Faculty of

Engineering

Signals Theory

Signal Transformation
Signals Theory
Dr. Ahmed Abdelhaleem
Fall 2022/23
 2

Dr. Ahmed M. Abd El-Haleem

Associate Professor in
Communication and Electronic Department
Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University

E-mail: dr.ahmed.m.abd.elhaleem@gmail.com
 Outline
 Dependent variable transformation
 Amplitude Transformation
◼1) Amplitude scaling
◼ 2) Amplitude shift

 Independent variable transformation

 Time Transformation
◼1) Time shifting
◼ 2) Time scaling
◼ 3) Time reversal
4 Dependent variable transformation

Amplitude Transformation
1 ) Amplitude scaling
2) Amplitude shift
 Amplitude Transformation
5

1 ) Amplitude scaling
 Amplitude scaling maps the CT input signal x(t) to the
CT output signal y(t) as given by
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑥(𝑡)
 where a is a real number.
 Geometrically, the output signal y(t) is
expanded/compressed in amplitude and/or reflected
about the horizontal axis.
 Amplitude Transformation
6

1 ) Amplitude scaling

𝑦 𝑡 = 2 𝑥(𝑡)

𝑦 𝑡 = −2 𝑥(𝑡)
 Amplitude Transformation
7

1 ) Amplitude scaling

1
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)
2

 Amplitude scaling maps the DT input signal x[n] to the

DT output signal y[n] as given by

𝑦[𝑛] = 𝐵 𝑥[n]
 Amplitude Transformation
8

1 ) Amplitude scaling
 Amplitude Transformation
9

2) Amplitude shift
 Amplitude shifting maps the CT input signal x(t) to the
CT output signal y(t) as given by
𝑦 𝑡 =𝑥 𝑡 +𝑏
 where b is a real number.
 Geometrically, amplitude shifting adds a vertical
displacement to x(t).

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 −2
 Amplitude Transformation
10

2) Amplitude shift
 Amplitude shifting maps the DT input signal x[n] to the
DT output signal y[n] as given by
𝑔 𝑛 = 𝑥 n +A
 Amplitude Transformation
11

 We can also combine amplitude scaling and amplitude

shifting transformations.
 Consider a transformation that maps the input signal
x(t) to the output signal y(t), as given by
𝑦 𝑡 =𝑎𝑥 𝑡 +𝑏
 Where a and b are a real numbers.
 The above transformation is equivalent to:
 First amplitude scaling x(t) by a, and

 Then amplitude shifting the resulting signal by b;

 Amplitude Transformation
12

 Equivalently, the above transformation can be

expressed as
𝑏
𝑦 𝑡 =𝑎 𝑥 𝑡 +
𝑎

 The above transformation is equivalent to:

 First amplitude shifting x(t) by b/a, and

 Then amplitude scaling the resulting signal by a.

 Amplitude Transformation
13

Example 1 :
 Consider the signal in Figure plot the transformed
signal
𝑦 𝑡 =3𝑥 𝑡 −1
 Amplitude Transformation
14

Example 1 :
Solution
15 Independent variable transformation

Time Transformation
1 ) Time shifting
2) Time scaling
3)Time reversal
 Time Transformation
16

1 ) Time shifting
 A time shifted version of the CT signal x(t) can be
obtained through
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑑 )
 where td is any positive or negative constant.
 Such a transformation shifts the signal (to the left or
right) along the time axis.
 If 𝑡𝑑 > 0, y is shifted to the right by | 𝑡𝑑 |, relative to x
(i.e., delayed in time).
 If 𝑡𝑑 < 0, y is shifted to the left by | 𝑡𝑑 |, relative to x
(i.e., advanced in time).
 Time Transformation
17

1 ) Time shifting
Example 2:

x(t) x(t+1)

1 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡+1 1

t t
-2 -1 -3 -2 -1

x(t) x(t-1)
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡−1 1
1

t t
-2 -1 -2 -1 1
 Time Transformation
18

1 ) Time shifting
 Since DT signals are defined only for integer values of
the sample index, time shifting operations must utilize
integer shift parameters.

𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑘]

 where k is any positive or negative integer.

 Time Transformation
19

1 ) Time shifting
 Time Transformation
20

2) Time scaling
 A time scaled version of the CT signal x(t) is obtained
through the relationship
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑎 𝑡)
 where a is a strictly positive real number.
 Such a transformation is associated with a
compression/expansion along the time axis.
 If a > 1, y is compressed along the horizontal axis by a
factor of a, relative to x.
 If a < 1, y is expanded (i.e., stretched) along the
horizontal axis by a factor of 1/a , relative to x.
 If a = 1, the signal is neither expanded nor compressed.
 Time Transformation
21

2) Time scaling
Example 3:

x(t) x(2t)
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 2𝑡
1 1

t t
-2 -1 -1 -1/2

x(t) x(t/2)

1 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡/2 1

t t
-2 -1 -4 -3 -2 -1
 Time Transformation
22

2) Time scaling
 For discrete-time signals we will consider time scaling
in the following two forms:
𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑘 𝑛]
And
𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛/𝑘]
Example 4:
𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[2𝑛]
 It will be interesting to write this relationship for
several values of the index n.
 Time Transformation
23

2) Time scaling
Example 4:
For k = 2 we have
. . . g[−1] = x[−2], g[0] = x[0], g[1] = x[2], g[2] = x[4] , . . .
 which suggests that g[n] retains every other sample of
x[n] and discards the samples between them.
 Time Transformation
24

2) Time scaling
Example 5:
𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛/2]
 Since the index of the signal on the right side of the
equal sign is n/2, the relationship between g[n] and x[n]
is defined only for values of n that make n/2 an integer.
We can write
. . . g[−2] = x[−1], g[0] = x[0], g[2] = x[1], g[4] = x[2] , . . .
 Time Transformation
25

2) Time scaling
Example 5:
𝑔[𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛/2]

The sample amplitudes of the signal g[n] for odd values of

n are not linked to the signal x[n] in any way.
 Time Transformation
26

3)Time reversal
 Time reversal (also known as reflection) maps the input
signal x(t) to the output signal y(t) as given by
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(−𝑡)
 Geometrically, the output signal y is a reflection of the
input signal x(t) about the (vertical) line t = 0.

x(t) x(-t)

1 1
t t
-2 -1 1 2
 Time Transformation
27

3)Time reversal
𝑔 𝑛 = 𝑥[−𝑛]
 Signal Transformation
28

 Be careful when combining the Signal operations.

You should perform the Signal operations in the
following order
 Time shift

 Time scale

 Flip (reflection)

 Amplitude Transformation
 Signal Transformation
29

Example 6:
 Consider the signal x(t) in Figure shown. plot the
transformed signal
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑡/2)

Solution
1) Time shift
𝑥(𝑡 + 1)

t
-2 -1 0 1
 Time Transformation
30

Solution
2) Time scale
𝑥(𝑡/2 + 1)

t
-4 -2 0 2

3) Time flip
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(1 − 𝑡/2)