Practical :

Acid-Base titrations

10 000 10
. . 100ML

Om OmL OmL
17 65 10 05 17
.
.

.
50100517 50 .
0 05 .

ML ML mL

0 . 0487 M

H2504 +
INaOH

1 MolH
+
If base fo

2 mol OH - > Facid Fa

Previous
17 65 . 17 50
.
17 58 .

Previous
10 000 .
10 000 . 10 000
.

0 .
0429M 0 0426M
.
0 0426M
.

f # reacting
0 07 % 1%
.

less than HCl = 1

*
>
- H2604 2
M, M2 facid # #
=

AvgM =
+ + My

3 fbase +base # OH-NaOH-I

= 0 0429 0 0424 + 0 0426 facid Wa(OH)2 2
.
+ . .

3
acid unknown NaOH fb = 1
Molarity M #Moles
.
=
=

Volume Volume Mol base

= - Abasex
acid X Moles acid = .

(3) fb xMbxVb Molarity

M =

Ma =
faid x (MxV) a
ifbase (Mxv)b
fax Va
largeM-Small M
% difference
X 100
:
- 1 x 0 0487 x 17 66 . Small M
0429 M
.

= 0 .

2 x 10 000 0 . 0429-0 . 0426 %

x 100 0 7%
.

I 1 x 0 X 17 50
0487 . 0 0426
0 0426M
.
.

=
.

2 x 10 000
.

I 1 x 0 . 0487 x 17 50 .
=
0 . 0424
2 x 10 . 000
 Practical :

Qualitative analysis of anious

& add known
sel 10 drops in all of them at once .

& Make sure its audic .

&
Clean rod with distilled water .

A + <i >
-
AgCl(s)
2+
Ba + S04Y BaSOy(s)
Ag + c -
AgCl(s)

Ba2
+
+ SO42 Ba6O4(6)

48e2 + NO3- + 4 HT - [feNO] "(aq) Ife?*+ + 2H20

co3
"
+
2H >
-

H20 +
Co2(g)
CO32-
+
+ 2H >
- H20 +
(O2(g)
O
POL +
3NH4 + 12MoO4 24le (NHilz [P0u(MoOs) 2(s)'2H
+ 1
>
 Expl Scientific method Inexact have
uncertainty
:

numbers are exact or measured ,

exacted like
counting ordef , measured is
by tool .

Significant figures in measurement, It has uncertainty or precision

Written to reflect :
uncertainty ↑
sigfig , duncertainty
.
Sig fig include all certain digits + first uncertain digit .

have
>
-
Exact numbers infinite num of
fig.
a set of
Accuracy how the value precision how close measurement are to each other
: :
>
- close to .

Sig fig :
all non zero/zero btw nonzero/Zero before nonzero are not zero to the right of decimal
Zero btw and at the end /Zero btw degits
45 873626
. 0 . 000239 + 3 0 .
00023900 + 5 48000 -5 .
48000 + 2
2 .
982x100 + 4 1 00040
.
>
- 6

Add/sub :
least num of decimal places Multi/Devi :
least num of sigfigs
reading ---------

Scientific notation : to left , to right (t

(t)

Uncertainty i
graduated smallest division/a
non
graduated
:
either displayed or 1157 2 .
>
- 01/0 .
35 + 0 01
.

- 85
5 s e
2
60
.

-
moving in
1/2 = 05
.
&2 =0 1
.
E =0 .
S
E = .5
0
 Expl : Determination of
Density
Density =
mass
Volume
D
= (g/cm3) or
g/mb

Density Solid measuring solid and its volume

: .
0 04
.

volume by dimensions or liquid displaced by .

solid

① 2 6 +
.
② m .
2

1m = 1cm3
↓
:
Vernier Caliper :

o + & OG

Irregular Solic : Volume displacement , find Volume .

Water with solid - without

mass of liquid :
flask full-flask empty mass .

Volume changes with . needs

temperature to be recorded
.
 EXP3 : paper chromatography
Absorption :
Molecules absorbed (inside) ,
Variation In volume .

Absorption : Molecules fixed on surface

, no variation In volume

Chromatography technique :
of separating componentsIn a mixture based on distribution of Components

between mobile phase and stationary phase that has large surface area
.

mobile phase : liquid or

gas that moves the
analyte through a solid

stationary Phase (Carries the components)

Stationaryphase : A solid which analyte species are pationed (separated)
during the passage of mobile phase
.

Chromatography
* the process depends on
the
otion) of components of the mixture .

Adsorption : attraction of materials to a solid surface

.

adsorbed
&
strongly by paper moves small distance
Fe
&
Weakly adsorbed moves
higher . dark yellow
Cu blue
finishe
line Ni red
>
-
Stationary
.
(Paper)
#
E

↳
Component
i Rf Distance traveled by Component
:

Distance traveled Mobile

>
- mobile
Mobile
by

it
travel

startine
Principles ofChromatography :

Capillary Action : liquid able to move becuz its attraction to itself is

stronger than gravity
. Adhesion, Cohesion ,
Surface
tension
.

Solubility degree solute similar Properties

:
which dissolve into solvent ,
have .

Uses of
chromatography
->
analyze mixture

>
-
Identify mixture

>
-
purify

>
-
Quantify amount present

use In
pharmacy , hospital , law
 EXP4
melting point of solid
:

physical - no
change in composition boiling point of liquid .

Chemical ->
change in composition

mp bp physical properties used

Identify
to I close
solid

&
Melting point : temp at which liquid and solid are inequilibrium. Liquid - close but more relative

o there Its T1: first drop of gas far

is no
change , a
range
. liquid -
apart
T2 : Completley ligrid
& Pure substance have sharp melting point .

impure melt at lower temp .

>
- uses of m P .
>
-
Identify compounds
>
- determine purity of compounds

Properties
-

Intensive Extensive

fp
Mp and coexist in equilibrum .

factors Mp
effecting Size
heating rate, purity Human
: >
,
error .

↑ sharp . 5-1)
(0
melting same particles

*
Boiling point , external pressure =
Late · LiquiduaporpressureV P .
= AtmP

VP =
AtmP If Atm

BP and AtmP 10mm -> 0 5 .

vp
decrease
by
3mm >?
- My
sc
4 * 01
=
=

decrease

Latm =
Tommig

Biling 1000 , freeze O

factors affecting BP heating rate

: , Human error

1 atm torr
760mmHg 760
=
=
 EXP5 :
Constant R .

volume
PV nRT
-
=

Gas properties depends on 1 V nRT+

=
temp
Gas >
- fill up space L ↓ x
Pressure amount constant
>
- low densities
>
diffuse rapidly
-

↑> compress
>
- exerts pressure on
surroundings HRF
PV =

-
& Boyle law : U & DV-constant P4V
at temp constant

& Charleslaw VXT VIT =

Constant /
PV = NRT

constant
F⑳
>

at p

& GAYLUSSACS PLT PH =

constant
at V constant

PK = URT
F

Van V/n = Constant

Avogadro law :

at P, t R
constant
A
=

Ideal Gas law : PV = URT

Vol ()
UL
=

K = C + 273 15.

n(mol) = mass(g)
molar mass (g/mo)

Patm P + Pwater vapor Latm 760 torr 328KPa

pressure TbOmmHg
: :
,
= = =
101 .

H2
>
Pwet
=
I
dry+
 Expl Qualitative
:

analysis -
Acid Base titration

Titration : used to determine concentration of a solution with unknown concentration /Analyte) using another
solution with know concentration (standard) with end point .

↓
Volumetric volume essential
titrant
analysis ,
is .

neutralization btw acid and base

,
end point is reached (pink) pH .

sacid , wbase : 2-5 PH/s acid sbase : 6-9/ Wa sbase :

9-13 pH

& indicator depends oupH of solution .

Equivalence all acid with all base

. (1 1)
completly
:
point
:
reacts

End point :
Indicator change color
,
solution .
changed -
d
Titrant known e burette
facid x Molacid = flase x Mol base

Analyte Unknown
- flask
facidx (MxU)acid = -basex (UxV) base
-
M molarity .

- No
reacting .

M?
1 (13 50 x 0 050)
. .
= 1 (MX 18 70) .

M =

ob f(m(mm) = f(VxM)
V M ?
2 (0 0300/MM)
.
= 1 (21 50x0031).

MM =

Volume :
Uf-Vi
large - Small
/difference =
x160

small
 EXP7: Qualitative analysis of anions

change of Chemical rxn : color solid

, percipitate , gas , light ,
heat ,
change in
reading
.

Qualitative analysis
:

Reagent : Chemical substance mixed with unknown , reacts with lons.

positive test >

- anion/cation Is present

test
negative - Absent

Acidified effects observation.

by acid to remove , Carbonate and phosphate ,
A cids used should not contain anions tested . react with most .
 EXP 8 : Composition of
Hydrated Barium Coride
BaCz +
H2O

Hydrate : Solid
Containing
water molecule in
crystaling structure
.

Anhydrous :
Chemical Compound that have no water molecule in Chemical structure

MgCOsi 3H20
- hydrate ,
MgC031 Anhydrows
Hydrates formula :
Dot followed num of H20 molecules
. (uS04 SH20 .

Salt. XH20 I mole balt : XH2O moles 1 : 5

Molecular mass or molecular

weight
: Sum of

d atomic .
mass

molar mass

Mass M before
of water of
hydration :
-

M after

Mass :

Mao Mace
 system Heats of reactions
EXP9 :

energy + H20(s) >

- H20(e)

System :

specific part of universe that Is the interest in the study

.

Thermodynamics study :
of heat
energy and other like work .

heat
Calorimetry use to calculate of
:
rxn .

surroundings Calorimeter : In
measures the heat released or absorbed rh .

by pressure
.

Law of Conservation of
energy : total energy U of an Isolated system IS constant
.

AU =

g + W q
:
heat/W : Work

EnthalpyH thermodynamic property

:
describe heat lost or
gained in
system .

AH =
AU + PAV

W :
-PAU At Constant PAH =
AU =

Dq
Enthalpy of rxU :

CAT
qp
:

M : Mass specific heat :

amount of heat requid to raise temp of
g MSAT
=
S :
Specific heat Co
#
one
gram by one
degree
:
Tf-Ti
heat amount of heat requid to raise temp of
Capacity :

- by one Co
given quantity degree
-

qp
Calc of Enthalpy : *It
(per mol) :

n moles of reactant n moles

molar mass
"MSAT
Heat of solution :
Temp's () e+

exothermic At >0 DHCO

n moles of reactant

DT CO
Temp is (-) >
- endothermic DHTO

Exothermic :
give off heat >
System lose energy Athe Hole Hold +
Every
Endothermic heat : absorbed /
system gainsAH the to energy >
-
Energy

Al I products Hreastant
-
:
t
 EXPIO : Qualitative analysis of cations

Depends on reaction scheme , separates cations from each other

Reaction
Scheme :

depends on
solubility behavior and color of compounds
formed by cations
.

Chemicals added are

"reagents".
strong
Butter solutions : solution that PH ↑acid
changes slight amount of or base

Neutralize .
Salt needed .
added

Can resist
change In PH If small amountA/B