• Lecturer: ORISH CHINNA

• DEPT OF ANATOMY
• UNIPORT.
EYE

• EYEBALL/VISUAL PATHWAY
ETERNAL FEATURES AND ACCESSORY
STRUCTURES OF THE EYE
ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE
• Eyelids
(palpebrae)
separated by the
palpebral fissue
• Eyelashes
• Tarsal glands
• Lacrimal
apparatus
DIAGRAM
LACRIMAL APPARATUS
Lacrimal apparatus
• Responsible for tears
• The fluid has mucus,
antibodies and lysozyme
• Lacrimal gland in orbit
superolateral to eye
• Tears pass out through
puncta into canaliculi
into sac into
nasolacrimal duct
• Empty into nasal cavity
(sniffles)
5
LACRIMAL FLUID FLOW(FLOW CHART)
• Tears form in the lacrimal glands,
• collect in the lacrimal lake

• Pass via lacrimal punctae,

• Lacrimal canaliculi,

• Lacrimal sac

• Nasolacrimal duct
LACRIMAL APPARATUS(DIAGRAM)
EYE

• Organ for seeing =detect

light ,convert it into
electrical signals that
brain interprets as images
LAYERS OF THE EYE

• Three layers
• Outer fibrous tunic
• Sclera, cornea, limbus
• Middle vascular tunic
• Iris, pupil, lens ciliary body, choroid
• Inner nervous tunic
• Retina
• Optic nerve
Diagram of layers
Outer Layer (Fibrous Tunic):
• Sclera: white, tough, fibrous tissue that
forms the outer layer of the eye,
providing structural support and
attachment points for eye musclespost
5/6th of eye ball)

• Cornea: The transparent outermost layer

of the eye that covers the front of the eye
and allows light to enter. It's located in
front of the iris and pupil. covering ant
1/5th of the eyeball
• Limbus,junction/border of cornea and
sclera
1. Pupil: The pupil is the
black circular opening
in the center of the iris.
Its size changes in
response to light
intensity.
2. Lens: Behind the iris
and pupil lies the lens.
The lens helps to focus
light onto the retina. It
can change shape to
adjust focus, a process
known as
accommodation
Middle Layer (Vascular Tunic or Uvea

• Choroid: A layer of blood vessels between the sclera and the

retina. It supplies oxygen and nutrients to the retina and helps
regulate temperature.
• Ciliary Body: Contains the ciliary muscle and processes that
control the shape of the lens for accommodation. Produces
aqueous humor.
• Iris: The colored part of the eye that regulates the size of the
pupil and hence controls the amount of light entering the eye.
• Pupil It appears black because it allows light to enter the eye
• Aqueous Humor: A clear fluid produced by the ciliary body that
fills the anterior chamber of the eye, maintaining intraocular
pressure and providing nutrients to the cornea and lens.
• Iris:
• It regulates the amount of light entering the eye by
adjusting the size of the pupil.

• The iris is the colored part of the eye that surrounds

the pupil.
• It consists of muscular tissue with pigmentation,
giving it a distinct color (e.g., blue, brown, green).
• The iris controls the size of the pupil by contracting or
relaxing its muscles.
• The iris contains two sets of muscles: the sphincter
pupillae, which constricts the pupil, and the dilator
pupillae, which dilates the pupil.
• Pupil:
• The pupil is the circular opening at the center of the iris.
• It appears black because it allows light to enter the eye
and does not contain any pigmentation.
• The size of the pupil can change in response to varying
light conditions and other stimuli.
• In bright light, the pupil constricts (becomes smaller) to
reduce the amount of light entering the eye and prevent
overexposure.
• In dim light, the pupil dilates (becomes larger) to allow
more light to enter the eye, improving vision in low-light
conditions.
• The pupil's size is controlled by the muscles of the iris:
the sphincter pupillae and the dilator pupillae.
LENS
• The lens of the eye serves several critical functions
essential for clear vision:
1. Focusing Light: The lens helps to refract incoming light
rays, ensuring they converge and form a sharp image
on the retina, which is necessary for clear vision and
visual acuity.
2. Accommodation: As a flexible structure, the lens
adjusts its shape to change its refractive power,
allowing the eye to focus on objects at different
distances. This process, known as accommodation,
enables clear vision at varying distances, from near to
far.
 Inner Layer (Neural Tunic or Retina):
• Retina: innermost layer of the eye, .Photoreceptors:
Rods and cones are the two types of photoreceptor cells
that convert light into electrical signals that are
transmitted to bipolar cells and then to ganglion cells,
which form the optic nerve. The optic nerve carries these
signals to the brain, specifically to the visual cortex,
where they are processed and interpreted to form a
visual image.
• Macula: A small area in the retina responsible for central
vision, containing the highest concentration of cones.
• Fovea: A tiny depression in the macula where visual
acuity is highest due to the dense packing of cones.
• Optic Disc (Blind Spot): The point where the optic nerve
exits the eye, lacking photoreceptors.
DIAGRAM OF THE LAYERS
INNER(RETINA)
Definition: the innermost tunic of the eyeball, containing the
neural elements for reception and transmission of visual
stimuli
• Outer neural layer, containing nerve cells and blood vessels,
• Photoreceptor layer, a single layer that contains the light
sensing rods and cones,
• Pigmented retinal epithelium (PRE
PHOTORECEPTOR LAYER
Rod:
▪ Photoreceptor cells of the retina, sensitive to light
of low intensity ie sensitive in dim light.
▪ Cone:
▪ Photoreceptor cells of the retina; are sensitive in
bright light and are responsible for color vision.
t
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR CAVITY OF
THE EYE

• Ciliary body and lens divide the anterior cavity of

the eye into posterior (vitreous) cavity and
anterior cavity
• Anterior cavity further divided
• anterior chamber in front of eye
• posterior chamber between the iris and the
lens
FLOW CHART

• Cilary body and lens

• Divides the ant cavity of eye into
• Anterior cavity + posterior (vitreous) cavity
Divides further into
Anterior chamber and posterior chamber
DIAGRAM
THE SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE EYE
THE CIRCULATION OF AQUEOUS HUMOR
FLUIDS IN THE EYE

• Aqueous humor circulates within the eye

• diffuses through the walls of anterior chamber
• passes through canal of Schlemm
• re-enters circulation
• Vitreous humor fills the posterior cavity.
• Not recycled – permanent fluid
VISUAL PATHWAY

• Arises from the retina of the eye

• Optic nerves pass through the optic canals
and converge at the optic chiasm
• They continue to the thalamus where they
synapse
• From there, the optic radiation fibers run to
the visual cortex
• Functions solely by carrying afferent
impulses for vision
VISUAL PATHWAY( FLOW CHART)
• Optic nerve(from retina)
• Via optic canal
• Optic chiasma(deccusate)
Optic tract
• to
• From lateral geniculate(thalamus)

• Optic radiation
• Run to
• Visual cortex
DIAGRAM 1
DIAGRAM 2