tlal4.

Anpktude Modulatto;
Ampltude mo clltiou,

Corrte 88 var

Si6nal base band & nal.

Mathematics nvolved)

TFme domin Fhyey domain.

mlt) mse $q nal, ('kHz)

eaaAer SEnal thost modlatien.
plame More tuam. (EH2)
Modulated 3i9nal
domain desert pton o Aplud Sqn
Modulatiou aud ecte the
domat AM
tme daioiptkon
Message 3egnal
vS
ghen by
MLt) = Am tos (an fmt)
f.
Correr S
givn by
c ct) = Acos net)
AM Carri

Modulätd Sianal
Time Ka
9 Ka&l+) 8(1)
Sl+) 81+) AsBit)
L4) 8 M(t) is = A
==
Ac m
A[t+ = =
Stuestivty Ac Ac A[ Ac
[ At Ag =
[+ Modulotion
[1 At Ac
Ft Component
FT
Mi
(4)FT Am
Ka +
Modulatio u t M Ces
kaAm Ka Am M 8nt)
AG
(+)
m Am lt)]
Molos t)] tos los Cos
cli) dudator. (2
(3 Cos (2nmt) n}mt)](9n}et)
nHmt) [a
ntt)|
Volt Cos es
os (2
(+ an [2nt) bet)
(kVoa t
et)
+)

8ijnal. Gmportaut
c&)
dulation)0
m
ocllation.0 ) u
itaut jant +t
(t-o)
greatt M
y shoulole -JAtoot
fm=lkHz po
Pu Mlt) >
anal be ts M
=3kt : LB)
-than1,
e
Teurement
AmpLtucleor
enve lop

34), S-gna!
Tesults n equal mbles
hese

noclulatim
Ores to
1
or ne3s6ec
al t
 MOc e a t on
tone Moda Amnplituda
(2ntmt)
Let m(t) = Amles 9

ket the be gtven by S(4)= Ac +

p-sbet

C(+) = A tos /2nhct)

TÊe Ssugle toue Am ssgnal is given by
+
t e
S(t) = As Cos(anb,t ) A
Kohee A = A t m (t)
A+ met)co s (2n}t) e - jen (he-t
S(t) =A+ (Amios (9 nHmt))losl2 n$et) Apleg Foeeier Tensfor n
ebtan
-Takg
SCt) =
Ac

A
ComMOn.

I +
ee
Am tos (2 njmt)Cos (2nkct))))- Ae fs (b -be) + s (3+ $e)| +
AC

Am
Ac
s<}-Cictfm) t &(t +($ctfm)) +
nbet))
S[3) =A/|1 tMLod (2mf mt)) Cos (2
4

S(% -(be-b m)t

S(+)= Ac cos (2n5e t) + Acu cos [2 Tmt) Co (2nf

Scel= Aclo s(2nfct)+ Au Cos(2 nymttantt)+

tos [2ny mt -2nt))
 MIE)
AM

t
-5Hz

4t Ac

Lower
Oppi Ssl Band
Band

&4) - lo-5 -lo -lot S to-s (ottz

Am

s) 3H
3tz

-|0-5 -0 - 4 los oH lot

-8-3 -2 2
3 3+5
-s-3 *3 -3t1 3-s
 H) Total pocul
P- = P. + Poss +Psa
9.
Ac

-[OH2- 5 H2 5 H2
A2

Pn AM 2
Vm Pr = A - Pe+E
V2 2R.
R
JMt}|= A
TM|=
An os (2nht)
m(t) - Amcos 9
Ac 1.5Pc
= A2
2

Sg nal
Poo Requtsement oh AM
powrt c equal to hay e? LS8
) torsies pocori
Clt) = A,2
12
Pe
in pp1 std. Band - u'A (198 amp
(Pose)
loue
tPese)
 t)
Om(t}= 5tas (too
nt)
cct ) = lo CoS(soo Domaln 6C)
Teme. Dom in + mit) t)’
te
tos (8oon t)
G,iven s(t) =5 f1tio (os (30r t)J bm ?
Cos
A m= 3
c(t) = be 2
the
MoclulotÝn = &hägt
Mo delatol:
V¡ (4)
Clt) has
tthaw
mlt).

tos (2rsc+[2. -1) +

13.1
ce teTed arouud
m (t)

’O to be
,Ct) = Ctt) + mt)
<< Ac Cos 2
C(t)>o
Va (t) =
|+ Am los (2*mt)/ 2) + Ay Cos t) cos (an
Clt)<o
Va (t} Ac Co Cos C4n7tl+ cos con7
The at a
prveodi, Am co's snh t)t Cos (27mt).
tra'u
 Ac Cos (9nft)+ Ac coól4n7t)+Ae + A los/ operati on f Envelop Ptctor :

ouuaid 6Pas.Tbe Caaito C,

hanges p
m
te the
ad
the clode is
enmon'y. Stvensed 6fajed and baato doschays
te load

above E indieate
tirm
amplitude Seand
-the dered Ana Oave Stt Te = ( tRs)c
RAc -that ontal Dt+ 1
lmiantid tomonsa
-the Caie be
Do ati ay PARTB
Remoclatiou
Doutle Side band Suppre[sed
st) elmn. Corrier

A Acln
 (3xbt
m(t) =AngCos
(an het)
c(t) = Ae Cos Am

Am
0s8- Sc

su)=M () A.tosax}et)]

Amtos [2nbmt
m t)
814) Ac mit) e Ac

FT
Adv omt af es 0sBSc e
to tansmit
s}) -A Mlh-be) + Ae Mt5) ) The Badth seulred to
at to betw -t
SU1 = Ac ML}-c+M
Mt) Aoher arriy
4 An 3) Jhe wu tians mitted
- Am

phiu
 mlt) 4 Cos (327bet)
Modulitot
* Carrier.
D t
atection:.
o
Coherent
03
Produet
modulatoy
1 o(t)
m/)
-1 to wad

los[2ntet to)
V[)-5Lt). Cog (arhet +)
(975ctt)
n(t). c(t).(os
tentn dappd transformct.
mtl.

9t) = m(t ) Cos

hrte t + 4) +M (t) os
wut hout Caiu. a B4uauCeevy
Cannle1. to be LPE

M(t) cos
((t) = H
fan- 1)

n
(0STAS Ke eiv B1c6)
Entae thamel
Produut
Modulator
LpF
los (9nhtt)
vattyeA
lCostroned Phae
AA
(ov
0Sce llatoy
44) -natoy
Tao
40 phase
DS6-s Shift

Sinler bett )
aoduet Modiutator ’ BpF
Pno dnet mt)
Iodulartat
5Ces (1o07t) Aet ((t) =totos (500 n
) et mt)
Oebtain the tme oloman
endtte UsB,Ls8
L &
Cnent'onal Am) poule alelia
Fad ttu
ktude
the banduoedth( )
K
Produt
Molbulate 5C0s (tobnt)
,1) Mo dulalol BPf fut)
(0 Cos Ts00t)
cit)
Balt)
dom érpremon
Local
 1 + KaM =2X50 (oo tlz
8(+)= A
(1oc t) del'evered ( R =l0k,
. M(t)- 5 (of Poner
los (2 nfmt) Pasa = (to)lo. 5)9,
MIt) = Am =Acu
Pose
9

t Qx10Xlo 3 Qo0
Am los (2afm t)
Z oS|H2 t)
mit)
m (t) =
5 Volt 1) For a qiven sgual
Conveh ional
C(t) = l0 cos 500 7 t) "
&pectrom of.Conveto
Ct+) Ac Cos Cortct) raw ithe
= 50o t E 0S B - Sc 'OsB- $c,
-nal Am
Conventona! Am (tiz).
)
Iine lomaln,

(2rt)
&(t) =Ac 1+ kaM (t) Ces &*)= H[1+0.50$ (20nt)/ Cat / ShoNt)
omain:
5 O5
Ac 10

) s4) 1o)l* 0.5 Cos (ont1|Cos (svon b).

sty) - A_ [s (i-ua ol +$C*+43o +
 cCt)
Sl4) = m(t)-
S)
CH)= eros (Hao nt) (os [tuon 4)
Jo0 3Dd FD
sL)= AAmm (7 -te) +M B-te 1|

Lo0

-4)04L
3 oo Lyo 500
2oa
-t 3o0

3o0

KLt):= tt). mtl.

kaifirnt).
 band Am he
For a
the Spertom Conventto nal Modue o2 ;- Anslet Modulaiou
Modulattd ASave Css by
Ay Auale
st) = A, cos (D: Ct))
choug
pha
weite alLor claue
-) me ag e gnal
M(t} = Amlos[2nh mt)
l proportional
S6 e:t) Enneases monceutcaty eterval! o
time the averog fquny
200 t to At is gtven by
A-t )-or4)
(+)= 9: (tt at
to

AAt
wut to teme

tatameoy

8lt).

At>o
-L00o JoD

dt

b As pur te gn O Angle mo otu latd sigual

An Totatg phara
Can be defered
;(t) .
lengtk Ac angle
 ty
Vleti 7 suk a phaser 3 y Moctulaton
Anguar
d e:(t)
dt

ange modulalion ta wleek

whech the
Ac
O,5 5V Ac
s 44 is the om -tu arr ier A0ave varles
4 Erytantaneow ueny o}
9Ct) to -tle
miss ag gnal.
2.5 a ctordance
mt)
Vo ltt.
: Yet M(t)
mdulatrd losiey Nu have H ingtantaou
for any tlh

M (t) dt.
(lt) = A(os (Ort+)) moollatin
phe modelatstoni J. MIAI dt.
Eytantueo
En Aohichk the angle 9:(+) Jo
t
m (t) dt
acordence AP th th 3Kbe t +
; t)
hadiag Volt. E.M
= Alos n t t9nk
Modolad
preperties of Ag
Th ghase Mdalated s19nal 4(4)= A, Co s [ e, ct) ) Constan ey o Po
tansm tted Pouei

&te) = A. tos an}et +KplME) ||| The Am pltode c Ftn on ave

 Conytant
maindaind
for all t me t ths tl, M,(e) dt) +
AMpltvde Ab Ae
modulat! A, C0s L2n}tt 2IK t
angle M (t)t |
ful an m' tted pouel

2
2 3) snequlaty Zto Grouime
|KHz
ropvty Auale molulatd Be
$) Nou - ntae
Met)

too mo ollats
M, (4) wot
4 M. &(t) Sijnd
Mg lt) t
15 kt2
(t) + Ma (t)
M3 (t)= M 5Elz

|4, t) = .(t) + Sa (t)

83 (t) 8ilt) + &s (t)
Messmat h
&4) = Ac Cos [ar bct t anbe Malt) dt
&y 4) - Alos [anfct +drfy ('M, (t) d) A
A 4 no teeny u
Zero
More
Mst) M.ct) t Mo lt) )N'suaegation
&s/l = A. los[2nbt Envelope o 8(t) m(t)
A los [n}et
 PM
M(t)
nlaro Bad FM:
go dudelion and
Modulattd Oave giren by
hequeny C) d]
Woe 4 Bemdwtth lowst aut 8c4) = A,Los(2nhet t Jnky GM
) Thade -
Ret mit) given by
Cos[ar7mt)
M/t) = Am
eng Carct)
FM Mo dulat C(t) = Ac Cos
)How to Qeuaote pm 5tgnal oolatoy. 6M tnctnt cneous
Qud FM PM
4:(4) l + k M(t) depens
drsivie phae t) Amptu
fetl = te K Am los (2r aleatie
A = k, Am
the Stant aneons
M Ct)

Jor FM
M(T) . d
8:(t) =2r(et k Am Co s (a nlmt )
er(t) J nhet t k, Mt)
FM
PM Cos Canlmt) tt
e:(t) =arlet tñ4 3 u e r t)
FM
 2 (oS A CO SB Sin A SenB
Cos A+ 3)
B- B5in (armt)
Modulation ade
nhmt)- Sin (9 n}t)
cos (anhct). Cos (psin(a

FM = 8nce B< 4 Tad.

(&n,mt) d4
4(+l A,cos an}t t * J, Am tos
Modolator fnden (B) FM s dasefied a tosto) I, sn (o) =
8in
)Based on
1) nlerroco Baud FM
0 beco mes
) laltde Band FM

Band FM, the value b

Na700
BITasy nßct)psin (nt)Ac
&t) = A, cos (e netl. 1 - gin (2
ttan Tases.
B is l
Band FM, t a
I4)= Aclos (an bet)- Ac | pcos(2 nl t + rhut)t
ttam Tadia B Cos (a*}t-abmt
Cbetb)t|
) Norro Bomd FM - a 84)= Actos (ant)+A pCos ar
Condr FM 5bwal given by
3 Spectiums.
B<ITaslians tor ar vo
App ying Cos (A 6) o17nula,
 Bandoidtl Regoiem nt sor
UPpr Stde Band Lower Side Band

the. undameutal
U5B-LSB Bw

= -

bn
Cu w n mlt)
dt

nnbt
Cn A. e 'Bstu (2nbm t) -J'a
) )8>4 Tad'ans
D)Th FM Modolated Jave S(4)
S an be
Ac e
e

olt ala
4) = Ae kRef amtt t Bsin

Bt)= Ac ipsin (0nbmt)

st4)
oti5is the
the lanjegate Com plez Envlabr nA e
gin
d
the Above
bessal luntkion 'vn by.
J)sina-)

fi) = Ac I(B) e'(3rjut)

JC9R nhmt)
e