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h*R(@ )zf EJ * e;S G f{p &Tq! Bs(yG ,p #wyh .#%}yGh aQJyG
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.?+f(aAyG ?*Q+MyG d9}f}G #| 9$Q+ih I9vRyGh Q+MyGh Q=yG d9}fCh rs(yG
- 7 -
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v o o k k
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m k
,\GQ}G ?gsQ JOGR Ey9DyG fQtyG #| GAO< &!C rs(yG Q(a@ {+zJ@
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xyP Og< a9t* G OGR ~C OG(TyG ,\GQC rsh ?+!9w|E iQ* jPyG ,fQWyG
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O%f ,p 9$OQG(| Bjz< )AI x+y9}}yG ?yhO O%f ,p a9sh}G JOGR
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BsQjAS9p ?+!9}DgyG ?yhOyG IQAp ,p 9$OVC Bjz<h a9t* G ?+z}f B|9"@
- 8 -
a9sh}G ~GI IO9*R eI;*h .?+fGQRyG ,\GQ}G ~dg| ?p(s(}yG ,\GQ}G
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hC )yh}G ?FQOy9< ~JzyGh R=My9v #+F9AJ}zy e9gayG eOt@ 9$OQG(}< IzW"|
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9YQI ~$QDvCh ~%"+_;S UQI Otp ?+<(*}G ?yhOyG O%f ,p 9|C .)60
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#*OyG M;Y &qshC jPyG rs(yG #| &+zf {ZJ* jPyG K}tyG )yE >T"@h
,bQW}yG O ;< )zf a9t* G ?+z}f QZAt@ ~yh .)131 :Q(V9f( 9%+zf
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- 9 -
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>za@ Otp ,9$Q+Cz@h a9sh}G ~GI ,p Q+=wyG hS(AyG GP%y GQd!h
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f9vh )216:O+TyG( I9]tyG ,\9s h=A* f9vh a9sh}G )zf aGQV5y

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- 10 -
{YC ,p {+sh .)298-297 :,FGQ|9TyG( 9%@GOGQ*E h*R(@ )zf aGQV5yh
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fC a9sh}G ?zi aQY >!G(F )zf QZAsG e9}A$:G fC )zf dO* 9}|h
- 11 -
?+<(*}G ?yhOyG O%f ,p &+p hS(Azy ?F9JyG JA9F 9|O"f a9sh}G fG(*O
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Qv P E+I x+y9}}yG O%f ,p BCOJASG ,AyG rF9c(yG ?g+=_ xy P )zf
Y(}G| #}\h ,rs(yG IQGO BCOJASG ,AyG rF9c(yG ){+f9}SE(
rF9chh ,,fQWyG Qd"yGh ,E*OJAyG rF9ch ?+qs(yG ?*QGO G rF9c(yG
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hS9AyG fQtyG ?*GO< ,p ,zf O}J| ~wI A9"CC QZ| ,p B+jyC Os ?*QGO G
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>FGQ]yG #| 9<Q$h ?*9}JyG )yG GA(Gy #+I;qyGh S9"yG a9t*E
f(!9s QOY Otp )e1863( v$1280 e9f ,p 9|C .)204 :~*QwyGO=f(
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- 12 -
WhQVh ,#+@Q9F Gh ?z*(ayG IQ9F 9< uzgA}yG d9tA!:Gh e(SQyG A9q+ASGh
?yhOyG JQ O Y C 9}v .&@;|9g| d(YCh ,,qs(yG Q9tgyG dGO=AS9< fP G
u+C(@ {+=S gO("< #}\ OOJ* e9gyG Uq! ,p a9sh}G IQGOE e9d! ?+!9}DgyG
{+ZJ@ ?+q+vh ,9$Q9}DASG {+=Sh ,a9sh}G ?=S9J| ?+q+vh ,a9sh}G
e9f a9sh}G #| O*OgyG ?+!9}DgyG a9sh}G IQGRh B}zT@ Osh .9%@GOGQ*E

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k k
9!9+IC A9}zgyG ih9Aq< ?!9gAS:9<h ,9!9+IC ?+F9]tyG ?azTyG ?tpG(}<h
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- 13 -
:f(vQGR( 9%y;tASG H9=SC ?*O+ztAyG JGO9+tyG >zSh ,?+y9}yG 9$OQG(| ,p
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- 14 -
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- 18 -
A9]tyG ,y9Ay9<h Bs(yG QhQ| h| a9sh~y jQ9}DAS:G OF9gyG V9qM!G )yE
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- 21 -
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#w}* : Ky9Y QL5< &yGO=ASG ~A* HQL ,qsh Q9tf jzp .Bs(yG QhQ|
#| {sC QgT< HQMyG Q9tgyG ~++t@ ~@ f9v GPE :E ?z|9g}yG gP$ KOJ@ fC
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,p &!{p ,QO| &"wyh Q9"*O f(+z| &A}+s Q9tg< &yGO=ASG MQAsGh Ky9Y Q+i
A9"=yG f9v GPE :E utJA* #y dGO=AS:G GP$ f{p jQ9}DAS:G {|9gAyG aQf
)O*OGyG Q}DAT}yG { =s #| ( &"| hs(A}yG OF9gyGh HQMyG Q9tgyG )zf
h+=* #y : Eh gOFG(f h| Ky9ZyG Q9tgyG #| ?}+s Q D v Ch iOFC f(w+S
.HQMyG Q9tgyG A9"< QdA"*h gQ9tf QO}yG Q9tgyG >I9Y O*OGyG Q}DAT}yG
QO}yG gQ9tf dGO=AS9< e(t* #y a(S QO}yG Q9tgyG >I9Y f{p ,y9Ay9<h
QO}yG Q9tgyG Qg S jh9T* HQMyG Q9tgyG Qg S f9v GPE :E HQ L QL5<
JG("S d ;L &+zf {ZJ* ~y jPyG QO}yG Q9tgyG {LO )yE ?p9\E
Q9tf dGO=ASG >=T< IQ_9M}yG )yG ?p9\E HQMyG Q9tgzy A9W! Gh ~+}ZAyG
gP$ JQQw@ (y .9]qM"| gQgS f(w* fC O<: ,y9Ay9<h HQL QL5< Ky9Y
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. # | Ry G
- 65 -
,p 9|C .dGO=AS:G d9G| ,p ?D*OJyG ?+!(!9tyG J9g*QWAyG B"*9=@ Ovtyh
&zgF E+J< dGO=AS:G Y(\(| e1926 e9f QO9ZyG f(!9tyG ~d! Otp f9"=y
)zf ,"+f uI &y #}y )afCh xz| Q9tf {<9t| hC #}DyG hpO {<9t|
)z f RF9JyG Q=FC 9}"+< dGO=AS:G >z_ rsh #+@Q9F G uI { D| Q9tgyG
IQGOE Bv|9s : Eh ,?"vS d;vL dGO=AvS:G >zv_ ?z*(vayG IQ9vF G uI
e9d! d(I e1930 e9f QGQs QO Y 9}v .)235 :u*QR( xyPv< rvs(yG
QO9ZyG ,!9"=zyG f(!9tyG ["*h .)717 :,!9=s( ?+qs(yG JGQ9tgyG dGO=ASG
)zf jQ=GyG dGO=AS:G IR9FE )zf e1947 e9f jQPyG rs(yG fzV ,p
IQGO G uJ< Q+jzy &+pQZ@ b(tI 9%+zf ,AyG ?+qs(yG J9wzA}}yG h+}F
a(s(}yG dGO=ASG uI IQGR(yG B+afC Otp bGQgyG 9|C .QwJyGh ?z*(ayG
,p dGO=AS:G jQ(TyG h*QWAyG K+=*h .)706 :,!9=s( e1964 e9f
{]pC QLB A9"=y &A]*9t| B}@ GPEh #}DyG r+c(@ OA|G GPE 9%"| J: 9 I
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Q+i JGQ9tgzy ?Y9Lh dGO=AS:G e1960 e9gy 104 ~sQ jQ(TyG f(!9tyG
f9+f}G #| 9$Q+ih IOIG(yG IQF}G JGP JGQ9tgyGh d;jAS;y IOg}yG
J9+I;Y #| U+zp ?+}V9%yG ?+!OQ}G ?wz}}yG ,p 9|C .)242 : u * QR(
dGO=AS:G uI 9%y {< ?+qs(yG J9wzA}}yG h+< ?+!OQ}G a9sh}G IQGRh
f(w* h+=yG #wyh dGO=AS:G R(GAp f9}f ?"azS 9|C .)566 :,!QG(JyG(
)zf ?*Q+TqAyG &@QvP| ,p ,A*(wyG f(!9tyG ["*h .IQGR(yG ?+I;Y #|
~y (y h &"| hq!C ($ MQAt}yG f9v G PE 9%F9"< IO9fEh OF9T}yG eO$ RG (F
rs(yG dGO=ASG R+G+p ,sGQgyG f(!9tyG 9|C .IQhQ\ hC ?F9I c9"$ #w@
U+FQyG ?tpG(|h UzG}yG #| QGQt< rs(zy hq!C 9}%*C Ot"< QL B rs(<
- 66 -
#| ?GI )zf d(ZJyG )yE ?F9JyG fhO a9sh}G fG(*Oy )zf}G
.?+A*(wyG a9sh}G h| IO9gyG JQF xyP {D|h .xyP< ?+fQWyG ?}wJ}yG
f(!9s 9%"|h 9%+p a9sh}G ~d"@ #+!G(s IOf JQOY Otp QZ| ,p 9|C
IQ9d"yG 9%y f(w* fC #| a9sh}G ?8+$ #w}* jPyGh e1996 e9f a9sh~y
,p 9|C .dGO=AvS:Gh dGOv< G uI 9%y f(w* fCh a9sh}G h+}F )zf
e1991 e9f ,p 10/91 ~sQ QFGRGyG ,p ,qs(yG f(!9tyG M9v@C Ovtp QFGRvGyG
,?+qs(yG ?azTyG #| QGQt< 9$Q+j< ?p(s(}yG #+gyG ^*(g@ 24 IO9}yG ,p
h| ,qs(yG xz}yG fGOtp hC Q9CO!;y 9%\Qg@ ?y9I ,p IQ=MyGh ?"*9g}yG Og<h
,p ?gq"}yG eGOg!Gh ?|9gyG ?+wz}yG YR! >zaA@ ?|9f ?F9Jy hC ,&I;Y eOf
Os ,zgqyG hsG(yG f9v fEh ,Q9tg< &"f ^*(gAyG ~A* E+J< ?p(s(}yG #+gyG
9|C .)342 :)zj|( rs(yG ?}+s fGOtp )yE iOC 9}| Ot"< &"f ^*(gAyG ~@
e9f ,p iQ(WyG UzG| QG Qs QOY Otp ?*O(gTyG ?+<QgyG ?wz}}yG ,p
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IQO9Z| #| ?D*OJyG J9|(wJyG h"}* ~y &!C :E xy P )zf &D*OJyG
9*Q(Sh f9"=y ,p KO I 9}v dGO=AS:G d;L #| ?+qs(yG ,\GQ}G
dO=y9< IQO9Z}yG a9sh}G ^*(g@ eOf hC )423 :e2003 ,rJs(

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f9"CG >+y9SC ?C;C )zf Q(J}A* gOG! dGO=AS:G H(zSC {+zJ@ O"fh
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- 67 -
: rs(yG Q9Y GPE ,!9DyGh ,rs(yG ?g+=_ >TJ< gQ+jy hC rsG(yG #|
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- 68 -
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?JzZ}zy VQ;y jQ9}DAS:G W9W"yG Q++j@ ?+!9w|E #+DI9=yG OIC
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Os ,y9Ay9<h ?+qs(yG #+gyG Q9}DASG ?g+=_ ,p dGO=ASG 9}!Eh ,#+gyG JGP ,p
{tA"* fC rs(yG Qc9"y M9}TyG Q9 _ G GP$ ,p >vS9"}yG #| f(vw*
OFG(f )yE jO|* Q|}G GP$ f9v GPE ,iQLC )yE ?"+g| ?g+=_ #| YhQW}y9<
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#| {]pCh 9*RG| 9$OF9f f(w* fCh ,?ta"}yG xz @ ,p Q9}DAS:G
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Q9d"yG A;+ASG #| ?+WL Q+!9!OyGh ~$GQOy9< dGO=AvS:G RG(F ,p A9}zgyG

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f9+I}G ^g< ,p &!C xyP ,p >=TyGh )386/4:#*O<9f # <G ( Q+!9!Oh
- 69 -
Q9tf AGQVhC #}DyG ~+zT@ f hO h+=yG ~ A* x+y9}}yG ?yhO ,p KOI 9}v
ky9=}yG e;ASG {]p}G #| &!C Q%d@ ?+gsG(yG ?<QGAyG #wyh .)358:#+|C(

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#+gyG )zf d(ZJzy >sQAyG O|C ?y9_E #| ($ QPJyG #wy h ?=S9"}yG
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#TI >zaA@ ,AyG {|G(gyG #| O*OgyG c9"$ fC ,z}gyG hsG(yG dO*h
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.?+"wS
?}+s {gF 9}| A9"=yG ,p jO(}gyG g9G@:Gh A9"=yG >T! ,p Q++jAyG - 2
9}| 9%|GOMASG ?g+=_ rzAM@h Oz=yG bS h ,p hq@Q@ ,\GQ}G
.IQ+=wyG JGQ9}gyG {<9t| Q+jZyG rs(yG GP$ Q9}DASG #TI >zaA*

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9%+p a9sh}G ~dg| Y(shh ,fO}yG {LGO ,p jQ9tgyG R+vQAyG - 3
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O"f ?yhOyG #| eOt@ ,AyG ?+"+gyGh ?*Ot"yG J9]*(gAyG #| IO9qAS:G
.?|9gyG ?JzZ}zy 9%v;}ASG
R*(GAyG hC &+qs(yG f9+f}G dGO=ASG ,p ?!hQ}yG >S9"}yG #| f(w* Osh
- 70 -
#+"tAy ?}%}yG WhQWyG ^g< Q9=Af:G #+g< PL}G h| #wyh ,O+t}yG
:9%"|h )37:,iGO gQtyG( )58:jQ}gyGh OgTyG( )84:&@9JV( dGO=AS:G
#| rs(yG IQ9}gy {=TyG ?p9wy rs(yG IQGOE hC Qc9"yG A9q+ASE - 1
($ dGO=AS:G f(w* E+J< Q9}f G J9ZZM| hC {*(}AyG d;L
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9%yGO=ASG j("}yG JGQ9tgzy ?z|9V ?SGQO dGO=AS:G ?+z}f u=T* fC - 2
?JzZ| c9"$ f (w@ E+J< 9%y >S9"}yG jQ9}DAS:G {+zJAyGh
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- 71 -
:E 9%Azi #| a9sh}G IQ9}f ?*(yhC )zf ["yG h|h .)366/4 :#*O<9f
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Q+|O@ &Tq! Bs(yG ,ph jO9ZAsG O9Tv ,p >=TAAp fO}yG OIC HQ]@
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9$Q}g*h 9$QFzAT* QF|| Qp(A* ~yh ,9$O*OG@ #f h*QyG RGf h| IQ+=wyG
B<9YC ,AyG uFGQJyG gP$ Og< ?z*(ayG IQ9F G IR9FE ~@ 9}v .9$QFC #|
~Ap QQ]y9< ?+qs(yG f9+f}G ~dg| B<9YCh v$1220 e9f ,p &+"+a"aTtyG
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- 72 -
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- 81 -
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h*Q9W| ,p Q9}DAS:G (J! h+=yG #| IOy(A}yG dG(|}G {*(J@ ~A* E+J<h

k k
.{]pC 9+qsh GOF9f Oy(@ ?+f9"Y
f9+f~y ?+T+FQyG J9!(w}yG OIzv ?*Q9tgyG d(Y}G ,|9"@:1-3

:?+qs(yG
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{+zJAyG d ;L #} p .jQ9tgyG Q9}DAS:G ,p IRvQ| B !9 v 9%y(YC ~dg|
#| Q=vv}G ARvGyG f9+vI}G ~dg| ,p {D}@ JGQ9tgyG fC OG! ,}zgyG
- 90 -
Qa s ,p %85h f9}f ,p %100 9%A=T! Bjz< E+I ?+qs(yG f9+vf}G
a9sh}G B!9wp QZ | ,p 9|C .#}+yG ,p %74h B*(wyG ,p %60h
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hC Q9}DAS:G JGO9%V #| O*OgyG a9t* ?G+A! %50 )yE Q\9JyG Bs(yG
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Q_9M}yG #| 9!QvP 9}v O*R* Os 9}| ,?*Q9tgyG d(Y}G >!9F ,p Q+=v
d(YC ,p Q9}DAS:G d ;L #| Q_9M}yG h*R(@ ,fOAT*h rs(zy ?|9gyG
.iQLC ?+|9!
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d(Y}G B!9v Bs(yG xyP ,p ?*Q9}DAS:G d(Y}G {]pC fC eI;* &!C
r*Q9Z}yGh ?!h|}yG ?zsh 9$QGQtASGh ?zjyG QGQ}ASG E+I #| ?*Q9tgyG
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#| 9$Q+i )yE jQ9tgyG Q9}DAS:G #| d9tA!:G d9G| ,p 9|Ch
OOWAyGh rs(yG d(YC )zf ?dp9J}yG ,p A9}zgyG iCQ f{p ,JGQ9}DAS:G
~$P+=J@ f{p ,y9Ay9<h ,rs(yG f9+fC )zf ,fQWyG UQJyG #| h="@ &+p
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Bs(yG xyP ,p ;LO K\hCh IQ_9M| {sC 9%!C #| h<9! ?*Q9tgyG d(Y~y
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xzAy eR;yG OOWAyG GP$ { D|h .rs(yG )z f J9pQZAzy ?|R;yG ?+p9qWyG
Q_9M| JGP ?+y9| JGhOC hC JGQ9}DASG ,p d(LOyG eOf ,"g* : Q(ZgyG
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- 91 -
f9+f}Gh ?+fGQRyG ,\GQ}G ?Y9Lh a9sh}G ?|9M\:2-3
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#f IQ9=f f(w* Os 9%}dg| fC )zfh a9sh}G gP$ ~GI )zf dO*
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a9sh}G fC uW|O QGR 9|O"f Q+=F #<G eI: Osh .IQO9Z}yG #| ?zF9gyG
v$580 e9f ,<(*}G #*OyG M;Y f9azTyG O%f ,p 9%@GQ9tf {v bQjAT@
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9}v .)61 :{+f9}SE( ?+<(*}G ?yhOyG ,p d9}yG B+< OQG(| rZ! Bjz<
#| %30 Bjz< U!(@ ,p a9sh}G ~GI fC ){p;v( EI9=yG QvP
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fQtyG ?*GO< h| .)87 :2003:~!9i( jQG%yG QW f Ey9DyG fQtyG ?*GO<
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#| % 15-7 )yE {ZAy &p(s(}yG ,\GQ}G Bjz< Otp #+aTzp ,p 9|C

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NQ|}yG #f ;t! ?q+zL QvP Osh .)208 :~*QwyGO=f( ,\GQ}G ,y9}FE
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- 92 -
(fO@ IR+}A| IQ$9c ,$ a9t* G ?vQI #| ?gq@Q}yG e9sQ}G gP$ fE
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?<(gZyG )yE e1947 )AIh 1340 eG(fC #| d(=!9ASGh 9*Q(Sh
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- 93 -
?ZZM| ,$ ?GI ryC fhQWfh ?C;C 9$OOf ky9=yGh )v$1180
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- 95 -
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IQGOE hC ,Qc9"yG d9}$E )yE Bs(yG QhQ| h| jO|* GP$h )114:e2002
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:?<QAyG c;$h ?+g+=ayG KOG(JyG - 7
hC rzAzy ?\Qf f(vw@ Ovs ?+fGQRyG hC ?*Q9tgyG a9vsh}G fC 9}v
hC ?+fGQR ,\GQC a9sh}G B!9v GPE ,\GQ}G ?<(ZL ,!OAy ?G+A! c;%yG
,!9=}yG eO%@ hC ?*Q9}DASG hC ?+"wS f9=| B !9 v GPE 9%+p ?+!O}yG Q9TJ!G

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IQAp ,p eI(y &!C xy P ?zD|C #| h .dR:Ry9v ?+g+=ayG KQG(wzy ?G+A!
d(=!9ASG ,p ?+g+=ayG KQG(wyG #| ?+y9AA| KOG(Jy ?G+A! ?+!9}DgyG ?yhOyG
(Cizakca, 1995: a9sh}G #| O*OgyG c;$ ,p KOG(JyG xz@ B==T@ fC
d(=!9ASG ,p a9sh}G B<9YC ,AyG IOOgA}yG uFGQJyG fC 9}v . 321)

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J9SGQOyG iOIE Q%dAp a9sh}G Q9CO!G )zf J9fR9"}yGh ?+z$}G HhQJyG
>=T< ?]qM"| BJ=YC ?+!9"=zyG a9sh}G )zf OFG(gyG fC ?*Q9WAS:G
.)721 :,!9=s( ?+zv$}G HQJyG
:?}+wJyG IQGO Gh jQ9tgyG {+GTAyG Qp(@ eOf - 8
9}v ?+wz}zy ?J\Gh O(tg< rs(yG ?*9}I ~A* ~y f9+I}G #| Q+Dv ,p
a9sh}G ?+wz| {+GT@ 9%y;L #| ~ A* ?+}SQ J9TS|| c9"$ #w@ ~y
h| 9%A+wz| d(J@ )yE iOC 9}| ;?J\Gh 9%A+wz| #w@ ~y ,y9Ay9<h ,9%+p
)zf dO* 9}|h .d9+F}G >s9g@ h| 9%+zf O+yG h\h #| )yE Bs(yG QhQ|
9|O"f E+zyG ,<C #< O}J| ,\9tyG gG(! 9| rs(yG f9+f: {+GTAyG ?zs
- 106 -
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h<9TyG #+!QtyG ,p a9sh}G )zf J9S;ALGh IQ+=v J9*Og@ BdI(y
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rs(yG ?<9Av )zf ?+qs(yG uF9C(yG ^g< BZ! xyPyh.>S9"}yG {+GTAyG
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9%y ,AyG ,\GQ}G h+}F &+p BzGS jPyG ,!9s9MyG QApOyG O(+s A)W!C
#FGRL ,p 9%dqI ~@h ,?|9f Ky9Z}< uzgA@ hC jQ+L W9=@QG
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- 107 -
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h+}F dGO=ASG )yE (fO* jPyGh e1957 e9gy 152 f(!9s QZ| ,p QOY
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- 109 -
?p9v A9jyE (J! Bs(yG xyP ,p ?+<QjyG J9|(wJyG &F(Ay ?G+A! xyP {gyh
P(q! O*GR@ ?<Q9J| {c ,p HQjyG ,p ,AyG xz@ 9%+p 9}< ,?+"*OyG a9sh}G
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- 110 -
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{gF Q| } G GP$h ,O+<zAyG ~wI 9%+p utJA* )AI A9t=zy ?Jy9Y f(w@
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B!9v Otp M9A}yG ?+wz}yG e9d"< ?p(s(}yG f9+f}G ?g+=_ Ba=@QG 9}v
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O9%AF:G fC 9]*C eI;* #wyh .J:9G}yG gP$ ,p ($ 9t<9S 9"J\hC
#| O*R| )yE L9AJ* hC ,GOhOJ| d G R* : J:(t"}yG rsh ,p ,%tqyG
- 145 -
.9%y jQd"yG {+YzAyG ,,z}gyG u+=aAyG u=T* E+I ?+f9}GyG JGO9%AF:G
,p O9%AF:G u+tJAy K\Gh ,f9}F O%F )yE ?S9| ?F9I c9"%p ,y9Ay9<h
k
.&A+}$} GQd! jOt"yGh d(t"}yG rs(yG YG(!C ?p9v
>+y9S}G ,p a;AL:Gh ,}y9gyG O9ZAs:G ,p JGQ+jAyG fC 9}v
Q9}DAS:G ,p Qd"yG ,]At@ ?*Q9tgyG d(Y}G Q9CO!G ?+!9w|Eh ,?*Q9}DAS:G

k
#| O*OgyG ,p 9+%tp Qd " y G IO9f ?F9I c9"$ f{p ,y9Ay9<h ,9$Q+i ,p
utJ* 9}< rs(yG Q9}DAS9< ?Y9MyG e9wI}Gh ,WhQWyGh ,b<G(]yG
e(%q| ,p hS(AyG xyP #|h .>IQC A9]p )yE ?+qs(yG f9+f}9< d9tA!:G
?zF9TyG dG(|}G ,?*Q9tgyG f9+f}G )yE ?p9\ 9< {}WAy ?+qs(yG f9+f}G
hsG(yGh .?*QwqyG ?+wz}yG b(tJv hp9"}yG #| 9$Q+ih JGO"TyGh ~%S}9v
{D| iQL}G ?*Q9}DAS:G d(Y}G ,p Q9}DAS:G fC Q% d * jQ9}DAS:G
.?*Q9tgyG f9+f}G #| {*(ayG iO}yG )zf {]pC OFG(f ,ag@ ~%S}G
Y9atyG 9%+zf >zj* ,AyG a9sh}G ?dqJ| ?zw+$ Q9_E ,p &!{p ,y9Ay9<h
Q9tf h +< ~A* fC Q\9JyG Bs(yG ,p >S9"}yG #| f(w* Otp ,jQ9tgyG

k
?+y9}yG bGQh}G ,p Q9}DAS:G #w}* 9}v ,&"| :O< ~%SC AGQVh xy9%A|
f9+f}G A9"<h ,J9Zs9"}yG MQ_h ,bFGQMyG OGOfE ~A* jPyG Bs(yG ,p

k
BCOI ,AyG IQ+=wyG IQqayG fE .#+A"S IO| #f O*R@ 9!9+IC ,AyG ?*Q9tgyG
J9vQWyG A9W!E ,p hS(AyGh ,?I9A}yG ?*Q9}DAS:G JGhO}G ?g+=_ ,p

k
&!C 9}v ,?y(t"}yG f9+f}G a9t* 9*OJ@ {D| Os ep9J}yGh ,u*O9"ZyGh
R+vQAyG #| {+ztAyGh 9%@GQ9}DASG J:9G| h*("Ay a9sh~y ?=S9"| ?YQp
,p Q9}DAS:G (J! QD v C g9G@:Gh &< b=@Q}yG jQ9tgyG Q9}DAS:G )zf
.?+|;S G dhOyG ,p J9vQWyG dG(|C ShDQ
O+<zAyG CO=}< {M* : ?y(t"}yG dG(|}Gh ,O(t"yG rsh )yE I(fOyG fE
?+I9! #| Q\9JyG Bs(yG ,p Q9tgyG #| ehOC f(w* 9%]g< fE {<
- 146 -
A(S hC c;%zy ?\Qf Q=Ag* Q9tgy9p .Q_9M}yG ?zsh ?}+tyG ,p V9qM!:G
?zf9qyGh ?q+ZJyG IQGO G {c ,ph .J9SGQOyG BJ\hC 9}v eGOMAS:G
Q9}DAS:Gh A9}"yG ,p QLBh jQ9}DASG {YC hC d9|h d9| #+< bQp : &!{p
.eGhOyGh
utJ* rs(zy IO*OF 9s9pB KAq+S rs(yG B+sz@ Y(\(| h+GW@ fG
?F9JyG JGQjC rs(yG d;L #| OT*h ,?+g}AG}yG ?+}"AyG 9%y;L #|
IQFGO ,p {LO* Q| } G GP$h .d9}yG O+<z@ eOf ,p ?+p9wyG ?!hQ}zy GQd!
n
rsh ,p f(=iQ* #}| #*Q(T+}yGh #+"TJ}yG #| O*OgyG ,a9sh}G
GP%< ~%|9+s )zf Of9T* ?}%| ?*(}"@ J:9G| ,p ?"+g| IQAqy ~%yG(|C
.j(+JyG QhOyG
R(J@ ,AyG J9%GyG h+GW@ (J! hS(A* fC rs(zy O <: xyPv
?S9+S Q9 _ E ,p a9t* G ?+z}f )zf iQ=wyG J9vQWyG {D| JGhQDyG
A9W!{< xyPh 9%+p {}g@ ,AyG J9g}AG}yG (J ! ?+f9}AF:G ?+yh|T}yG
.9%< &Y9L a9shC
- 147 -
U|9My {Zqy
G G
a9sh}G Q9}DASG IQGOE Q*(a@
- 149 -
U|9My {Zqy G G
a9sh}G Q9}DASG IQGOE Q*(a@
Q\9JyG Bs(yG ,p ?+qs(yG f9+f}G )zf ?dp9J}yG {F9Sh ~$C #| fE
?!9|Ch ,a9sh}G IQGOE #TI d;L #| IQ9d"yG QZ"g< e9}A$:G ($
9$Q+ih >S9"}yG AGO}G #+< ?sQqAzy ?=S9"| Q+*9g| O(Fhh ,9%+zf #+}F9tyG
.xyP Q|}G eRy GPE &J+JZ@h jQ9}DAS:G AGO}G ~*(tAy {F9Sh O(Fh h|
(<C( IQGO G A(S #f ?G@9! a9sh}G H(+f ~dg| fC #+DI9=yG QDvC iQ*h
iQAW* S9=I}G Qc9! >Z"| f9v Otp )232:,!9gyG( )324,362 :IQ$R
#| O*OgyG ,p a9sh}G B\Qg@ 9}v .)122:#+|C( x+y9}}yG O%f ,p
A(S #| ?qzAM| {IGQ| ,ph ,IOOgA| O9Tp IQ$9dy QZ| 9%"|h dhOyG
,~!9i( >%"yGh A;+AS:G hC ,eGOMAS:G ,p ?!9|}G ?zs hC IQGO G
QDvC )zf ,]t* jPyG ($ IQGO G #TI Q9Y xyPyh .)90 :e1998
GP$ ,ph .&_9W! J:9G|h rs(yG ?TS|}< iQLC IQ| ?tDyG RRg*h O9TqyG
9t+tJ@ rs(yG IQGOE H(zSC Q* (a @ )zf A9}zgyG UQI Otp Q9 _ : G
Q|}G ,y(y R(G* &!C &+}+@ #<G iQ+p .jQ9}DAS:G &FGOC #+TJ@ ?JzZ}y
k k
.)85/31 :&+}+@ #<G( ?+qs(yG dG(|}G H9TJy ;tAT| 9!G(*O >Z"* fC
#| jQGO:G >!9GyG Q*(a@ )zf IQ+Dv ?zD|C QvP dh}G {ZqyG ,p ~@ Osh
&GA@ fC ,?z|9WyG ?+}"AyG ,p rs(yG QhO R*RgAy O <: ,y9Ay9<h .rs(yG
,rs(yG Q9}DASG IQGOE QZ"f ($ h , Q| } G GP$ M;YE (J! O(%GyG
,p 9%GF9A! u+}g@h a9sh}G IQGOE d9G| ,p Ky9ZyG ~wJyG u+tJ@h

k k k
9Y9L ;Zp &y 9!OQpC Otp Q|}G GP$ ?+}$} GQd!h .?+}"AyG J9+G+@GQASG
.9%A+}"@h a9sh}G ?*9}I ,p gQhO Ov|*
IQGOE #TI ,p &D*OJyG J9$9G@:G #| f{p ,y9JyG QZgyG ,p 9|C
- 151 -
IO9qAS:G #w}* {f9ph O*Qp {}f H(zSzv ?TS|}yG QhO RhQ< ,a9sh}G
fC rJs ~%"|h #+DI9=yG ^g< #+< Osh .a9sh}G IQGOE Q*(a@ ,p &"|
,p Qd"yG IO9fE eRzAT@ )129-125 :v$1419 ,rJs( {|G(f ?C;C c9"$
:,$h E*OJyG QZgyG ,p 9%zF9Shh a9sh}G IQGOE H(zSCh ?j+Y
dG(|}G S hDQ #| ?f(}G| O(Fh ($h ?TS|}yG H(zSC A(W! - 1
#f ?ztAT| ?+"%| IQGOE d ;L #| ?*Q9G@ VGQiC u+tJAy QGO@
.c;}yG
d9}f~y 9%|Ot@ ,AyG JGA9qf Gh 9$Otg@h ?+=*Q]yG ~d"yG hS(@ - 2
.?+qs(yG hC ?*Q+MyG
?zsh 9%"*9=@h ?*Q9tgyG f9+f}G i(S ?*Q9}DAS:G JGhO}G ,p Y("AyG - 3
.9%+p Y("AyG O"f 9$Q_9M|
?+"%}yG IQGO G QhO ,|9"@ ,e9}A$:9< IQ*OGyG J9$9G@:G #| fC 9}v
#TIh ,?+y9}yG J9TS|}yGh ,J9vQWyG IQGOE ,p ?+y9gyG IA9qwyG JGP
#+}$9T}yG {=s #| 9%AazS BJ@ Bg\h ,AyG dG(|}G ShDQ eGOMASG
Bs(yG ,p #wy h .IQGO Gh ,?+wz}yG #+ < {|9wyG {ZqyG utJA* E+J<
?=S9J}y h]M@ ,%p #+}$9T}yG #f ?z+vh 9%!C ~wJ< IQGO G f{p &Tq!
9$Otf iQ* ?FQ9_ J9f9}AFG jC hC ,j("TyG Y9}AF:G d;L #| ?*("S
.c;}yG f(zD}* #*PyG IQGO G UzG| A9]fC d;L #| hC f(}$9T}yG
.{}gyG Q+S #TJy ?|R;yG ?<9sQyG JGhOC #| ?f(}G| )"=A@ 9}v
Bs(yG GP$ ,p J9TS|}yG IQGOE ,p ?+<9G* G J9$9G@:G #| fC 9}v
,p ?+p9qWyG CO=}< e9}A$:G ,|9"@ ,a9sh}G IQGOE )zf S(}z| QC C &yh
O(Fhh ,J9|(zg}yG ?p9v #f ,y9}yG M9Zp G ,p M(\(yGh ,J;|9gAyG
?p9wy ?+!9}AFG J9q+"Z@ QpG(@h ,9%+zf aQ9gA}yG ?+=S9J}yG Q+*9g}yG
{}gyG ,p ?+G%"| O(Fh Ov|@ ,AyG JGQ(aAyG #| 9$Q+ih ?+y9}yG J9GA"}yG
- 152 -
?tDyG RRg@h ,,y9}yG b(TyG ,p IQp(A}yG ?*Q9}DAS:G JGhO}G ,ph ,,y9}yG
.&+p
JGQ+jAyG ($ ?TS|}yG IQGOE H(zSz< e9}A$:G ?+}$C RRg * 9}|h
{|zAyG ?y9_E ,fOAT* 9}| ,9$Q9}DASGh ?+qs(yG f9+f}G ?g+=_ ,p IO9JyG
-:xyP #|h 9%+p
,p ?Y9Lh ,?+G+@GQAS:G 9%gsG(|h ,?+qs(yG JGQ9tgyG ?+}$C O*GR@ - 1
.Q+=v ,qsh KGQ@ 9%*Oy ,AyG fO}yG
?}d!}Gh ,A9"=yG ?}d!C ,p eOtAyGh ,Q+=wyG ,!GQ}gyG (}"yG - 2

k
{gF GQ+=v 9f9q@QG ,!9=}yG Y9q@Q9< K}S 9}| ?+w+!9w+}yGh ?+F9<Q%wyG
k
E+I ?"*O}yG bSh ,p ?Y9Lh ,IQ+Dv 9p9g\C hq@Q@ VQ}G ?}+s
.?+qs(yG JGQ9tgyG R+vQ@
,Q9}DAS:Gh ,{*(}Ay9< ?Y9MyG ?+y9}yG JGhO}G Q(a @ ,|9"@ - 3
eOM* 9}| gQh9J| OOg@h ,,|;S G {*(}Ay9< uzgA* 9}+p ?Y9Lh
QGQ\ G fhO IQ9}gzy ?|R;yG dG(|}G Q+p(@ E+I #| rs(yG
.?*Q9}DAS:G O(tgyG d;L #| rs(y9<
JGQ9}DAS:G hC JGQ9tgyG IQGOE ,p ?ZZMA}yG J9TS|}yG R h Q< - 4
.Q9}DAS:G ,p ?+zf9qyG )zf rs(yG IQGOE Of9T* 9}|

k
>zayG OGR 9}| bRQzy 9=z_ fO}yG )yE ~%@QG$h f9wTyG OOf O*GR@ - 5
.fO}yG {LGO utV eC dR9"| B!9vC AG(S ?+"wTyG ,!9=}yG )zf
#v9|C >zaA* 9| ,TS|}yGh jQGO G {}gyG i(AT}< A9t@Q:G - 6
>zayG IO9*R ,y9Ay9<h ,9%AaW!C AGOCh J9TS|}yG >@9w}y ?Y9L
.9%+zf
JOf9S R9jyGh dhQA=yG { D| ?+|;S G ?|~y IO*OF JG h Q C RhQ< - 7
)zf hGV 9}| J9TS|}yGh OGQp}G iOy JGhQDyG ~vGQ@ )zf
.a9t* G J9+z}f ,|9"@
- 153 -
k
hzaAyGh 9%A+}"@ #TIh ,?t<9TyG a9sh}G #| O(W"}yG QhOzy GQd!h
k
?| } G O* ,p JGhQDyG O*GRAy GQd! {=tAT}yG ,p a9sh}G ,|9"@ )yE
?+S9S}G O9=}yG )zf {ZqyG GP$ ,p R+vQAyG ~A+S &!{p ,?+|;S G
,IO(W"}yG ?z|9WyG ?+}"AyG utJ* 9}< rs(yG IQGOE ,p Ky9ZyG ~wJzy
.rs(zy {D|:G Q9}DAS:G utJ*h
:rs(yG IQGOE ,p Ky9ZyG ~wJzy ?+S9SC O9=| :1-5
Q* (a @ ,p ?q+ZJyG IQGO 9< Q\9JyG Bs(yG ,p e9}A$:G )|9"A*
E*OJyG ,ph .?Y9L eC ?+|(wI B!9vC AG(S J98+%yGh J9TS|}yG
dh|T| ~wzvh YGQ ~wzv" :~zSh &+zf &zyG )zY d(SQyG #f Q(%W}yG
IQGO G RvQ@ IO9gyG ,ph .)4445 :Q+jZyG h|9GyG K+JY( "&A+fQ #f
IO9+tyGh ,~+tyG e9d!h ,{w+%yGh ,~d"yG 9%"| Qh9J| IOf )zf ?q+ZJyG
?vTS|}yG ,p Q*(aAy9< IO9+tyG e9}A$G fC 9}v ,J9S9+TyGh ,?+G+@GQAS:Gh
&gsGhh Ky9ZyG ~wJyG Qh9J| ~$C #| Q=Ag* ,?v|R;yG ?v*QGO G ?s9vayG A9v"<h
. (Durts and Newell, 2001)

IOGQE eGQAIG ,$h USC ?C;C )zf ~F9s rs(yG &tp fC )~!9i( iQ*h
?+ZMWy9< rs(zy aGQAf:Gh &+zf aGQV 9< A9]tyG U9ZALGh ,rsG(yG
Of9T@ {|G(f 9%g+}F ,$h )54 :e1998 ,~!9i( ?+y9}yG ?|PyGh ?*("g}yG
.Ky9ZyG ~wJyG u+=a@ )zf
,?+yhOyG ?+y9}yG J9TS|}yGh ,dhOyG BgS Q|}G GP$ ?+}$}h
OfG(s A9SQE )yE 9$QOZ@ ,AyG J9g*QWAyG d ;L #| ?*RvQ}yG c("=yGh
VQj< ?qzAM}yG ,y9}yG {}gyG >!G(Gy ?q+ZJyG IQGO G hC Ky9ZyG ~wJyG
JGQjDyGh H(+gyG ,p;Ayh ?+y9}yG J9TS|}yG ,p IQGO Gh ,AGO}G #+TJ@
>=T< IQ+=wyGh IO+AgyG J9TS|}yG ^g< W(tS d ;L #| JR Q < ,AyG
~$C K+\(@ ?+y9AyG JGQtqyG ,p dh9J"Sh .?!9|}G rg\h IQGO G A(S
- 154 -
HQ9GAyG AGQtASG d;L #| &!9+fCh rs(zy Ky9ZyG ~wJzy ?+@6G O9=}yG
-: O9=}yG xz@ #|h d9G}yG GP$ ,p ?+}zgyG J9+<O}Gh ?t<9TyG
k
-:9%"f ?+yh|T}yGh ?TS|| hC GOQp f9v AG(S Qc9"yG IQGOE #TI :1-1-5
&y9}fCh ,rs(yG fh|V ?p9v )y(A* #}< &q*Qg@ #w}* Qc9"yG fE
Qc9"yGh ,,y(A}yGh ,~+tyGh &@9}| Og< ?+Y(y9<h ,rsG(yG I9+I ,p ?y9v(y9<
Qc9"yG J9=FGh ~$C #| h .)458/4:#*O<9f #<G( OIGh d(yO}y X9qyC
N+WyG iQ*h )429/1:,I(AqyG( &A+}"@ ,p O9%AF:Gh rs(yG h*Q {+ZJ@
,IQ9}gyGh ,rs(yG eqI ,$ Qc9"yG ?q+ch fC &zyG &}IQ )jQt"gyG(
gQ}C #|h &AfGQR #| &g*Q {+ZJ@h .&+p ?f9"ZyGh ,?fGQRyGh IQ9F Gh
Q+ih &tJAT| A9afEh IQ9}f #| &@9%F ,p &pQYh ,&A+}"@ ,p O9%AF:Gh
/2 :jQt"gyG( &A+}"@ ,p O9%AF:G eqy )zf R+vQAyG 9"$ eI;*h .xyP
Q9}DASG M;Y ($ OVQyGh ,OVQ}G ?+y(@ )zf A9%tqyG RvQ 9}v .)465
.)457/4:#*O<9f #<G( aQZAyG #TI ($h d9}yG
>+y9SC OIC f9v 9$Q9}DASGh rs(yG f9+fC ?*9}Jy Qc9"yG O(Fh fE
d ;L #| &!9+fC ?+}"@h ,rs(yG IQGOE #T I f9}]y ?+|;S G ?g*QWyG
)yE Qd"y9<h .rsG(yG ?*QP #| #+Jy9ZyG hC A9}zgyG OIC )yE &@QGOE d9w*E
,p jQ+MyG hC cQAW}yG Y9atyG J9TS|| hC ?+|(wJyG J9TS|}yG H9+i
#}\ rs(yG ?*9fQy Qc 9 ! Q9+ALG f{p Bs(yG xy P ,p )yh}G fhQtyG
.Bs(yG xyP ,p O+I(yG Q9+MyG f9v ?"+g| WhQVh b<G(\
?*QP #| G(!9v ~%}dg| fC OG! Q9d"yG ?g+=ay ,M*Q9AyG {+zJAy9<h
#| OVQ~y IQ9d"yG f(w@ fC f(_QAW* f(qsG(yG f9v E+I rsG(yG
I9]tyG hC A9}zgyG #| ~%"| >zi}G f9wp ?*Q+MyG a9sh}G 9 |C .~%A*QP

k
Q%d@h .)62 :{+f9}SE( J;F9gyG Q9=vh ,Q9GAyG A9"<C 9!9+IC 9$Q*O*h
,?+!9}DgyG ?p;MyG IQAp ,p QFGRGyG xyPvh uW|O ,p a9sh}G #f ?SGQO
- 155 -
#TI #| ?=S9"| ?FQO< ?}TA| B!9v A9}zgyG O* )zf a9sh}G IQGOE fC
{D| dhOyG ^g< HQ9G@ dO@ 9}"+< .)748 :QO9s9<( IA9qwyGh IQGO G
bT=< ?|(wJyG e(t@ fC )yE iOC 9}| ,Q9d"yG IQGOE A(S )zf 9*Q(S
{=s #| i(wWyGh Q|PAzy ?G+A! 9%"| ?*QPyG ?Y9Lh a9sh}G )zf 9%@Qa+S
9%!Ch ,Q9d"yGh ,#+y(A}yG QDvC O9Tph ,aQZ@ A(S #| #+tJAT}yG
~%@9F9Ih #+tJAT}yG Ky9Z| d9}$E h| ~%y b RQ QOZ| BJ=YC
a9sh}G J;GS fC ~!9i QvPp QZ | ,p 9|C .)60 :1419 ,rJs(
QZ| ,p Q9d"yG O9Tp #| jh9wWyG #| IO*Of J:9I )zf dO@ ?*QZ}yG

o k
GOQq"| rs(yG )zf ,y(A}yG e9+s ?g+=ay GQd!h .)347 :e1998 ,~!9i(
^g< ,p rs(yG ,y(A| {gG* xyP f{p ,&+zf ?dp9J}yGh &A!9+Y >FG(<
,iQLC ?<9sQ jC fhO< aQZAyG rT* hC IQGO G #TJ* : f9+I}G
Q+Dv ,p GP$ iOC Osh .#+A|R;yG ?!9|}Gh IA9qwy9< #w* ~y GPE ?Y9M<h
A(S E+I #| ,a9sh}G )z f O9TqyG K | ;| RhQ< )yE f9+I}G #|
&yG(|Ch rs(yG f9+fC )zf O+yG h\h hC )156 :f(vQGR( 9%g*Q d;jASG
.)212 :J9vQI(
k
O*OgyG OvC Otp rs(yG M9G! ,p ~S9I QZ"gv Qc9"yG QhOy GQd!h
GPE :E #+|C Qc9"yG fCh .?!9|C O* rs(yG )zf Qc9"yG O* fC A9%tqyG #|
( <C( dO=yG dG(|C ,p hC rs(yG J; i hpO eOf O"f &+p WQp hC QZ s
I9fGQ| ?*Q9tgyG f9+f}G ,p aQZAyG ?y9I ,p {Y}G fCh .)368 :IQ$R
IQ9TL #| ht* Os 9| Qc9"yG #}]* :h AGQWyGh h+=yG Bsh b(TyG QgS
.A9]tyG )yE xyP ,p hFQ*h &a*Qq@h gQ+Zt@ B=C GPE :E AGQWyG hC h+=yG
rs(yG ,p E=gzy ?YQp Q9d"zy Qph Ovs CO=}yG GP$ fC QL6G ^g=yG iQ*h
#f Qc9"yG ?+yh|T| O*OJ@ #| O<: f9v xyPyh .&+zf PG(JAS:G hC
eOgyh ?zV9qyG ?*Q9}DAS:G J9S9+Tzy ?G+A! rs(yG >+Z@ ,AyG QGQ\}G
.rs(yG IQGOE #TI )zf &@QOs
- 156 -
O* rs(yG )zf Qc9"yG O* fC CO=| ,p GhO"ASG Os A9%tqyG fC eI;*h
,AyG ?+|;S G ?+s;L}G ?*Qd"yG gQp(@ jPyG ,s;L}G YRG(yG )yE ?!9|C
?!9|C O* Qc9"yG O* {gF 9}| ?+y9}yG J9pQZAyG ,p ?z|9wyG ?!9|}G )yE (fO@
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~%!{p h+pQyG CO=}yG GP$ )yE GO9"ASGh .)367 :IQ$R (<C( f9}\ O* U+yh
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dh9"@ ~A+S ~C .?+fQWyG b<G(]yGh ,?*Q9}DAS:G b<G(]yGh ,Q_9M}yG
JGAGQFE {ZqyG {zJ* GQ+LCh ,?*Q9}DAS:G J9+z}gzy ?|9gyG JGAGQF G
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- 197 -
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,ag* 9}| jQ9}DAS:G b(TyG ,p 9%\Qf {+=s IR9A}}yG UQqyG )zf
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?*Q9}DAS:G h*Q9W}yGh ,JGhO}G ,p 9%I9G! iO|h jQ9}DAS:G 9%zGSh
9%@GQOs Ov|@ ?ZZMA| IQGOE hC ,f9}AFG ?TS|| O(Fhh 9%< B|9s ,AyG
9%g| rs(yG IQ=M< &!9gAS:G xyPv #w}*h ,?*Q9}DAS:G 9%@GQ9%|h ?+y9}yG
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:?*O9ZAs:G ihOGyG J9SGQO OGOfE :2-1-6
IQGOE )zf &\hQg}yG ?*Q9}DAS:G UQqyG OOf IO9*R ,p M9G"yG Og<
e9}A$:G #| O<;p ,#++G+@GQAS:G A9vQWyG h| J9s;gyG d;L #| rs(yG
J9SGQO {}f d ;L #| xyPh ,?qzAM}yG UQqyG #+< R++}AyG ?+q+w<
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- 198 -
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?g+=_h ,)?+t*(TAyG ?SGQOyG( b (T y G ahQdy ?=T"y9< 9%AJY iO|h
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,ph .)?+y9}yG ?SGQOyG( ?*Q9}DAS:G OFG(gzy &ZZM}yG ?+y9}yG J9\GQAp:G
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- 200 -
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- 201 -
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- 202 -
?=T"y9< 9%}$C #| h ,9%Ag+=_ >TJ< 9%ASGQO MQAt}yG Q_9M}yG O*OJ@
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9%y9LOEh ,IQ+jZyG JGQ9tgyG h+< >zaA@ Os ?JzZ}yG f{p
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xy P h ?*Q9}DAS:G ?+z}gyG ,p ?Y9Lh &=!G(F ?p9v ,p ?+fQWyG b<G(]yG
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iOy QtAT}yG aQgyG ,p d(=t}yG OJyG #f &+p IQ_9M}yG
Q9}DASG ,p hFQ}yG f(w* fCh .&Tq! d9G}yG ,p #*Q}DAT}yG
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a9sh}G IQGOE ,p QGQtyG H9JYC {=s #| ?+qs(yG f9+f}G Q9}DASG ,p
J9$9G@:G #| h .?*P+q"@ IQGOE hC IQGOE UzG| A9]fC G(!9v AG(S
- 209 -
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P9M@9< ?*Q9}DASG ?"Gy ^*(q@ ?=S9"}yG UQqyG Qp (@ O"f jQ9}DAS:G
#|h UzG}yG A9]fC #| ?"GzyG {wW@ E+J< UzG}yG #f ?<9+! JGQGQtyG
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- 210 -
J9S9+Sh ,J9+G+@GQASG {+gq@h OGOf{< ?"GzyG [AM@ f9+I}G ^g<h
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.B * (wy G
&tpG(}yG #f ?yh|T}yG ?"GzyG {}gy ,zLGO e9d! QGOYE #w} * 9}v
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:?*Q9}DAS:G ?+z}gzy KFG(zyGh JGAGQF G O(Fh :2 -3-6
&FGOC #+TJ@h ,jQ9}DAS:G QGQtyG ?+zf9p ,p ?+S9S}G Q(|}G #| fE
9%@GAGQFEh ,?*Q9}DAS:G ?+z}gzy ?}d"|h IOOJ| KFG(yh ,JGAGQFE O(Fh
UQqyG ?SGQO JGAGQFG ,?*Q9}DAS:G ?"Gzy ,zLGOyG e9d"yG 9%+p 9}<
KFG(zyG #| 9$Q+ih ,jQ9}DAS:G QGQtyG P9M@G JGAGQFEh ,?*Q9}DAS:G
.gP+q"@h jQ9}DAS:G QGQtyG P9M@G JG(aL #"t@ ,AyG JGAGQF:Eh
JGAGQF:Gh J9S9+TyG ?gFGQ| ,Q9_:G GP$ ,p ~%}yG #| &!C 9}v
KFG(zyG #| O*OgyG O9}AfGh ,9%+zgq@ VQj< ?*Q9}DAS:G ?+z}gy9< ?Y9MyG
?+}$C J9SGQOyG #| O*OgyG Ov|@h .Q9}DAS:G J9+z}f ,p JGAGQF Gh
?+T+FQyG {LGO}yG OIzv ?*QGO G J9S9+TyGh JGAGQF G ,p Qd"yG IO9fE
. (Manganelli and Klin,1994) ?*QGO G ?+zf9qyG hpQy
,p a9sh~y ?|9gyG ?!9|}G ?<QG@ )yG IQ9V G #w}* Q9_:G GP$ ,p
J9fhQW}yGh J9+z}gyG ,p B=yG JGAGQF ?}d"}yG OfG(tyG QGOYE
JGQGOE Uy9G| ,p ?!9|}G ,zD}| #+ + g @ OfG(s xyPvh ,?*Q9}DAS:G
- 211 -
eGRAy:G ~%+zf #+gA* ,AyG J9=FG(yGh ,?!9|}G 9%+p ~$9T@ ,AyG J9vQWyG
.)v$1424 ,Q}gyG( 9%<
:?*Q9}DAS:G J9pQZAyG ?p9wy &+a}"yG O(tgyG O(Fh :3-3-6
OvzAyG ,ph ,?+qs(yG f9+f}G )zf ?dp9J}yG ,p ?}%}yG Q(|}G #| fE
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{D| O(Fhh .9$Q+i hC IQ9F G E+I #| AG(S rs(yG )zf J9pQZAyG
?+!(!9tyGh ,?+fQWyG >!G(GyG #| 9%AgFGQ| Og< k+ZyG hC O(tgyG gP$

k k
IQGOE Bg\ h Osh .,qs(yG Q9}DAS;y 9J\Gh GQ9_E Qp(* ,?+%tqyGh
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#| 9$Q+ih ,?z*(ayG IQ9F G ?j+Yh ,?*O9gyG IQ9F G ?j+Y {D| 9%v;|C
#w}*h ,rs(yG ?JzZ| BttIh 9%AgFGQ| ~@ ,AyG ?+ZZMAyG k+ZyG
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?+fQWyG b<G(]yG xyPvh ,?|9gyG Q9}DAS:G b<G(\ O*OJ@ ~@ 9|Og<
?+z}gzy ?|9gyG JG(aMyG hC ,JGAGQF G O*OJ@ >S9"}yG #| f(w* Os
d(LOyG d9G| ,p JGAGQF Gh ,b<G(]yG #| O*OgyG c9"$h .?*Q9}DAS:G
:9%y ?|9gyG W(aMy9< ,qAw! 9""wyh rs(yG JGQ9}DASG ,p
9%g| {|9gA* ,AyG ?+y9}yG J9TS|}yGh ,J98+%yG f(w@ fC O<: - 1

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?+<9sQ J9%F jC hC ?ZZMA}yG J98+%yGh ,J9TS|}yGh jRvQ}yG
f(w* fCh ,Oz=yG GP$ ,p Q9}DAS:G W9W! ~+d"Ay ?y(M| iQLC
f(w@ fCh ,?+y9| JG("S K;C {s}G )zf 9%T+Sz@ )zf )]|
j} B\Qg@ Os f(w@ :Ch #+A| ,y9| RvQ| JGPh ,?g}TyG ?"TI
- 212 -
hC 9%+qc(| OIC #| d9+AI:G hC ,d9}$5y ?G+A! ?+!(!9s J9tI;|
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#}]A@ ?z|9V J9SGQOy Q9}DAS:G J9+z}f ?p9v h]M@ fC >G* - 2
f9}]y ?+t*(TAyGh ?+"qyGh ?+y9}yGh ?*O9ZAs:G ?+I9"yG #| 9%A|;S
VGQi}G utJ@ fCh ,a9sh~y ?*RG| OFG(gy JGQ9}DAS:G u+tJ@
9%< ?*9"gyG #| O*R| #| O<;p gO*OGyG JGQ9}DAS:G 9|C .?<(za}yG

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IQC|}yG ?+|(wJyG J9S9+TyG ?SGQO #| O<: 9}v .9+y9I &}F9tyG
.9$Q+j@h J9S9+TyG gP$ >=T< Q9}DAS:G QCzA*: E+J<
IQGOE e(t@ fC O<: 9%@O|h ,rs(yG ?}$9T| ?}+s O*OJ@ {+=s - 3
?+z=tAT}yG rs(yG J9|GRAyGh J9<(za| ?g<9A}< rs(yG ,p Q9}DAS:G
?*9qv iO| #| OvzAzy xy P h ,JGAGQF:G 9$OOJ@ ?*QhO IQ(Z<
.?+y9}yG &@9|GRAyG ?+ajAy ?+qs(yG d(Y}G
#+g< PL|@ fC ,j="* ,#+g| Y9as ,p Q9}DAS:G MGQAsG ~A* 9|O"f - 4
SCQ M9<QCh ,M9<Q}G J9gs(@h ,hs(A}yG OF9gyG J9<9TI Q9=Af:G
9%+p HP<PA@ ,AyG dhOyG ,p ?Y9Lh ,aQZyG Q9gSC ?vQIh d9}yG
.J;}gyG Q9gSC
?+yB f(w@ fC O <: dG(|}G ShDQ JGQ9}DASG ,p ?}$9T}yG O"f - 5
#w}* ?+y9}yG bGQh~y b (S Qp(@ d;L #| ?J\Gh LQ9MAyG
J9s9q@G P+q"@ #w}* xy P Q+ i d9I ,ph .9%y;L #| LQ9MAyG
f(w* fC #w}*h ,?vQWyG ,p ?vQ9W}yG J9%GyG h| AGQWyG IO9fE
#| ~%TyG Qg S ?=T! hC ,?*Ot"yG ?}+tyG a9g\C AGQWyG QgS
.?=S9"| iQLC ?j+Y hC M9<Q}G
- 213 -
Q*Qt@ ~*Ot@ ~A* ,Q9}DASG jC ,p d(LOyG )zf ?tpG(}yG O"f - 6
J9+I;ZyG >T I {v ?tpG(}y9< ?ZAM}yG ?%GyG )yE {|9wA|
9%+p 9}< ?+S9S}G W9t"yG )zf Q*QtAyG j(AJ* E+J< &y ?I("}}yG
,p ,"qyG jCQyGh ,Q_9M}yG ?g+=_h ,&A}+sh ,Q9}DAS:G ?g+=_
?%GyG J;|9g@ ,ph &t<9TyG JG("TyG ,p &FGOCh ,&@QGOEh Q9}DAS:G
.?t<9S JGQ9}DASG ,p rs(yG h| Q9}DAS:G Q*O@ ,AyG
-:JGQ9}DAS:G ?g<9A| :5-6
?g<9A| ~A@ fC ,&*Q9}DAS:G UQqyG ?SGQO Og< JG(aMyG ~$C #| fE
O(Fh jQhQ]yG #|h .9%+zf uqA}yG dG(|}G {*(J@ Og< Q9}DAS:G
e9f { wW < rs(zy ?*Q9}DAS:G ?dqJ}yG ?g<9A| 9%y;L #| ~A* JGAGQFE
~*Ot@h ,?*QhO IQ(Z< &gs(A}yG OFG(gyG >TJ< ?*Q9}DASG ?8p {v AGOCh
J9sh}G ,p &ZAM}yG f9GzyG hC a9sh}G fh|V UzG| )yE Q*Q9tAyG
?aLh ,J9+Y(AyG f9+< h| &+F(AyGh ,?g<9A}yG VQj< xyPh ,IOOJ}yG
.&qzAM}yG JGQ9}DAS:G ?g<9A}y ?+z=tAT}yG {}gyG
JGAGQF 9< IQGO G e(t@ JGQ9}DAS:G ^g< AGOC ,!O@ d9I ,p
-:&+@6G
h| &S9+sh ,bG(S}G ,p &z+D| h| &A!Q9t|h ,rs(yG AGOC ,!O@ ?gFGQ| -
.Q9}DAS:G GP$ V9qM!G H9=SC #| OvzAzy Q9}DAS:9< b=@Q}yG QV|}yG
OFG(gyG ,p aGQJ!G hC Q9}DAS:G ?}+s ,p V9qM!G O(Fh ?y9I ,p -
?%GyG ,p Q9}DAS:G hC ,bhO"ZyG d h|T | A9fOASG ~ A* ,&gs(A}yG
L;gyG J:9G|h ,aGQJ!:G H9=SC d (I &g| EI9=Azy ?+FQ9MyG
.Q9}DAS:G Y9\hC K+JZAy ?+"|R ?z%| Q9}DAS:G dh|T| A9afEh
:rs(yG JGQ9}DASG h+< b<G(\ :6-6
)zf UQJyG E+I #| rs(yG d(YC h+=y ?jy9< ?+}$C A9%tqyG ,ag*
- 214 -
?+"qyG AGQ69< 9|(fO| f(w* fCh ,rs(zy {]p:Gh ,>S9"}yG Qg T y G
X9qAI:G #| :O< h+=yG ,p &J<GQ ?JzZ| O(Fh h| ?=S9"}yG ?*O9ZAs:Gh
#w}* ,AyG dGO=AS;y &qzAM}yG b<G(]yG {+ZqAy9< 9!QvP Osh .rs(y9<
#w}* OOZyG GP$ ,ph .iQL}G rs(yG JGQ9}DASG h+< )zf 9%t+=a@
:9%}$C #| ?"+g| J:9I ,p ?+qs(yG &!9+fC hC ,&@GQ9}DASG h+=* fC rs(zy
Q9}DAS:G hC ?vQWyG A9W!E #| ?*(}"AyG &pGO$C rs(yG utJ* 9|O"f - 1
?+p9\E ?}$9T| fhO 9%pGO$C Z(z< )zf &@QOsh ,&@GQOt| d9}AvGh
.rs(yG #|
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9\hQf rs(yG ,tz@ O"f CO=Ap Q9}DAS:G h+< ,p YhQWyG JGAGQFE 9|C
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?=S9"| ?YQp Q(%dy GQd! Q9}DAS:G h+< )yG ?F9Jy9< Q(gWyG O"f rs(yG
.xyPy
Q9}DASG h+=y ?ZZMA}yG J9TS|}yG iOI{< &!9gAS:G #w} * 9}v
e(t* ~C #| h ,Q9}DAS;y ?z}AJ}yG ?+s(TyG ?}+tyG O*OJ@ Og< rs(yG
#*QAW}y9< d9Z@:9< ?ZZMA}yG ?TS|}yG d;L #| hC ,IQV9=| rs(yG
{]pC )zf d(ZJzy IQV9=| J9\h9q| ,p d(LOyG ~A* 9$Og< ,#+gs(A}yG
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fC rs(yG 9*9]ty QY9g}yG ,%tqyG O9%AF:Gh ,M*Q9AyG hsG(yG Q%d*
Q9_E #} \ ,%tqyG O9%AF;y IQ+=v O(%F dP< )yE ?S9| ?F9I c9"$
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?JzZ}yGh ,IhQDyG JGQ+j@h ,,y9JyG hsG(yG >S9"* 9}< PL}Gh ,,f9}F
?+y9}yG JGhO}G #| O*OgyG ,p Q9}DAS:G fC eI;* 9}v .?+|;S G ?|~y
?fQSh Q_9M}yG h*("@ )zf IQOtyGh OFG(gyG ,|9"@ )yE jO|+S ?*Q9}DAS:G
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?+z}gzy ?=S9"}yG ?|R;yG b<G(]yG h\h ?+}$C {ZqyG Q%d*
)zf d(ZJyG b<G(\ d9G| ,qp .9%A+y9gp ,|9"@ f9}]y ?*Q9}DAS:G
J9TS|}yG h| ?+G+@GQASG ?vGQV J9s;f U+Sz@ #w}* ?=S9"}yG UQqyG
?!9gAS:Gh ,?*O9ZAs:G ihOGyG J9SGQO OGOfE )yG ?p9\ 9< ?*Q9}DAS:G
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.cQAW}yG Q9}DAS:G ,p ?*Q+MyG J9TS|}yGh
9%"|h ,Q9}DAS:G ,p ?+f(\(}yG b<G(]yG ?+}$C {ZqyG RQ= * 9}v
)yE ?p9\ 9< ,Q9}DAS;y ?+S9S}G b<G(]yGh ,Q_9M}yG O*OJ@ b<G(\
?+}$C {ZqyG Q%d* 9}v .9%+zf ?=S9"}yG ?zD|}Gh ?+fQWyG b<G(]yG
d;L #| ?+f9}F ?*Q(V IQ(Z< 9$P9M@Gh ,?*Q9}DAS:G JGQGQtyG ?+TS||
?+z}gzy KFG(zyGh ,JGAGQF G O(Fhh ,?*Q9}DAS:G ?"GzyG #*(w@
?*Q9}DAS:G J9pQZAyG ?p9wy ?J\G(yG ?+a}"yG O(tgyG O(Fhh ?*Q9}DAS:G
.rs(zy
,p d(LOyG O"f JGAGQF Gh ,JG(aMyG ?+}$C {ZqyG Ov|* 9}v
xy P ,p 9}< ?}%}yG JGAGQF G #| O*OgyG QvPh ,rs(zy JGQ9}DAS:G
d9I ,p ?<(za}yG JGAGQF Gh rs(yG JGQ9}DASG ?g<9A| ?+q+v )zf R+vQAyG
.rs(yG JQ9}DASG h+< b<G(\ xyPvh &\9qM!G
- 216 -
h<9Ty {Zqy
G G
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gD9}!h ,qs(yG
- 217 -
h<9Ty {Zqy G G
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IQ(S( } { )y9g@ d9s 9}v VQ}G
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#| IO*Of {F9Sh d;L #| ?+|;S G ?|~y I(tyG OGOfE ,p ?Y9M<h
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k
~dg| JRvQ@ Otp ,jQ9GAyG dO9=AyGh ,,fGQRyG Q*(aAyG )zf 9S9SC O}AfG
QhO &y f9v ,fGQRyG >!9Gy9p .rs(yG f9+fC xyPvh ,9%+p ?+}"AyG O(%F
- 219 -
?G+A! LGQMyG OQG(| JOGR E+I ,e;S G ,p jO9ZAs:G Q*(aAyG ,p Q+=v
.9%I9AApG ~@ ,AyG ?=ZMyG ,\GQ}G ?gsQ Y9T@:h ,,fGQRyG Q(aAzy
r+s(@ ~@ fC Og< ?+fGQRyG a9sh}G O*GR@ AQ}yG OG* fC >Gf ;p xyPyh
.e;S G QOY ,p ?*Q9tgyG f9+f}G
&zyG ,\Q - H9aMyG #< Q}f ~%"|h fhOVGQyG A9qzMyG ~A$G Osh
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{SQC Otp .xyP< &@:h )YhCh &+!GQ}gyG ?+}"Azy RvGQ}v fO}yG bM<
- U9gyG #< hQ}f Of9T+y Q+<RyG - &"f &zyG ,\Q - H9aMyG #< Q}f
?*QO"wS 9<h W9aTqy9< Q+<RyG bAL9p ,QZ| IQGOE ,p - 9}%"f &zyG ,\Q
?+g+=ayG OQG(}yG ?+}"A< e9}A$:G )zf dO* 9}|h .)166 :O+=f ( <C(
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[ZL &!C - &"f &zyG ,\Q - U9gyG #< hQ}f ?Dg=y ,pGQjGyG Q*QtAyG
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J9F9I #| IOOJ| aQ9Z| )yE &*Oy ,AyG JGOGQ* G YR(* fC ,#}IQyG
&< i(t* 9}< ?*RF &+zf B!9v #| rzT* fC &+zgp ~%Aqv GP{p ,#+}zT}yG
:O+=f (<C( "#+|9f hC e9gy ~$O*Q! : 9!{p" )9%A+}"@ jC( &\QC {}f )zf
)zf BT=I a9shC #f v$261 e9f )p(A}yG a9ZMyG {8S 9}v .)341
- 220 -
)zf dO* 9}| )294 :a9ZMyG( OGOj< ,p Q(TGyGh Q_9"tyG M;YE
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?qzAM}yG ,\GQ}G KAqy ?G+A! OGR Otp Q+jyG h| jQ9GAyG dO9=AyG 9|C
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fhQ9$ ?q+zMzy &AJ+Z! ,p rS(* ( <C Rv Q Otp .9%A+}"@h ?+S9S}G
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>za* fC #w}* E+I xyP #f ?yhOyG OQG(| RGgy hC )276 :jOQh9}yG(
#| 9$Q+ih ,,JZyG aQZyG JG("s {}f hC ,b(TyG u*Q_ rYQ ~%"|
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- 221 -
:,qs(yG Q9}DAS:9< &_9=@QGh ?z|9WyG ?+}"AyG e(%q| :2-7
#+}fGOyGh ,rs(yG e9d"y #+SQGOyG &FG(@ ,AyG ?}%}yG J9*OJAyG fE
#wy h ,h}AG}yG ,p ?+}"AyG u+tJ@ ,p a9sh}G eGOMASG ?+q+v ($ &y
9%|(%q}< ?+}"Ay9p .9%\9qM!G hC ,9$OFG(f ?|(}*O )zf Q+Cz@ jC fhO<
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?+}"AyGh ,rs(yG #+< W9=@Q:G Y(\(| #+DI9=yG #| O*OgyG dh9"@ Osh
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#| dG(|}9< LhQMyG utJ* rs(y9p .h}AG}yG ,p Q+MyGh Q= y G d9}f}
9}| ,f9}AFG OF9f GP GQ9}DASG f(w+y )rsG(yG xz | #| ( R9"Av:G IQhO
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?*GO=yG ,p JR v Q 9%!C a9sh}G Q(aAy ,M*Q9AyG h=AAyG #| eI;*h
#*(w@ )zfh ,h}AG}yG 9%F9AJ* ,AyG ?+JZyGh ,?+}+zgAyG >!G(GyG )zf
{p9wAyG utJ* 9}< IQ+tqyGh ,?F9AJ}yG J98qzy ,f9}AF:G f9|}G ?w=V
?+"=yG >!G(F ^g< ?*9fQy a9shC BZZL 9}v .O(W"}yG ,f9}AF:G
?*(}"AyG Q(|}G #| 9$Q+ih ,9%A!9+Yh ,YQAyG uV QZ"gv ?+S9S}G
- 222 -
)zf jQG%yG Ey9DyG fQtyG P"| a9sh}G ^g< BT =I E+I iQL}G
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9%g+}F ,$h .)102-101 :?@9JV( Q+*9g}yG #| 9$Q+ih ?+8+=yG ?+}"AyGh
O9g<}G IOOgA| ?+G+@GQASG ?*DQ Q*(a@ ,p 9%"| IO9qAS:G #w}* Q+*9g|
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- 258 -
,?+S9+TyGh ,?*O9ZAs:G Q_9M}yG ,pGQjGyG h*R(AyG ,p )fGQ*h
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:,$ rs(zy ?*Q9}DAS:G ?dqJ}yG ,p ?IQAt}yG 9%=T!h JGQ9}DAS:G
%15 - 5 ?zvF9vTyGh ?*Ovvt"yG JGQ9}DAvS:G - 1
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- 259 -
iQL}G dhOyG hC ,?+|;S G dhOyG ,p 9%@GQ9}DASG h+S(Ay ?aL a9sh}G
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Q9 _ G GP$ ,ph .J9%GyG OIC h| fh9gAy9< O*OF ,qsh QV || U+Sz@
>TJ< xyPh ?+qs(yG ?TS|}yG AGOC S9+ty ,y9AyG QV|}yG MGQAsG ~@ Otp
:?+y9AyG J9\GQAp:G
- 260 -
:rs(yG d(YC h*R(@ - 1
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- 261 -
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- 264 -
hS9Ay { Zqy
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hS9Ay { Zqy G vvv G
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استثمار الاموال الموقوفة والشروط الاقتصادية

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استثمار الاموال الموقوفة والشروط الاقتصادية

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