophunzira phunziro la malonje.
ayenera kuphunzira kupereka  Mukonzeretu ndondomeko
malonje moyenera? yophunzitsira malonje
osiyanasiyana.
Ntchito 3 Kuphunzitsa malonje  Muombe mkota pa mitundu ya
Mwaunika mavuto osiyanasiyana malonje ndi kaphunzitsidwe kake.
omwe mudakumana nawo
pophunzitsa malonje. Mwafufuzanso Kufotokoza mwachidule
njira zothandizira kuthetsa mavuto M’mutu uno, mwaunika momwe
omwe mudakumana nawo. M’gawo mungaphunzitsire ntchito zomwe
lino, muphunzitsa malonje zingakulitse maluso a kumva ndi
osiyanasiyana. kuyankhula. Mwafotokoza mitu
yosiyanasiyana ya kumva ndi
Zochita 1 Kukambirana kuyankhula komanso malo omwe
ndondomeko anthu amalonjerana. Mwafotokozanso
yophunzitsira malonje momwe munkaphunzitsira malonje
1 Kambiranani ndondomeko yomwe osiyanasiyana ndipo mwaphunzitsa
mudagwiritsa ntchito pophunzitsa ndi kuona maphunziro a malonje.
malonje osiyanasiyana. Pomaliza, mwakambirana njira
2 Konzani phunziro losonyeza zothetsera mavuto amene
momwe mungaphunzitsire mudakumana nawo pophunzitsa
malonje osiyanasiyana. malonje m’sukulu zomwe
3 Uzani anzanu zomwe munkaphunzitsa. Zina mwa njira
mwakambirana. zomwe mwapeza ndi kugwiritsa
ntchito njira zophunzitsira,
Zochita 2 Kusonyeza kuphunzitsa zophunzirira ndi zoyesera zoyenera
malonje komanso kukonzeratu zipangizo
1 Kambiranani momwe zoyenera.
mungaphunzitsire malonje
osiyanasiyana. Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa
2 Sonyezani momwe 1 Tchulani njira zitatu zomwe
mungaphunzitsire malonjewo. mungagwiritse ntchito
3 Zukutani maphunzirowo. pophunzitsa malonje mu Sitandade
1.
2 Fotokozani momwe
mungaphunzitsire malonje
apamalonda mu Sitandade 4.
6
3 Kodi kufunika kwa gawo Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
losonyeza ophunzira zoyenera Maphunziro a m’sukulu zauphunzitsi
kuchita m’ndondomeko ya m’Malawi: Chichewa buku la
phunziro la malonje n’kotani? mphunzitsi. Domasi: Malawi
Institute of Education.
Mabuku
Malawi Institute of Education, (2008). Ministry of Education, Science and
IPTE Chichewa buku la ophunzira. Technology, (2010). Initial primary
Domasi: Malawi Institute of education through open and distance
Education. learning Chichewa: Module 1.
Lilongwe: Department of Teacher
Education and Development.
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MUTU 3 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa kuwerenga
Luso Kuwerenga
Nthawi Maola 4 kawerengedwe ka ophunzira
Chigawo Chachitatu pogwiritsa ntchito njira izi:
1 Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo
Chiyambi chotchedwa ‘running record’.
M’mbuyomu, mudaphunzira momwe Kuyesa ophunzira pogwiritsa
mungaphunzitsire kuwerenga ndipo ntchito chipangizochi, mphunzitsi
mudaphunzitsa kuwerenga m’sukulu amayesa momwe wophunzira
zapulayimale. aliyense akutchulira mawu, njira
zomwe akugwiritsa ntchito
M’mutu uno, mufotokoza zomwe powerenga, nthawi yomwe
mudakumana nazo pophunzitsa wawerenga komanso ngati
kuwerenga. Mufotokozanso njira akumvetsa zomwe akuwerengazo.
zomwe mudagwiritsa ntchito Kenaka, mphunzitsi amawerengera
pophunzitsa kuwerengako. Kenaka, momwe wophunzirayo wakhozera
musonyeza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka pa kawerengedwe kake pa ndime
njirazo. yomwe anapatsidwa. Pomaliza,
mphunzitsi amadziwa mabuku
Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe oyenera kumupatsa wophunzirayo
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira: kuti apititse patsogolo luso lake la
 afotokoza njira zomwe adagwiritsa kuwerenga.
ntchito pophunzitsa kuwerenga.
 aphunzitsa ndi kuyesa kuwerenga. 2 Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo
choonerera komanso kulemba
Mawu otsogolera momwe ophunzira akuwerengera
Ophunzira a m’sukulu zapulayimale (Observation checklist). Pogwiritsa
amawerenga mokweza ndi ntchito chipangizochi mphunzitsi
mwachinunu. Pali njira amakonza mafunso omwe
zosiyanasiyana zophunzitsira agwiritse ntchito poyesa
kuwerenga mokweza monga kawerengedwe ka wophunzira
kuwerenga kwa mavume, kwa aliyense. Onani chitsanzo
m’magulu komanso kwa chotsatirachi:
mmodzimmodzi. Pamene ophunzira
akuwerenga pogwiritsa ntchito njira
zosiyanasiyana, mphunzitsi ayenera
kuwayesa. Mphunzitsi angayese
8
Kodi Akukhoza Akukhoza Akukhoza Ndi
wophunzira kwambiri bwino pang’ono wofunika
chithandizo
1 akutchula
mawu
moyenera?
2 akuwerenga
mosadodoma?
3 akuwerenga
mofulumira?
4 akumvetsa
zomwe
akuwerenga?
Pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi, aphunzitsi amalembamo mfundo zosiyanasiyana

zomwe akufuna kuyesa ophunzira.
3 Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chotchedwa ‘Fluency rubric’ (Muyeso wa

kawerengedwe). Chipangizochi ndi chomwe mphunzitsi amagwiritsa ntchito
polemba muyeso wa kawerengedwe ka ophunzira. Mwachitsanzo:
Muyeso wa kawerengedwe (Fluency rubric)

wophunzira wofunika 1 akuwerenga mawu amodzi amodzi
chithandizo kapenanso akulephera kuwerenga.
wophunzira wokhoza 2 akuyesera kuwerenga magulu a mawu
pang’ono koma sakumvetsa zomwe
akuwerenga.
wophunzira wokhoza 3 akuyesera kuwerenga mofulumira ndi
bwino momveka bwino.
wophunzira wokhoza 4 akuwerenga bwino kwambiri,
kwambiri akumvetsa zomwe akuwerenga
ndipo akugwiritsa ntchito njira
zosiyanasiyana powerenga.
Kuyesa ophunzira kumathandiza mphunzitsi pamodzi ndi ophunzira kudziwa

momwe akuwerengera ndi mavuto omwe akukumana nawo powerenga. Izi
zimathandizanso mphunzitsi kupeza njira zoyenera kuthandizira ophunzirawo.
9
Ntchito 1 Kufotokoza njira zomwe muthetse mavuto omwe
munkagwiritsa ntchito munkakumana nawo.
pophunzitsa kuwerenga
3 Uzani anzanu zomwe
Kumbukirani zomwe munkachita
mwakambirana.
pophunzitsa kuwerenga. Maphunziro
ena adakusangalatsani pomwe ena Ntchito 2 Kuphunzitsa kuwerenga
adali ndi zovuta zina. Tsopano Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa ophunzira
muunika zomwe mudakumana nazo moyenera pamene akuphunzira
pophunzitsa komanso mavuto omwe kuwerenga n’kofunika. Tsopano
mudawapeza. muphunzitsa kuwerenga komanso
muunika njira zoyesera zomwe
Zochita 1 Kufokotokoza zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito pophunzitsa
mudakumana nazo kuwerenga.
pophunzitsa kuwerenga
Zochita 1 Kuphunzitsa luso la
kuwerenga
1 Kambiranani momwe
mungaphunzitsire kuwerenga
pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe
mwakambirana.
2 Phunzitsani kuwerenga pogwiritsa
ntchito njira zomwe
mwakambirana.
1 Tengani mafayilo anu ndipo 3 Zukutani maphunzirowo.
muwerenge zotsatira za ntchito
yomwe ndaphunzitsa. Zochita 2 Kuyesa ophunzira luso la
2 Kambiranani zomwe mudakumana kuwerenga
nazo kuchokera pa zomwe 1 Unikani njira zomwe
mwawerenga m’mafayilo anu munkagwiritsa ntchito poyesa
zokhudza kuphunzitsa kuwerenga. ophunzira pa luso la kuwerenga.
3 Perekani maganizo anu pa zomwe 2 Kambiranani mavuto omwe
mwawerenga. munkakumana nawo pogwiritsa
ntchito njira zomwe mwatchula.
Zochita 2 Kuunika mavuto omwe 3 Fotokozani njira zomwe
mudakumana nawo mungagwiritse ntchito kuti
pophunzitsa kuwerenga muthetse mavutowo.
1 Kambiranani mavuto omwe 4 Sonyezani anzanu momwe
mudakumana nawo pophunzitsa mungagwiritsire ntchito njirazo.
kuwerenga. 5 Perekani maganizo anu pa ntchito
2 Fotokozani njira zomwe yomwe anzanu achita.
mungagwiritse ntchito kuti
10
Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi mavuto omwe aphunzitsi
 Muombe mkota pa ntchito yomwe amakumana nawo pophunzitsa
ophunzira achita. kuwerenga.
 Mukhaliretu ndi njira zoyesera 2 Fotokozani njira zomwe
ophunzira pa luso la kuwerenga. mungagwiritse ntchito
 Mulimbikitse ophunzira kusonyeza pophunzitsa ndi kuyesa luso la
kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka njira kuwerenga.
zophunzitsira ndi kuyesera 3 Mphunzitsi wina pasukulu yanu
kuwerenga. amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito njira
ya mavume nthawi zonse
Kufotokoza mwachidule pophunzitsa kuwerenga. Ndi
M’mutu uno, mwafotokoza njira malangizo otani omwe
zomwe munkagwiritsa ntchito mungapereke kwa mphunzitsiyu.
pophunzitsa komanso kuyesa
ophunzira pa luso la kuwerenga. Mabuku
Mwafotokozanso njira zomwe Cunningham, PM & Allington, RL,
mungagwiritse ntchito pothetsa (2011). Classrooms that work: they can
mavuto omwe mungakumane nawo all read and write. Fifth Edition.
pophunzitsa luso la kuwerenga. Boston: Pearson.
Pomaliza, mwaphunzitsa kuwerenga Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
pogwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzitsira Chichewa buku la mphunzitsi.
komanso zoyesera lusoli. Domasi: MIE.
Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa English tutor’s handbook. Domasi:
1 Tchulani njira zosiyanasiyana MIE.
zomwe zimathandiza kuthetsa
11
MUTU 4 Kuphunzitsa kulemba chimangirizo ndi kalata
mu Sitandade 4 mpaka 8
Luso Kulemba
Nthawi Maola 4 mawu olaula kapena achipongwe
Chigawo Chachitatu komanso kulemba malembo ooneka
bwino. Kuonjezera apo, polemba
Chiyambi chimangirizo ndi kalata pamafunika
M’chigawo choyamba mudaphunzira kulemba chikonzero chomwe
kalembedwe ka chimangirizo ndi chimathandiza mlembi kusanja
kalata zomwe zimathandiza mfundo mu ndondomeko yoyenera
ophunzira kukulitsa luso la kulemba. kuchokera pa mutu womwe
Chimangirizo komanso kalata wasankha.
zimayenera zilembedwe mu
dongosolo loyenera kuti owerenga Mphunzitsi akadziwa kulemba
athe kumvetsa uthenga womwe chimangirizo ndi kalata moyenera
walembedwa. angathe kuthandiza ophunzira
kulemba ntchito zimenezi mosavuta.
M’mutu uno, mufotokoza momwe Pa chifukwa ichi, mutu uno
munkaphunzitsira chimangirizo ndi ukuthandizani kudziwa zofunika
kalata m’sukulu zomwe kutsatira pophunzitsa kulemba
munkaphunzitsa. Musonyezanso chimangirizo ndi kalata.
kaphunzitsidwe koyenera ka
chimangirizo ndi kalata. Ntchito 1 Kufotokoza momwe
munkaphunzitsira
kulemba chimangirizo
ndi kalata m’sitandade 4
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira: mpaka 8
 afotokoza momwe ankaphunzitsira Tsopano mukambirana zomwe
chimangirizo ndi kalata m’sukulu mudakumana nazo nthawi yomwe
zomwe ankaphunzitsa. munkaphunzitsa m’sukulu
 aphunzitsa anzawo kalembedwe zapulayimale. Mufotokozanso mavuto
koyenera ka chimangirizo ndi omwe mudakumana nawo ndi njira
kalata. zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa
mavutowo.
Mawu otsogolera
Kulemba chimangirizo ndi kalata Zochita 1 Kuunika zomwe
kumafuna kuganizira zinthu zambiri. mudakumana nazo
Zina mwa zinthuzi ndi kusankha pophunzitsa kulemba
mutu womwe wophunzira chimangirizo ndi kalata
sangavutike kupeza mfundo 1 Kambiranani momwe
zikuluzikulu, kusagwiritsa ntchito munkaphunzitsira kalembedwe ka
12
chimangirizo ndi kalata mu sukulu
za pulayimale zomwe Zochita 1 Kufufuza ntchito
munkaphunzitsa. zokhudza chimangirizo
2 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe ndi kalata m’mabuku a
mwakambirana. ophunzira
1 Pezani ntchito zokhudza
Zochita 2 Kupeza njira zothetsera chimangirizo ndi kalata m’mabuku
mavuto omwe a ophunzira.
mudakumana nawo 2 Kambiranani zomwe mwapeza
pophunzitsa chimangirizo m’makalasi a 1 mpaka 4 ndi 5
ndi kalata mpaka 8.
3 Perekani maganizo anu pa zomwe
mwapeza.
Zochita 2 Kuphunzitsa kulemba

chimangirizo ndi kalata
1 Unikani ndondomeko yomwe
munkatsatira pophunzitsa
kulemba chimangirizo ndi kalata.
2 Kambiranani ndondomeko
yoyenera kutsatira pophunzitsa
1 Fotokozani mavuto omwe kalembedwe ka chimangirizo ndi
mudakumana nawo pophunzitsa kalata.
chimangirizo ndi kalata. 3 Konzani ndondomeko
2 Perekani njira zomwe yophunzitsira kalembedwe ka
mungagwiritse ntchito pofuna chimangirizo ndi kalata m’magulu
kuthetsa mavuto omwe mwanu.
munkakumana nawo. 4 Phunzitsani chimangirizo ndi
3 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe kalata.
mwakambirana. 5 Zukutani momwe phunziro
layendera.
Ntchito 2 Kuphunzitsa
kalembedwe ka Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi
chimangirizo ndi kalata  Mulimbikitse ophunzira kufufuza
m’sitandade 4 mpaka 8 njira zothandizira kuthetsa mavuto
M’gawo lino, muphunzitsa kulemba omwe ankawalepheretsa
chimangirizo ndi kalata m’makalasi kuphunzitsa chimangirizo ndi
osiyanasiyana. Poyamba mufufuza kalata moyenera.
m’mabuku a ophunzira ntchito  Muombe mkota pa ndondomeko
zokhudza chimangirizo ndi kalata. yoyenera yophunzitsira
Kenaka, muphunzitsa kulemba kalembedwe ka chimangirizo ndi
chimangirizo ndi kalata. kalata.
13
3 N’chifukwa chiyani mphunzitsi
Kufotokoza mwachidule ayenera kutsatira ndondomeko
Pophunzitsa chimangirizo ndi kalata yoyenera pophunzitsa
ndi kofunika kuti ophunzira adziwe kalembedwe ka chimangirizo ndi
bwino njira ndi ndondmeko zoyenera kalata?
kutsatira.
Mabuku
M’mutu uno, mwafotokoza mavuto Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
omwe munkakumana nawo Buku la mphunzitsi. Domasi: Malawi
pophunzitsa kalembedwe ka Institute of Education.
chimangirizo ndi kalata kwa Ngoma, SJL & Chauma, AM, (2014).
ophunzira m’sukulu zapulayimale Tizame m’Chichew: malamulo
zomwe munkaphunzitsa. ophunzitsira ndi kuphunzirira
Mwafotokozanso mavuto amene Chichewa. Blantyre: Bookland
mudakumana nawo pophunzitsa ndi International.
njira zomwe mungagwirirtse ntchito
pofuna kuthetsa mavutowo. Pomaliza, Kuwerenga koonjezera
mwaphunzitsa chimangirizo ndi Nkhoma, WA, (1999). Kuphunzitsa
kalata potsatira ndondomeko Chinyanja. Zomba: Chancellor
yoyenera. College Publications.
Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa

1 Fotokozani zomwe mwachita
bwino komanso zomwe
mwalephera pa mutu uno.
2 Ophunzira anu akulephera
kulemba chimangirizo ndi kalata
moyenera. Fotokozani zomwe
mungachite kuti muwathandize
ophunzirawa kulemba
chimangirizo ndi kalata moyenera
komanso mopatsa chidwi.
14
MUTU 5 Kuphunzitsa kulemba lembetso ndi zidziwitso
mu Sitandade 3 mpaka 8
Luso Kulemba
Nthawi Maola 3 kukhazikitsa maziko antchito
Chigawo Chachitatu yodzagwira m’tsogolo monga ulembi
ndi ukonzi. Mwapadera, kulemba
Chiyambi lembetso kumathandizanso ophunzira
M’mbuyomu, mudaphunzira kumvetsera mwatcheru zomwe wina
kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa kulemba akukamba kapena kuwerenga ndi
lembetso ndi zidziwitso. kuwerenga zomwe iwo kapena wina
Mudaphunziranso momwe zinthu walemba.
ziwirizi zimathandizira ophunzira
kukulitsa luso lawo la kulemba. Pali mavuto osiyanasiyana omwe
aphunzitsi amakumana nawo
M’mutu uno, muunikanso pophunzitsa kulemba lembetso ndi
ndondomeko yomwe ingatsatidwe zidziwitso. Ena mwa mavutowa ndi
pophunzitsa kulemba lembetso ndi kusatsatira ndondomeko yoyenera ndi
zidziwitso ndi cholinga choti kusagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo
mukaphunzitse ophunzira moyenera. pophunzitsa. Monga aphunzitsi
muyenera kuphunzira
Zizindikiro zakakhozedwe kaphunzitsidwe koyenera ka lembetso
Pakutha pa mutu uno ophunzira: ndi zidziwitso. Izi zikuthandizani
 afotokoza momwe adaphunzitsira kupeza njira zoyenera kugwiritsa
kalembedwe ka lembetso m’sukulu ntchito pophunzitsa kuti ophunzira
zomwe ankaphunzitsa. apindule.
 aphunzitsa lembetso potsatira
ndondmeko yoyenera. Ntchito 1 Kufotokoza momwe
munkaphunzitsira
kalembedwe ka lembetso
Mawu otsogolera
ndi zidziwitso
Kuphunzitsa kulemba lembetso ndi
Tsopano muunika momwe
zidziwitso ndi zina mwa ntchito
munkaphunzitsira kulemba lembetso
zofunika kwambiri pophunzitsa luso
ndi zidziwitso. Kuunikaku n’kofunika
la kulemba. Kulemba lembetso ndi
kwambiri chifukwa kukuthandizani
zidziwitso kumathandiza ophunzira
kukonza zomwe simumazidziwa
kulemba mawu ndi ziganizo pa
bwino.
mtima, kulemba zizindikiro
zam’kalembedwe, kukulitsa luso la Zochita 1 Kuunika momwe
kumva ndi kuyankhula, kulemba munkaphunzitsira
mwachangu komanso molondola, ndi lembetso ndi zidziwitso
15
1 Kambiranani momwe chifukwa kumathandiza kuphunzira
munkaphunzitsira kalembedwe ka maluso omwe ena alinawo.
lembetso ndi zidziwitso m’sukulu
zosiyanasiyana zomwe Zochita 1 Kuonerera phunziro la
munkaphunzitsa. lembetso ndi zidziwitso
2 Fotokozani mavuto omwe 1 Kambiranani momwe
munkakumana nawo pophunzitsa mungaphunzitsire lembetso ndi
lembetso ndi zidziwitso. zidziwitso potsatira njira zomwe
3 Kambiranani njira zomwe mwakambirana.
mungagwiritse ntchito pofuna 2 Konzani ndondomeko
kuthetsa mavutowo. yophunzitsira kalembedwe ka
4 Uzani anzanu zomwe lembetso ndi zidziwitso mu
mwakambirana. Sitandade 3 mpaka 8.
3 Onererani phunziro la lembetso
Zochita 2 Kuunika ndondomeko pamene aphunzitsi anu
yomwe munkagwiritsa akuphunzitsa.
ntchito pophunzitsa 4 Perekani ndemanga pa momwe
kalembedwe ka lembetso phunzirolo layendera.
ndi zidziwitso
1 Unikani ndondomeko yomwe Zochita 2 Kuphunzitsa
munkatsatira pophunzitsa kalembedwe ka lembetso
lembetso ndi zidziwitso. ndi zidziwitso
2 Fotokozani mavuto omwe 1 Konzekerani kuphunzitsa
mudakumana nawo pogwiritsa phunziro la lembetso ndi
ntchito ndondomeko yomwe zidziwitso.
mwatchula. 2 Sonyezani anzanu kaphunzitsidwe
3 Perekani njira zomwe koyenera ka lembetso ndi
mungagwiritse ntchito pofuna zidziwitso.
kuthetsa mavuto omwe 3 Zukutani phunziro lomwe
munkakumana nawo. mwaphunzitsa.
Ntchito 2 Kuphunzitsa lembetso Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi

ndi zidziwitso potsatira  Mulimbikitse ophunzira kufufuza
ndondomeko yoyenera njira zothandizira kuthetsa mavuto
Tsopano muonerera aphunzitsi anu omwe adakumana nawo
akuphunzitsa kulemba lembetso ndi pophunzitsa lembetso ndi
zidziwitso. Kenaka, inunso zidziwitso.
muphunzitsa potsatira momwe  Mukonzeretu ndondomeko
aphunzitsi anu achitira. Kuonerera yophunzitsira lembetso ndi
momwe ena amaphunzitsira ntchito zidziwitso.
zosiyanasiyana n’kofunika kwambiri
Kufotokoza mwachidule
16
M’mutu uno, mwafotokoza zomwe malangizo otani omwe
munkachita pophunzitsa lembetso ndi mungapereke kwa aphunzitsi
zidziwitso. Mwaunika mavuto omwe otere?
mudakumana nawo pophunzitsa
komanso mwafotokoza njira zomwe Mabuku
mungagwiritse ntchito pophunzitsa Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
kalembedwe ka lembetso ndi Buku la mphunzitsi m’makoleji a
zidziwitso pofuna kuthetsa mphunzitsi. Domasi: Malawi
mavutowo. Mwaunikanso Institute of Education.
ndondomeko yoyenera kutsatira Ngoma, SJL & Chauma, AM, (2014).
pophunzitsa lembetso ndi zidziwitso. Tizame m’Chichewa: malamulo
Kenaka, mwaonerera kaphunzitsidwe ophunzitsira ndi kuphunzirira
koyenera ka lembetso. Pomaliza, Chichewa. Blantyre: Bookland
mwaphunzitsa lembetso ndi International.
zidziwitso.
Kuwerenga koonjezera
Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa Nkhoma, WA, (1999). Kuphunzitsa
1 Fotokozani njira zomwe Chinyanja. Zomba: Chancellor
zingamuthandize mphunzitsi College.
kuphunzitsa lembetso ndi
zidziwitso moyenera.
2 N’chifukwa chiyani mphunzitsi
ayenera kuphunzitsa lembetso mu
Sitandade 3 mpaka 8?
3 Mwapeza kuti aphunzitsi a
Sitandade 1 ndi 2 pa sukulu yanu
sakuphunzitsa zidziwitso. Ndi
17
MUTU 6 Kuphunzitsa akapandamneni
Luso Kugwiritsa ntchito ophunzira kuzindikira gulu la mawu

malamulo achiyankhulo limeneli mosavuta. Motero, mutu uno
Nthawi Maola 3 ukuthandizani kuzindikira mitundu
Chigawo Chachitatu ya akapandamneni ndi momwe
mungaphunzitsire.
Chiyambi
M’mbuyomu, mudaphunzira mitundu Ntchito 1 Kufotokoza mitundu ya
ya mawu yosiyanasiyana monga akapandamneni
dzina, mlowam’malo, mfotokozi ndi Cholinga cha ntchito ino ndi choti
muonjezi. M’malamulo achiyankhulo muzindikire za akapandamneni ndi
mumapezekanso magulu a mawu. mitundu yawo. Izi zikuthandizani
Limodzi mwa maguluwa ndi kukonzekera kuphunzitsa moyenera.
kapandamneni.
Zochita 1 Kufotokoza tanthauzo la
M’mutu uno, muphunzira mitundu ya akapandamneni
akapandamneni. Musonyeza momwe 1 Kambiranani tanthauzo la
mungaphunzitsire mitundu kapandamneni lomwe
yosiyanasiyana ya akapandamneniwa. laperekedwa m’mawu otsogolera a
mutu uno.
Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe 2 Pezani akapandamneni m’ziganizo
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira: zomwe mwapatsidwa.
 afotokoza mitundu ya 3 Uzani anzanu zomwe mwapeza.
akapandamneni.
 aphunzitsa akapandamneni. Zochita 2 Kufufuza mitundu ya
akapandamneni
Mawu otsogolera 1 Kambiranani mitundu
Kapandamneni ndi gulu la mawu yosiyanasiyana ya akapandamneni.
m’chiganizo lomwe limakhala lopanda 2 Pezani akapandamneni a mitundu
mneni. Gululi silipereka ganizo yosiyanasiyana yomwe
lomveka bwino popeza lilibe mneni. mwakambirana.
Akapandamneni alipo osiyanasiyana 3 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe
molingana ndi ntchito zawo. mwakambirana.
N’kofunika kuti aphunzitsi
Ntchito 2 Kuphunzitsa mitundu ya
muzisiyanitsa akapandamneni ndi
akapandamneni
magulu ena a mawu monga nthambi
Tsopano musonyeza momwe
za chiganizo zosaima pazokha kuti
mungaphunzitsire akapandamneni.
muziphunzitsa ophunzira molondola.
Kenaka, mufotokoza momwe
Kudziwa bwino kuphunzitsa
akapandamneni kungathandize
18
mungagwiritsire ntchito njira ya K-W-
L pophunzitsa ntchitoyi. Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi
 Mupezeretu zitsanzo zokwanira za
mitundu ya akapandamneni
yosachepera isanu ndi umodzi (6).
 Muombe mkota pa zomwe
ophunzira achita.
M’mutu uno, mwaphunzira za
akapandamneni. Mwaphunzira
tanthauzo la kapandamneni ndi
mitundu yake. Pomaliza,
mwaphunzitsa mitundu
yosiyanasiyana ya akapandamneni
ndipo mwazukuta maphunzirowo.
Zochita 1 Kuphunzitsa mitundu ya
akapandamneni Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa
1 Konzekerani kuphunzitsa mtundu 1 Perekani mitundu ya
wa kapandamneni womwe akapandamneni omwe ali ndi
mwapatsidwa. mzere kunsi kwawo m’ziganizo
2 Sonyezani momwe zotsatirazi:
mungaphunzitsire mtundu wa a. Usamayende m’mbali mwa
kapandamneniyo. msewu.
3 Zukutani maphunzirowo. b. Iye wagula malaya okongola
kwabasi.
Zochita 2 Kufotokoza njira ya K-W- c. Ndamanga nyumba yaikulu
L pophunzitsa mitundu ndithu.
ya akapandamneni d. Kuledzera ndi kuphwanya
1 Mphunzitsi mnzanu pasukulu malamulo asukulu.
yanu wakuuzani kuti akufuna e. Anthuwo ankayenda
kuphunzitsa akapandamneni mofulumira kwambiri.
pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya K-W-L 2 Kodi mungaphunzitse bwanji
m’gawo loyamba la phunziro lake ophunzira kuti amvetse mosavuta
koma njirayi sakuidziwa mitundu ya akapandamneni?
kwenikweni. Kambiranani mfundo
zomwe angatsate.
2 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe
mwakambirana.
3 Perekani maganizo anu pa ubwino
wotsatira njirayi.
19
Mabuku Chichewa. Bookland International,
Ngoma, SJL ndi Chauma, AM, (2014). Blantyre.
Tizame m’Chichewa: malamulo Nkhoma, WA, (1999). Kuphunzitsa
ophunzitsira ndi kuphunzirira Chinyanja. Zomba: Chancellor
College.
20
MUTU 7 Kuphunzitsa mitundu ya ziganizo
Luso Kugwiritsa ntchito Pophunzitsa mitundu ya ziganizo

malamulo achiyankhulo mphunzitsi ayenera kusankha njira
Nthawi Maola 4 yogwiritsa ntchito. Pali njira
Chigawo Chachitatu yotsogolera, njira yosatsogolera ndi
njira yakasakaniza. Chotero
Chiyambi mukuyenera kudziwa bwino mitundu
M’mbuyomu, mudaphunzitsa ya ziganizo ndi njira zomwe
ophunzira anzanu malamulo a mungaphunzitsire kuti ophunzira
chiyankhulo pa mitu yomwe akamvetse mitunduyi ndi kuigwiritsa
munasankha. Ndi bwino kuti ntchito moyenera.
mupitirize kuyesera kuphunzitsa ndi
cholinga choti mupititse patsogolo Ntchito 1 Kufotokoza mitundu ya
nzeru zanu komanso ukadaulo wa ziganizo
uphunzitsi. Tsopano mukambirana za mitundu ya
chiganizo komanso mupeza ntchito
M’mutu uno, muphunzira mitundu ya zokhudza mitundu ya ziganizo
ziganizo ndipo muphunzitsa m’mabuku a ophunzira a Sitandade 5
mitunduyo. mpaka 8.
Zochita 1 Kukambirana mitundu ya

ziganizo
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira:
1 Kambiranani tanthauzo ndi
 afotokoza mitundu ya ziganizo.
zitsanzo za mitundu inayi ya
 aphunzitsa mitundu ya ziganizo.
ziganizo: chiganizo chopanda
nthambi, chiganizo cha ziganizo
Mawu otsogolera
zingapo, chiganizo chanthambi ndi
Chiganizo ndi gulu la mawu lokhala
chiganizo cha ziganizo zanthambi.
ndi mneni lomwe limapereka ganizo
2 Lembani zomwe mwapeza.
lomveka bwino. Pali mitundu yaikulu
inayi ya ziganizo. Mitunduyo ili
mwakambirana.
motere: chiganizo chopanda nthambi,
chiganizo cha ziganizo zingapo,
Zochita 2 Kufufuza mitundu ya
chiganizo chanthambi ndi chiganizo
ziganizo m’mabuku a
cha ziganizo zanthambi.
Sitandade 5 mpaka 8
1 Fufuzani ntchito zokhudza
Ophunzira akadziwa bwino mitundu
mitundu ya ziganizo m’mabuku a
ya ziganizo, adzagwiritsa ntchito
ophunzira.
chiyankhulo moyenera popanga
2 Kambiranani zomwe mwapeza.
ziganizo zomveka bwino pamene
akufotokoza kapena kulemba nkhani.
21
3 Perekani maganizo anu pa 3 Zukutani ntchito zomwe
ntchitoyi. mwakonza ndipo konzani zomwe
sizinalembedwe bwino.
Ntchito 2 Kuphunzitsa mitundu ya 4 Uzani anzanu kufunika kopatsa
ziganizo ophunzira ntchito yokachitira
M’gawo lino, musonyeza kuphunzitsa kunyumba.
mitundu ya ziganizo komanso
mukonza ntchito yomwe ophunzira Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi
anu angakachitire kunyumba.  Musankhe ophunzira ena kuti
aphunzitse maphunziro a mitundu
ya ziganizo potsatira njira
yotsogolera, yosatsogolera kapena
yakasakaniza.
 Muombe mkota pa zomwe
ophunzira achita.
M’mutu uno, mwaphunzira mitundu
inayi ya ziganizo ndi zitsanzo zake.
Mitunduyi ndi chiganizo chopanda
nthambi, chiganizo cha ziganizo
Zochita 1 Kuphunzitsa mitundu ya
zingapo, chiganizo chanthambi ndi
ziganizo
chiganizo cha ziganizo zanthambi.
1 Konzekerani kuphunzitsa mtundu
Pomaliza, mwaphunzitsa ndi
wa chiganizo womwe
kuzukuta phunziro la mitundu ya
mwapatsidwa.
ziganizo.
2 Phunzitsani phunziroli.
3 Kumbukirani kuyesa ophunzira
Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa
pamene mukuphunzitsa.
1 Kodi mwaphunzira zinthu ziti
4 Unikani momwe phunziro lililonse
pamene mumaphunzira mitundu
layendera.
ya ziganizo?
2 Fotokozani kusiyana pakati pa
Zochita 2 Kukonza ntchito
‘chiganizo chanthambi’ ndi
yokachitira kunyumba
‘chiganizo cha ziganizo za
1 Sankhani mtundu umodzi wa
nthambi’.
ziganizo.
3 Pa njira zosiyanasiyana
2 Konzani ntchito yoti ophunzira
zophunzitsira malamulo
anu akachitire kunyumba.
achiyankhulo, ndi njira iti yomwe
Mulemberetu mayankho a
yakusangalatsani pa phunziro la
ntchitoyo.
mitundu ya ziganizo? Fotokozani
zifukwa zake.
22
Matanthauzo a mawu Nkhoma, W, (2016). Kuphunzira
Chiganizo: Gulu la mawu lokhala ndi Chichewa: malamulo a chiyankhulo.
mneni ndipo limapereka ganizo Zomba: Chanco Publications.
lomveka bwino.
Mabuku Chauma, AM and Ngoma, SJL, (2014).
Banda, FK, (2003). Methods of teaching Tizame m'Chichewa (3rd ed.).
Chichewa. Domasi: Domasi College Blantyre: Bookland International.
of Education. Nkhoma, WA, (1999). Kuphunzira
Nankwenya, IAJ, (1992). Zofunika mu Chinyanja. Zomba: Chanco
galamala ya Chichewa. Blantyre: Publications.
Dzuka.
23
MUTU 8 Kuphunzitsa nthambi za chiganizo
Luso Kugwiritsa ntchito yosaima payokha yamfotokozi ndi

malamulo achiyankhulo nthambi yosaima payokha
Nthawi Maola 3 yamuonjezi.
Chigawo Chachitatu
Nthambi yosaima payokha
Chiyambi yamuonjezi ilinso ndi mitundu
M’mbuyomu, mudaphunzitsapo yakeyake iyi: yamchitidwe, yamalo,
malamulo achiyankhulo pa mitu yanthawi, yachifukwa, yacholinga,
yosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, yolabadira ndi yapokhapokha.
m’mutu 7, mudaphunzira tanthauzo la
chiganizo ndi mitundu yake yomwe Kudziwa nthambi za chiganizo
ndi chiganizo chopanda nthambi, kumathandiza ophunzira kugwiritsa
chiganizo cha ziganizo zingapo, ntchito chiyankhulo moyenera
chiganizo chanthambi ndi chiganizo makamaka pamene akupanga
cha ziganizo zanthambi. ziganizo. Aphunzitsi muyenera
kudziwa kaphunzitsidwe koyenera
M’mutu uno, muphunzira za nthambi kuti ophunzira amvetse za ziganizo
za chiganizo ndi mitundu yake. zanthambi.
Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe Ntchito 1 Kusiyanitsa nthambi za

Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira: ziganizo
 asiyanitsa nthambi za chiganizo. Ziganizo zimakhala zosiyanasiyana.
 afotokoza ntchito za mitundu Ziganizo zina zimakhala ndi nthambi
yosiyanasiyana ya nthambi ya zosiyanasiyanso. N’kofunika
chiganizo yosaima payokha. kuzindikira kusiyana kwa nthambizi
 aphunzitsa nthambi za chiganizo. kuti muzikaphunzitsa mosavuta.
Tsopano musiyanitsa nthambi za
Mawu otsogolera ziganizo. Kenaka, mupanga ziganizo
Nthambi ya chiganizo ndi gulu la zanu zokhala ndi nthambi.
mawu m’chiganizo lomwe limakhala
ndi mneni wakewake. Zochita 1 Kupeza nthambi za
ziganizo zosaima pazokha
Pali mitundu iwiri ya nthambi za 1 Pezani zitsanzo za nthambi za
chiganizo: nthambi yoima payokha ziganizo zosaima pazokha
ndi nthambi yosaima payokha. Palinso kuchokera m’mabuku a ophunzira
mitundu itatu ya nthambi ya a Sitandade 7 ndi 8.
chiganizo yosaima payokha: nthambi 2 Kambiranani kusiyana pakati pa
yosaima payokha yadzina, nthambi nthambi ya chiganizo yoima
24
payokha ndi nthambi yosaima 2 Kambiranani momwe
payokha. mungazindikirire nthambi yosaima
3 Uzani anzanu zomwe payokha yadzina.
mwakambirana. 3 Pangani ziganizo zokhala ndi
nthambi yadzina.
Zochita 2 Kupanga ziganizo za 4 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe
nthambi mwakambirana.
1 Pangani ziganizo zokhala ndi
nthambi. Zochita 3 Kuzindikira nthambi ya
2 Siyanitsani nthambizo posankha chiganizo yamfotokozi
zosaima pazokha. 1 Kambiranani momwe
3 Zukutani ziganizo zomwe anzanu mungadziwire nthambi ya
apanga. chiganizo yosaima payokha
yamfotokozi.
Ntchito 2 Kufotokoza ntchito za 2 Pangani ziganizo zokhala ndi
nthambi za ziganizo nthambizi.
zosaima pazokha
3 Sonyezani anzanu zomwe
Nthambi za chiganizo zosaima
mwalemba.
pazokha zimagwira ntchito
zosiyanasiyana molingana ndi
Zochita 4 Kuzindikira nthambi ya
mtundu wake. Tsopano mufotokoza
chiganizo yamuonjezi
ntchito za nthambi yosaima payokha
1 Kambiranani ntchito
yadzina, yamfotokozi ndi yamuonjezi.
zosiyanasiyana za muonjezi.
2 Pangani ziganizo zokhala ndi
Zochita 1 Kukambirana ntchito za
nthambi zosaima pazokha za
nthambi za ziganizo
muonjezi.
zosaima pazokha
1 Pezani nthambi zosaima pazokha
mwakambirana.
za mitundu yosiyanasiyana
kuchokera m’mabuku a ophunzira Ntchito 3 Kuphunzitsa nthambi za
m’sukulu a Sitandade 7 ndi 8. chiganizo
2 Kambiranani ntchito za nthambi za Tsopano muonerera aphunzitsi anu
ziganizo zomwe mwapeza. pamene akuphunzitsa. Kenaka,
3 Uzani anzanu zomwe muphunzitsa mtundu wa nthambi za
mwakambirana. chiganizo womwe mwapatsidwa.
Zochita 2 Kuzindikira nthambi ya Zochita 1 Kuonerera phunziro la

chiganizo yadzina nthambi za chiganizo
1 Pezani nthambi yachiganizo 1 Kambiranani momwe
yadzina m’ziganizo zomwe mungaphunzitsire mtundu
mwapatsidwa. wanthambi za chiganizo womwe
mwapatsidwa.
25
2 Onererani pamene aphunzitsi anu Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa
akuphunzitsa nthambi za 1 Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa
chiganizo. nthambi yoima payokha ndi
3 Perekani maganizo anu pa momwe nthambi yosaima payokha ya
phunzirolo layendera. chiganizo?
2 Mungamuthandize bwanji
Zochita 2 Kuphunzitsa nthambi za wophunzira kusiyanitsa nthambi
chiganizo ya muonjezi yacholinga ndi
1 Konzekerani kuphunzitsa mtundu nthambi ya muonjezi yachifukwa.
wa nthambi za chiganizo womwe 3 Fotokozani momwe
mwapatsidwa. mungaphunzitsire phunziro la
2 Phunzitsani mtundu wa nthambi ‘nthambi za chiganizo’ ndipo
ya chiganizoyo potsatira njira mutchule njira yophunzitsira
yomwe mwasankha. yomwe mwasankha.
3 Unikani momwe maphunziro
ayendera. Matanthauzo a mawu
Nthambi ya chiganizo: gulu la mawu
Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi m’chiganizo lomwe limakhala ndi
 Mukhale ndi mabuku okwanira a mneni wakewake.
ophunzira a Sitandade 7 ndi 8.
 Mupezeretu zitsanzo za nthambi za Nthambi yoima payokha: gulu la
chiganizo zoima pazokha ndi mawu lokhala ndi mwininkhani
zosaima pazokha za dzina, komanso mneni ndipo limapereka
mfotokozi ndi muonjezi. ganizo lomveka bwino.
 Muonetsetse kuti ophunzira
akufotokoza bwino ntchito za Nthambi yosaima payokha: gulu la
nthambi zosiyanasiyana za mawu lokhala ndi mneni wakewake
ziganizo pophunzitsa. koma silimapereka ganizo lomveka
 Mukonzekere kuphunzitsa bwino palokha.
nthambi za ziganizo.
 Muombe mkota pa zomwe Mabuku
ophunzira achita. Banda, FK, (2003). Methods of teaching
Chichewa. Domasi: Domasi College
of Education.
Kufotokoza mwachidule Nankwenya, IAJ, (1992). Zofunika mu
M’mutu uno, mwaphunzira tanthauzo galamala ya Chichewa. Blantyre:
ndi mitundu ya nthambi za chiganizo. Dzuka Publishing Company
Mwafotokoza ntchito za nthambi za Limited.
chiganizo mogwirizana ndi mitundu Nkhoma, W, (2016). Kuphunzira
yawo. Pomaliza, mwasonyeza momwe Chichewa: malamulo a chiyankhulo.
mungaphunzitsire nthambi za Zomba: Chanco Publications.
chiganizo.
26
Chauma, AM & Ngoma, SJL, (2014).
Tizame m'Chichewa (3rded.).
Nkhoma, WA, (1999). Kuphunzira
Chinyanja. Zomba: Chanco
Publications
27
MUTU 9 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa kuzukuta
ndakatulo/nyimbo, zilapi/ndagi, nkhani/nthano,
macheza ndi sewero
Luso Kuganiza mozama Mawu otsogolera

Nthawi Maola 3 Kuzukuta ndi luso lopambana
Chigawo Chachitatu kwambiri pa moyo wa munthu wina
aliyense. Pa lusoli, timaunika
Chiyambi ndakatulo, nyimbo, zilapi/ndagi,
M’mbuyomu, mudaphunzira momwe nkhani, nthano, macheza, sewero ndi
mungaphunzitsire ophunzira a zina mwakuya kuti timvetse bwino
m’sukulu za pulayimale luso la tanthauzo la zomwe zikukambidwa.
kuzukuta ndakatulo/nyimbo, sewero Motero, n’koyenera kukhala ndi lusoli
ndi nthano. Mudaphunziranso kuti timvetse bwino zomwe ena
mfundo zomwe muyenera kutsatira akufotokoza, zomwe tikuwerenga
pozukuta mituyi monga kupeza komanso kuti tiyankhule zogwira
atengambali, malo ndi nthawi mtima kwa anthu ena.
yochitikira nkhani/nthano ndi
tsatanetsatane wa zochitika komanso Aphunzitsi muyenera kudziwa bwino
mfundo yaikulu. mfundo zoyenera kutsatira pozukuta
ndakatulo/nyimbo, zilapi/ndagi,
M’mutu uno, muphunzira momwe nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi sewero
mungaphunzitsire ndi kuyesa kuti muthandize ophunzira moyenera.
kuzukuta ndakatulo/nyimbo,
zilapi/ndagi, nkhani/nthano, macheza Pophunzitsa kuzukuta
ndi sewero. Muunika momwe ndakatulo/nyimbo, zilapi/ndagi,
munkaphunzitsira kuzukuta nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi sewero
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano ndi unikirani ophunzira mfundo izi:
sewero m’sukulu zomwe  Ndani akuyankhula m’ndakatulo
munkaphunzitsa. Pomaliza, mufufuza kapena nyimbo/akutenga mbali
njira zothetsera mavuto omwe m’nkhani/nthano ndi sewero?
munkakumana nawo komanso  Akuti chiyani/akutenga mbali
musonyeza momwe yanji?
mungaphunzitsire mituyi moyenera.  Akuyankhula ndi yani/akuchita
chiyani?
Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe  N’chifukwa chiyani
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira: akuyankhula/akuchita zimenezo?
 aphunzitsa kuzukuta  Kodi woyankhulayo kapena
ndakatulo/nyimbo, zilapi/ndagi, mtengambaliyo ndi wosangalala,
nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi wachisoni, wokhumudwa,
sewero. wodabwa?
28
 Kodi ndi mfundo yaikulu iti Zochita 2 Kuzukuta
yomwe ili mu ndakatulo/nyimbo, ndakatulo/nyimbo,
zilapi/ndagi, nkhani/nthano, nkhani/nthano, macheza
macheza ndi sewero? ndi sewero
 Kodi zipangizo za nsetso (mawu
apadera monga mpeputso,
msemphano, voko ndi
chiyerekezo) zagwiritsidwa ntchito
bwanji?
Ntchito Kuphunzitsa kuzukuta

ndakatulo/nyimbo,
zilapi/ndagi,
nkhani/nthano, macheza
ndi sewero
Mu ntchito ino, muunika momwe
munkaphunzitsira kuzukuta
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano ndi 1 Kambiranani mfundo zoyenera
sewero m’sukulu zomwe kutsatira pozukuta
munkaphunzitsa. Pomaliza, ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano,
muphunzitsa ntchitozi. macheza ndi sewero.
2 Fufuzani ndakatulo/nyimbo,
Zochita 1 Kufotokoza momwe nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi
munkaphunzitsira sewero kuchokera m’mabuku a
kuzukuta ophunzira.
ndakatulo/nyimbo, 3 Zukutani ndakatulo/nyimbo,
nkhani/nthano, macheza nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi
ndi sewero sewero zomwe mwapeza
1 Fotokozani momwe pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomwe
munkaphunzitsira kuzukuta mwakambirana.
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano 4 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe
ndi sewero m’sukulu zomwe mwakambirana.
munkaphunzitsa.
2 Kambiranani mavuto omwe Zochita 3 Kusonyeza kuphunzitsa
munkakumana nawo pophunzitsa kuzukuta
maphunzirowo. ndakatulo/nyimbo,
3 Perekani njira zomwe nkhani/nthano, macheza
mungagwiritse ntchito kuti ndi sewero
muthetse mavuto omwe 1 Unikani ndondomeko yomwe
munkakumana nawo. munkagwiritsa ntchito
4 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe pophunzitsa kuzukuta
mwakambirana. ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano,
29
macheza ndi sewero m’sukulu nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi
zomwe munkaphunzitsa. sewero m’sukulu zapulayimale.
2 Kambiranani momwe 2 Kodi ndi mfundo ziti zomwe
mungaphunzitsire kuzukuta zingakuthandizeni kuphunzitsa
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano, kuzukuta ndakatulo/nyimbo,
macheza ndi sewero pogwiritsa nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi
ntchito njira zomwe sewero moyenera?
mwakambirana mu ntchito 1. 3 Perekani ndondomeko yomwe
3 Sonyezani kuphunzitsa kuzukuta mungatsatire pophunzitsa
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano, kuzukuta ndakatulo/nyimbo,
macheza ndi sewero pogwiritsa nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi
ntchito njirazo. sewero.
4 Zukutani phunziro lomwe
mwaonera. Matanthauzo a mawu
Mpeputso: mawu osaumitsa thupi
Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi omwe amalowa m’malo mwa oipa.
 Limbikitsani ophunzira kupereka
njira zothetsera mavuto omwe Msemphano: mawu onena zina koma
ankakumana nawo. akutathauza zina.
 Mukhale ndi mabuku okwanira.
 Mukonzeretu mfundo zoyenera Voko: kukuza zinthu
kutsatira pozukuta zazing’ono/mawu omwe amanena
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano moonjezera kapena kusinjirira chabe.
ndi sewero.
 Muombe mkota pa ntchito yomwe Chiyerekezo: kufananitsa mopanda
ophunzira achita. chindunji zinthu ziwiri zosiyana.
Kufotokoza mwachidule M’malere: kathedwe ka nkhani

M’mutu uno, mwaunika momwe komuchititsa womvera kapena
munkaphunzitsira kuzukuta wowerenga kufunabe kudziwa
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano, zambiri.
macheza ndi sewero. Mwazukuta
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano, Mabuku
macheza ndi sewero komanso Abrams, MH & Harpham, GG, (2005).
mwaphunzitsa kuzukuta A glossary of literary terms (9th ed.).
ndakatulo/nyimbo, nkhani/nthano, Boston: Cengage Learning.
macheza ndi sewero pogwiritsa Moto, F, (2001). Trends in Malawian
ntchito njira zoyenera. literature. Zomba: Chancellor
College Publications.
Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa Nkhoma, W, (2016). Guide to literary
1 Fotokozani kufunika kophunzitsa terms with Chichewa equivalents and
kuzukuta ndakatulo/nyimbo, examples. Zomba: Chanco.
30
Kuwerenga koonjezera nkhani za mchezo, ndakatulo ndi
Mjaya, ANU, (2001). Introduction to zisudzo. Blantyre: Bookland.
literary criticism: lingistics and Sitima, JG, (2001). Mtondo: kufotokozera
African languages module 4. Domasi: za ndakatulo, zifanifani, nyimbo ndi
Domasi College of Education. ndagi. Zomba: Chanco Publications.
Ngoma, SJL & Nkhoma, W, (2014).
Nsinjiro za chiyankhulo ndi maziko a
31
MUTU 10 Kuphunzitsa nsinjiro zachiyankhulo
Luso: Kuganiza mozama

Nthawi Maola 5 Mawu otsogolera
Chigawo Chachitatu Nsinjiro za chiyankhulo ndi mawu
omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito
Chiyambi poyankhula kapena polemba ndi
Kukulitsa luso la kuganiza mozama cholinga chofuna kukometsera
kumachitika pophunzitsa ntchito chiyankhulo. Pali mitundu
zosiyanasiyana monga zilapi, nthano yosiyanasiyana ya nsinjiro za
ndi sewero. Palinso ntchito zina chiyankhulo. Ina mwa mitunduyi ndi
zomwe zimathandiza kukulitsa luso la zining’a, ntchedzero/zifanifani,
kuganiza mozama. Ntchitozi ndi mipeputso, nseketso, mikuluwiko ndi
nsinjiro zachiyankhulo monga miyambi. Nsinjiro za chiyankhulo
ntchedzero/zifanifani, zining’a, zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.
nseketso, mipeputso ndi mikuluwiko. Mwachitsanzo, zimakometsa
Ntchitozi zimakometsanso chiyankhulo komanso zimathandiza
chiyankhulo. Choncho n’kofunika kuti kuyankhula kapena kulemba nkhani
ophunzira azitha kuzigwiritsa ntchito mophiphiritsa n’cholinga choti ena
moyenera. asadziwe zomwe munthu
akutanthauza. Nsinjiro zachiyankhulo
M’mutu uno, muphunzira momwe zimathatndizanso kukulitsa luso la
mungaphunzitsire ntchito zina kuganiza mozama.
zokhudza ntchedzero/zifanifani,
zining’a, nseketso, mpeputso ndi Kuti muphunzitse bwino phunziro la
mikuluwiko. Izi zikuthandizani kuti nsinjiro za chiyankhulo, muyenera
muziphunzitsa luso la kuganiza kudziwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya
mozama pochita ntchito nsinjirozo. Muyeneranso kudziwa
zosiyanasiyana zokhudza nsinjiro za bwino zitsanzo za mitundu
chiyankhulo. yosiyanasiyanayo ndi ndondomeko
yoyenera kutsatira pophunzitsa.
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira: Ntchito 1 Kufotokoza mitundu
 afotokoza mitundu ya nsinjiro yosiyanasiyana ya
nsinjiro zachiyankhulo
zachiyankhulo.
Muli kusekondale, mudaphunzira za
 asintha nsinjiro zachiyankhulo
nsinjiro zachiyankhulo
zosiyanasiyana kukhala
zosiyanasiyana. M’gawo lino,
m’mitundu ina.
muunika mitundu ya nsinjiro
 asonyeza kaphuzitsidwe ka
zachiyankhulozi. Kenaka, mupeza
nsinjiro zachiyankhulo.
32
mikuluwiko yofanana komanso Zochita 2 Kukambirana
yotsutsana m’matanthauzo. mikuluwiko yofanana
m’matanthauzo
1 Kambiranani kusiyana kwa
mkuluwiko ndi mwambi.
2 Fufuzani mikuluwiko
yosiyanasiyana m’mabuku a
ophunzira.
3 Kambiranani matanthauzo a
mikuluwiko yomwe mwapeza.
4 Pezani mikuluwiko yofanana
m’matanthauzo.
mwapeza.
Zochita 3 Kukambirana
mikuluwiko yotsutsana
m’matanthauzo
1 Fufuzani mikuluwiko
yosiyanasiyana m’mabuku a
ophunzira.
Zochita 1 Kukambirana mitundu ya
mikuluwiko yomwe mwapeza.
nsinjiro za chiyankhulo
3 Pezani mikuluwiko yotsutsana
1 Kambiranani matanthauzo ndi
m’matanthauzo.
zitsanzo za nsinjiro za chiyankhulo
izi:
mwapeza.
a. zining’a
b. ntchedzero/zifanifani
Ntchito 2 Kusintha nsinjiro
c. mipeputso
zachiyankhulo kukhala
d. nseketso
m’mitundu ina
e. mikuluwiko
Mu ntchito 1, munakambirana
f. miyambi
mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsinjiro za
2 Fufuzani nsinjiro za chiyankhulozi
chiyankhulo. Tsopano mukambirana
m’mabuku a ophunzira.
momwe mungasinthire
ntchedzero/zifanifani kukhala
nsinjiro zomwe mwapeza.
zining’a, zining’a kukhala
ntchedzero/zifanifani komanso
mwakambirana.
mikuluwiko kukhala
ntchedzero/zifanifani.
33
Zochita 1 Kusintha Ntchito 3 Kuphunzitsa nsinjiro za
ntchedzero/zifanifani chiyankhulo
kukhala zining’a M’gawo lino, mukambirana za
1 Kambiranani matanthauzo a mipeputso ndi nseketso. Kenaka,
ntchedzero/zifanifani. musonyeza momwe
2 Pezani ntchedzero/zifanifani mungaphunzitsire nsinjiro
m’mabuku a ophunzira. zachiyankhulo.
3 Kambiranani kusiyana kwa
ntchedzero ndi zining’a. Zochita 1 Kupereka matanthauzo a
4 Kambiranani momwe mipeputso
mungasinthire 1 Kambiranani tanthauzo la
ntchedzero/zifanifani kukhala mpeputso.
zining’a. 2 Fufuzani zitsanzo za mpeputso.
5 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe 3 Fotokozani kufunika kogwiritsira
mwakambirana. ntchito mipeputso.
4 Fotokozani matanthauzo a
Zochita 2 Kusintha zining’a mipeputso yomwe mwapeza.
kukhala 5 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe
ntchedzero/zifanifani mwapeza.
1 Kambiranani momwe
ntchedzero/zifanifani Zochita 2 Kupereka matanthauzo
zimapangidwira. osiyana a nseketso
2 Pezani zining’a m’mabuku a 1 Kambiranani tanthauzo la
ophunzira. nseketso.
3 Sinthani zining’azo kukhala 2 Fufuzani zitsanzo za nseketso
ntchedzero/zifanifani. m’mabuku a ophunzira.
4 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe 3 Kambiranani matanthauzo awiri
mwakambirana. osiyana a nseketso iliyonse.
Zochita 3 Kusintha mikuluwiko mwakambirana.
kukhala
ntchedzero/zifanifani Zochita 3 Kuphunzitsa nsinjiro za
1 Pezani mikuluwiko m’mabuku a chiyankhulo
ophunzira. 1 Konzekerani phunziro la nsinjiro
2 Sinthani mikuluwikoyo kukhala za chiyankhulo lomwe
ntchedzero/zifanifani. mwapatsidwa.
3 Fotokozerani anzanu zomwe 2 Kambiranani momwe
mwakambirana. mungaphunzitsire phunzirolo.
3 Sonyezani momwe
mungaphunzitsire phunziroli.
4 Zukutani maphunzirowo.
34
zining’a, ntchedzero/zifanifani,
Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi mipeputso, nseketso, mikuluwiko ndi
 Mupezeretu zitsanzo zoyenera za miyambi. Mwakambirana kasinthidwe
nsinjiro za chiyankhulo izi: ka nsinjiro za chiyankhulo kupita ku
zining’a, ntchedzero/zifanifani, mitundu ina. Mwaphunziranso
mipeputso, nseketso ndi momwe mungaphunzitsire nsinjirozi
mikuluwiko. pokulitsa luso la kuganiza mozama
 Mupezeretu mabuku a ophunzira mwa ophunzira. Pomaliza,
omwe muli nsinjiro za chiyankhulo mwasonyeza kuphunzitsa nsinjiro za
zosiyanasiyana. chiyankhulo.
 Muonetsetse kuti ophunzira
akuphunzitsa potsatira Matanthauzo a mawu
ndondomeko yoyenera. Chining’a: Mawu amodzi kapena
 Muombe mkota pa zomwe gulu lochepa la mawu lomwe
ophunzira achita. limakhala ndi tanthauzo lobisika.
Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa Ntchedzero/chifanifani: Mawu omwe

1 Siyanitsani mitundu ya nsinjiro za matanthauzo ake ndi osereula omwe
chiyankhulo zotsatirazi: amaseketsa kapena kukwiyitsa
a. chining’a ndi chifanifani munthu wosereula naye.
b. mkuluwiko ndi mwambi
Mpeputso: Mawu osaumitsa thupi
c. chining’a ndi mpeputso
omwe amalowa m’malo mwa oipa
d. chining’a ndi mkuluwiko
monga otukwana ndi ochititsa
2 Perekani matanthauzo awiri
mantha.
osiyana a nseketso zotsatirazi:
a. Nkhuku ndatengayi njomanga. Nseketso: Chiganizo chokhala ndi
b. Kodi kholowa m’kabudula matanthauzo ambiri.
angamere?
c. Achimwene, kodi m’kamwa Mkuluwiko: Mutu wa mwambi ndipo
mumanunkha? umakhala ndi phunziro.
d. Lero tigonera mbatata.
e. Kodi ufa ukadya? Mabuku
3 Fotokozani kufunika kophunzitsa Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
nsinjiro za chiyankhulo m’sukulu Maphunziro a m’sukulu zauphunzitsi
zapulayimale. m’Malawi: buku la mphunzitsi.
Domasi: MIE.
Kufotoza mwachidule Malawi Institute of Education, (2008).
M’mutu uno, mwaphunzira mitundu Chichewa buku la ophunzira la
ya nsinjiro za chiyankhulo izi: Sitandade 7. Domasi: MIE.
35
MUTU 11 Kuphunzitsa mtantho wa mawu
Luso Kuganiza mozama

Nthawi Maola 2  afotokoza kufunika kophunzitsa
Chigawo Chachitatu mtantho wa mawu.
 asonyeza kuphunzitsa mtantho wa
Chiyambi mawu.
M’mbuyomu, mudaphunzira ntchito
zosiyanasiyana zomwe Mawu otsogolera
mungaphunzitse ophunzira a Mtantho wa mawu ndi sewero
kupulayimale kuti akhale ndi luso la lolemba mawu mopingasa ndi
kuganiza mozama. Zina mwa ntchitozi motsitsa. Mtantho wa mawu ndi
ndi monga kufotokoza ndi kupeza wofunika pophunzitsa chiyankhulo
phunziro m’miyambi, kupereka chifukwa umathandiza ophunzira
matanthauzo a mikuluwiko komanso kuganiza mozama, kudziwa
zining’a. Mudaphunziranso kuti kalembedwe ka mawu komanso ndi
ntchitozi zimathandiza kulimbikitsa njira yosangalatsa yophunzitsira
chikhalidwe cha makolo. mawu.
M’mutu uno, muphunzira momwe Chitsanzo cha mtantho wa mawu:

mungaphunzitsire mtantho wa mawu.
Mufotokoza tanthauzo la mtantho wa Lembani mopingasa kapena motsitsa
mawu, kufunika kophunzitsa mtantho malembo opanga mawu omwe ndi
wa mawu komanso momwe matanthauzo a ziganizo zili
mungaphunzitsire. m’musimo. Malembo opanga mawu
alionse aziyambira pomwe pali
Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe nambala. (Ntchitoyi yachokera
Pakutha pa mutu uno, ophunzira: m’buku la ophunzira, Chichewa
Sitandade 5; tsamba 92).
36
1C
2M
3F
4N
5K
6E 7M
8D
9L
Mopingasa Mayankho
1 nthenda yotsokomoletsa Mopingasa
3 fika kumalo ambiri 1 Chifuwa
5 mtundu wa nthenda yotulutsa 3 Fala
timatuza pathupi 5 Katsabola
6 nthenda yosachizika 6 Edzi
8 samalira munthu wodwala 8 Dwazika
9 tulutsa mawu ndi misozi chifukwa 9 Lira
cha ululu
Motsitsa
Motsitsa 1 Chikuku
1 nthenda yotenthetsa thupi ndi 2 Maso
yofiiritsa maso yomwe ana 4 Nthenda
amadwala kawirikawiri 7 Mphere
2 nthenda yomwe imatulutsa 8 Dwala
manthongo m’maso
4 gwero la kudwala kapena kusamva Pomaliza, muyenera kumvetsetsa
bwino m’thupi ndondomeko yomwe mungatsatire
7 nthenda yotulutsa matuza pathupi pophunzitsa mtantho wa mawu kuti
omwe amatuluka mafinya ntchitoyi ikhale yopindulira
8 khala osapeza bwino m’thupi ophunzira. Mutu uno wapereka
chifukwa cha matenda tsatanetsatane wa momwe
mungaphunzitsire mtantho wa mawu.
37
Ntchito 1 Kufotokoza kufunika yoyenera kutsatira pophunzitsa
kophunzitsa mtantho wa mtantho wa mawu. Pomaliza,
mawu
musonyeza momwe
Monga sewero, mtantho wa mawu ndi
mungaphunzitsire mtantho wa mawu
njira yophunzirira yosangalatsa.
kwa ophunzira akupulayimale.
M’gawo lino, mufotokoza kufunika
kophunzitsa mtantho wa mawu.
Zochita 1 Kukambirana
ndondomeko
Zochita 1 Kufotokoza momwe
yophunzitsira mtantho wa
munkaphunzitsira
mawu
mtantho wa mawu
1 Unikani ndondomeko yomwe
1 Fufuzani zitsanzo za mtantho wa
munkatsatira pophunzitsa mtantho
mawu m’mabuku a ophunzira.
wa mawu.
2 Kambiranani tanthauzo la mtantho
2 Fotokozani mavuto omwe
wa mawu.
mudakumana nawo pogwiritsa
3 Fotokozani momwe
ntchito ndondomeko yomwe
munkaphunzitsira mtantho wa
mwatchula.
mawu m’sukulu zomwe
3 Kambiranani ndondomeko
munkaphunzitsa.
yoyenera yophunzitsira mtantho
4 Kambiranani mavuto omwe
wa mawu.
mudakumana nawo pophunzitsa
mtantho wa mawu.
mwakambirana.
5 Perekani njira zomwe
mungagwiritse ntchito kuti
Zochita 2 Kuonerera phunziro la
muthetse mavuto omwe
mtantho wa mawu
munkakumana nawo.
1 Kambiranani momwe
mungaphunzitsire mtantho wa
Zochita 2 Kufotokoza kufunika
mawu.
kwa mtantho wa mawu
2 Onererani pamene aphunzitsi anu
1 Kambiranani kufunika
akuphunzitsa mtantho wa mawu.
kophunzitsa mtantho wa mawu.
3 Perekani maganizo anu pa momwe
2 Fotokozani mfundo zoyenera
phunzirolo layendera.
kutsatira pophunzitsa mtantho wa
mawu.
Zochita 3 Kuphunzitsa mtantho wa
mawu
mwakambirana.
1 Konzani ndondomeko
yophunzitsira mthantho wa mawu
Ntchito 2 Kuphunzitsa mtantho wa
mawu mu kalasi lomwe mwasankha.
Mwakambirana kuti mtantho wa 2 Phunzitsani mtantho wa mawu
mawu ndi wofunika kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko
pophunzitsa chiyankhulo. M’gawo yomwe mwakonza.
lino, mufotokoza ndondomeko 3 Zukutani maphunzirowo.
38
3 Ndi mfundo ziti zomwe
Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi mungatsate kuti phunziro la
 Mukonzeretu ndondomeko mtantho wa mawu m’kalasi lanu
yophunzitsira mtantho wa mawu. likhale losangalatsa ndi lopatsa
 Mupezeretu mtantho wa mawu chidwi kwa ophunzira?
woti muphunzitsire. 4 Lembani chitsanzo cha mtantho
 Muombe mkota pa ntchito zomwe wa mawu wophunzitsira
ophunzira achita. malamulo a chiyankhulo kapena
zilapi kwa ophunzira a Sitandade
Kufotokoza mwachidule 5.
M’mutu uno, mwaunika momwe
munkaphunzitsira mtantho wa mawu Matanthauzo a mawu
komanso mwafotokoza tanthauzo ndi Mtantho wa mawu: Sewero lolemba
kufunika kwake. Mwaunikanso mawu mopingasa ndi motsitsa
ndondomeko yoyenera kugwiritsa
ntchito pophunzitsa mtantho wa Mabuku
mawu, mfundo zoyenera kuganizira Chilora, H G & Kathewera, REM,
pophunzitsa ndi momwe (2014). Chichewa buku la ophunzira a
mungaphunzitsire. Pomaliza, Fomu 2. Blantyre: Dzuka publishing
mwasonyeza kaphunzitsidwe company limited.
koyenera ka mtantho wa mawu. Malawi institute of Education, (2008).
Maphunziro a m’sukulu zapulayimale
Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa m’Malawi: Chichewa buku la
1 Mwapeza kuti aphunzitsi ena pa mphunzitsi la Sitandade 7. Domasi:
sukulu yanu saphunzitsa Malawi Institute of Education.
mtantho wa mawu m’makalasi
awo. Kodi mungapereke Kuwerenga koonjezera
malangizo otani kwa aphunzitsi Chauma, AM & Ngoma, SJL, (2014).
otere? Tizame m'Chichewa (3rded.).
2 Fotokozani ndondomeko Blantyre: Bookland International.
yoyenera yophunzitsira mtantho
wa mawu.
39

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Initial Primary Teacher Education

Malawi Institute of Education

Malawi Institute of Education

© Malawi Institute of Education 2018

Zonse za m’bukumu n’zosati munthu akopere mu njira ina iliyonse popanda

Choncho n’koyenera kuti maphunziro azikhala othandiza ophunzira kukhala a

Pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimathandiza kuti maphunziro akhale apamwamba.

Cholinga cha maphunziro a zauphunzitsi m’Malawi ndi kusula aphunzitsi ogwira

Ndondomeko younikanso maphunzirowa yatsogoleredwa ndi lingaliro ili:

‘Kusula mphunzitsi wotha kudziunika, wodzidalira, wozindikira kuti kuphunzira

Tikukhulupirira kuti aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira m’sukulu zophunzitsa ntchito

Akuthokoza makamaka bungwe la UNICEF ndi GIZ chifukwa cha thandizo la

Undunawu ukuthokozanso mwapadera Mkulu wa Department of Inspectorate and

MIE ndi Undunawu akuthokozanso a Frackson Manyamba, Foster NJ Gama,

Innocencia Guzako-Kachala - Lilongwe Teachers’ College

Mawu otsogolera ……………………………………………………………. v

Mutu 1 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa ndakatulo ndi nyimbo ………………..… 1

Mutu 2 Kuphunzitsa malonje ……………..………...……………………….. 4

Mutu 3 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa kuwerenga ………………………………. 8

Mutu 4 Kuphunzitsa kulemba chimangirizo ndi kalata mu

Sitandade 4 mpaka 8……………………….……………………….... 12

Mutu 5 Kuphunzitsa kulemba lembetso ndi zidziwitso mu Sitandade

Mutu 6 Kuphunzitsa akapandamneni ……………………………………... 18

Mutu 7 Kuphunzitsa mitundu ya ziganizo………………………………… 21

Mutu 8 Kuphunzitsa nthambi za chiganizo …………………………………… 24

Mutu 9 Kuphunzitsa ndi kuyesa kuzukuta ndakatulo/nyimbo, zilapi/ndagi,

nkhani/nthano, macheza ndi sewero …………………………….... 28

Mutu 10 Kuphunzitsa nsinjiro zachiyankhulo ………………………….………. 32

Mutu 11 Kuphunzitsa mtantho wa mawu ………………………………………… 36

Luso Kumva ndi kuyankhula kulemba, kulakatula ndakatulo

Zochita 1 Kulakatula ndakatulo ndi

Luso Kumva ndi kuyankhula malusowa nthawi imodzi popeza

Pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi, aphunzitsi amalembamo mfundo zosiyanasiyana

3 Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chotchedwa ‘Fluency rubric’ (Muyeso wa

Muyeso wa kawerengedwe (Fluency rubric)

Kuyesa ophunzira kumathandiza mphunzitsi pamodzi ndi ophunzira kudziwa

Zochita 2 Kuphunzitsa kulemba

Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa

Ntchito 2 Kuphunzitsa lembetso Malangizo kwa mphunzitsi

Luso Kugwiritsa ntchito ophunzira kuzindikira gulu la mawu

Luso Kugwiritsa ntchito Pophunzitsa mitundu ya ziganizo

Zochita 1 Kukambirana mitundu ya

Luso Kugwiritsa ntchito yosaima payokha yamfotokozi ndi

Zizindikiro za kakhozedwe Ntchito 1 Kusiyanitsa nthambi za

Zochita 2 Kuzindikira nthambi ya Zochita 1 Kuonerera phunziro la

Luso Kuganiza mozama Mawu otsogolera

Ntchito Kuphunzitsa kuzukuta

Kufotokoza mwachidule M’malere: kathedwe ka nkhani

Luso: Kuganiza mozama

Kudziunika ndi kudziyesa Ntchedzero/chifanifani: Mawu omwe

Luso Kuganiza mozama

M’mutu uno, muphunzira momwe Chitsanzo cha mtantho wa mawu:

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