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Science, Technology and Society
Learner’s Guide / Module
Engr. Elda C. Aranilla
Table of Contents
Module Number Title
1 Introduction to Science, Technology and Society
2 Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology in Various Civilizations
3 Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology In the Philippines
4 Intellectual Revolutions and Society
5 Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition : Technology as a Way of Revealing
6 Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition : Human Flourishing in Progress and
De-development
7 Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition : The Good Life
8 Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition : When Technology and Humanity Cross
9 Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition : Why The Future Does Not Need Us
10 Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society : Information Society
11 Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society : Biodiversity and a Healthy Society
12 Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Gene Therapy
13 Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society : Nanotechnology
14 Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society : Climate Change and Environmental Awareness
Module 1
Introduction to Science, Technology and Society
I. Objectives :
By the end of this module, you should be able to :
1. define science, technology and society
2. identify the interactions between science & technology &society throughout
history
3. explain how scientific and technological developments affect society and
the environment
4. appreciate the values and attributes needed to become a scientist
II. Introduction / Inputs / Discussion
Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

Meaning of Science , Technology and Society
● Science , Technology and Society (STS)
฀ also referred to as science and technology studies
฀ is the study of how social, political and cultural values affect scientific research and technological
innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society.
฀ refers to the interaction between science and technology and social, cultural, political
฀ and economic contexts which shape and are shaped by them
Meaning of Science
● Science
฀ systematized body of knowledge
฀ is an organized and dynamic inquiry ( following the scientific method )
฀ is knowledge gained through observation and experimentation
฀ is a social enterprise : people, knowledge, skills, facilities, apparatuses and technologies

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฀ leads to formation of concepts, methods, principles, theories, law and procedures which seek to describe
and explain nature and its phenomena
Meaning of Technology
● Technology
฀ as material products : results of scientific inquiry ; hardware produced by a scientist
฀ as the application of knowledge in solving scientific and practical problems that will help humans to
survive and improve his life
฀ as human cultural activities or endeavors
฀ as a social enterprise : technology is a complex system of knowledge, skills, people, methods, tools,
materials and resources applied and allocated to the development, operation and production of a new or
improved product, process or services
Science and Technology Fields

1. Life Sciences
฀ science that pertain to living organisms like microorganisms, plants, animals and most importantly human
beings. Some of the well-known fields in the life sciences are zoology, botany, biology, microbiology,
biotechnology and biomedical technologies.
฀ In the Philippines, the various fields of the life sciences is under the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST). This government office is responsible for the coordination and funding of different
researches by Filipino scientists and inventors. Under DOST are : PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration), PHILVOCS ( Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology) andPCAARRD ( Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources
Research Development
2. Botany and Biology
฀ are two of the highly sought-after research topics in the Philippines, given its rich biodiversity in flora and
fauna
3. Biotechnology
฀ is the area of biology that uses living processes, organisms or systems to manufacture products or
technology intended to improve the quality of human life.
4. Engineering
฀ is the field of science that applies both science and math to solve problems
5. Agriculture and Aquaculture
฀ agriculture is the field of science where it concerns with the different techniques of land cultivation, crop
and livestock raising, otherwise farming.
฀ Aquaculture, also known as aqua farming, is the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of fish, shellfish,
plants, algae and other organisms in all types of water environments.
6. Metal Industry
฀ industry that deals with the creation and innovation of metallic and steel products
7. Food and Nutrition
฀ food science or nutritional science is the field of science studying the nature of foods and the natural
changes in them resulting from handling and processing
8. Health
฀ one aspect of healthcare is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases ; pertains to provision for
medical care for people in the community. In the Philippines, healthcare is under the DOH (Department of
Health)
9. Social Sciences
฀ is a group of academic disciplines dedicated to examining society. This branch of science studies how
people interact with each other, behave, develop as a culture, and influence the world. This includes :
anthropology, economics, political science, sociology and social psychology
10. Forestry
฀ is the field of science that practice planting, managing and taking care of trees
Impacts of Science on Society

● If social forces have an ongoing impact on science, it is equally true that science, through its practices an
doutcomes, has an ongoing impact on society, too
● Consider the following:
1. role in advancing access to food and in supporting health outcomes in the developing world
2. impacts on sustainable environments and biodiversity

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3. role in supporting a growing global human population

4. impacts on human health, from nutrition to allergens to indirect environment impacts
5. nature of economic and legal landscape related to intellectual property and ownership of genetic information
6. extent of increased pesticide use in support of pesticide- resistant crops
7. potential for water – efficient and pesticide / herbicide free crops
8. extent of impacts on non-target species
Impacts of Technology on Society

● Technology and human life cannot be separated ; society has a cyclical co-dependence on technology.
Positive Impacts
1. Agriculture
฀ Modern agricultural technology allows a small number of people to grow vast quantities of food in a short
period of time with less input which results into high yields and return of investment
2. Transportation
฀ Both society and businesses have benefited from the new transportation methods.
฀ Transportation provides mobility for people and goods
฀ Technology has helped in advancing all the four types of transportation
▪ road transport used by automobiles
▪ air transports which is used by airplanes
▪ water transport which is used by ships
▪ space transportation to go into outerspace
3. Communication
฀ Both society and organizations depend on communication to transfer information
฀ Communication technologies can be used to persuade, entertain and inform the Society
4. Education and Learning Process
฀ Education is the backbone of every economy.
฀ People need well and organized educational infrastructures so that they can learn how to interpret
information
Negative Impacts
1. Resource Depletion
฀ the more demand for new technologies and advancement of current technologies, the more pressure we
put on earth’s natural resources
฀ Examples:
a. the demand of gadgets is high, but to sustain this demand, they have to eploit the Mother Nature for
resources like aluminum. Once these resources are extracted from the earth plates, they will never
return back
b. intensive farming practices will deplete the soil whichmakes heavy application of commercial
fertilizers necessary to yield healthy harvest. The rate at which people produce is very high, the
mortality rate is high, food is scarce and health care is poor
2. Increased population
฀ The rate at which people produce is very high, the mortality rate is high, food is scarce and health care is poor
3. Increased Pollution
฀ The increased demand for new technologies and advancement of technologies has resulted in many
manufacturing and processing factories
฀ The more technology we enjoy, the ore we harm the environment
Impacts of Society on Science

● Societal values and social interests can be obtained with the practice of science
● The social norms under which we function in our cultural and political settings impact the sort of research
Disadvantages and Ethical Dilemmas of Science and Technology

1. threats to human survival
฀ the invention of nuclear weapons in 1945 which is a product of chemical and biological warfare ; toxic wastes
produced by manufacturing companies that threaten human survival and stability of the environment
2. ethical dilemmas

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฀ exploitation of advanced scientific knowledge and technological devices and systems gave rise to situations in
which advances seem to have turned against their beneficiaries, creating ethical dilemmas. In our march to
progress, we have degraded the natural world. Forests are chopped down, topsoil is washed away, rivers are
polluted and our wastes are dumped in the ocean
3. disparities in human well being
฀ there are advanced countries enjoying science and technology based successes and hold high esteem in
contemporary society ( economic strength) versus millions of people in less developed countries who have
not partaken in these benefits
4. social and cultural conflicts
฀ military power is vital for national security of many governments: superior and highly technical weapons
dictated the outcomes of some recent wars
5. innovating technologies can have negative consequences for certain sectors or constituencies:
฀ include pollution associated with production processes
฀ increased unemployment from labor-saving new technologies
฀ conversion of agricultural land into urban areas
฀ effect on human’s psychological and emotional aspects – the usage and addiction of new gadgets
฀ effect of overused technologies in medical industry that can cause fatal births and diseases
฀ global warming
Nature of Science
● Science is believed to be a systematic study of nature
● Those who study science are called scientists
● What is peculiar about scientists is that:
1. They do not accept any information as fact until they gather evidences and other scientists have come up with
the same finding, as this scientists are said to be skeptical (skepticism)
2. They like to look into everything asking why and how questions ( curiosity)
3. They work and keep on working at whatever they suspect will give them a clue to what they are looking for
(perseverance / persistence)
4. They take things step by step and they aim at accuracy (systematism)
5. They do not like to work in isolation, even if they do, they show each other what they have found
(cooperation)
6. scientists are objective, open-minded, honest, restrained and willing to change opinion, they are
critical-minded
● Because of these attributes of scientists, science is said to be dynamic, constantly moving and the
knowledge changes. What you know yesterday and today may not be an acceptable fact tomorrow because a
theory may have to change when new observations are made. Science therefore is tentative.
Scientific Method
● Hypothesis is a tentative solution or generalization to a problem
● A big part of science is to attempt to disprove hypothesis
● If over time, the hypothesis survives all attempts to disprove it, it becomes accepted as theory
● Theory is a general truth about the natural world but not yet universally accepted.
● Once the theory is accepted, it becomes a scientific law
● Scientific method is a combination of the creative reasoning and testing the hypothesis
1. Identify the problem
2. Gather specific data or information
3. Formulate a hypothesis
4. Experimentation and Series of Observations
5. Formulate conclusion / generalization
6. Communicate the result
7. Apply the result
Other values and attitudes

● Scientific attitude is a way of looking at things governed by facts based on observations
● The following are attitudes that one should possess in order to become more successful in the chosen field like
biological sciences:
1. A belief that problems have solutions
2. A respect for power of theoretical structure. Theory guides observation ; and observation modifies theory
3. A thirst for knowledge, an “intellectual drive”
4. Ability to separate fundamental concepts from the irrelevant or unimportant

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5. Ability to suspend judgment

6. An appreciation of probability and statistics
7. An automatic preference for scientific explanation
8. An understanding that all knowledge has tolerance limits
9. Awareness of assumptions
10. Determinism ( “Cause and Effect” )
11. Empathy for human condition
12. Empiricism ( “Look and see” )
13. Loyalty to reality
14. Parsimony ( “Simple than Complex” )
15. Precision
16. Respect for Quantification and Appreciation of Mathematics as a Language of Science
17. Respect for Scientific Paradigms ( “Framework” )
18. Scientific Manipulation
19. Skepticism ( “Questioning Mind” )
20. Willingness to Change Opinion
Nature of Technology
● Technology is a product of science
● Technology can be said to be dynamic and tentative
Nature of Society
● The society is made up of people
● Society itself is not stagnant. It is dynamic
● As one grows, the other grows
Science
Seeks to Informs
Improve
Technology is the use or

application of scientific
knowledge for a specific
goal or purpose
Demands Demands
more more
Society Technology
Benefits Makes life
More easier
Ref : https://www.slideshare.net/donnaruthtalo/science-technology-and-society-lesson-1
III. Learning Activities

A. Issues on Science and Technology ( Individual Task )
1. Select any photograph that depicts an issue or problem in science and technology
2. Answer the questions below
2.1 What is the issue or problem depicted in the photograph?
2.2 How does this particular issue or problem impact the well-being of humans today?

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2.3 Why is it important for students to study and learn about STS in addressing the issue or problem
depicted int eh photograph?
B. Slogan ( Partner Task )
1. Create a slogan that reflects you and your partner’s view of science and technology (note : it should
specifically state whether you view science and technology as good or bad, both, or neutral)
2. Be creative
IV. Value Infusion

● Appreciate the values and attributes needed to become a scientist
V. Assessment
Question 1. Discuss how the nature of technology affects the nature of Society
Question 2. Give possible suggestions on how to deal or treat the following given situation :
a. use of social media
b. conversion of agrocultural land to industrial areas
c. use of robots / machines in industrial facilities
VI. Reference
Aldea,Kathryn Idrisha/ Caronan, Hans Peter / Candido, Ma. Blessilda. 2018. Science, Technology
and Society (OBE Ready). Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City
Bueno, David C. 2019. Science, Technology and Society (STS).Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Mandaluyong City
Quinto, Edward Jay/ Nieva, Aileen. 2019. Science, Technology and Society: Outcome-Based
Module. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City

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Module 2
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
In Various Civilizations
I. Objectives :
1. discuss the historical antecedents of science and technology across time
2. identify inventions and discoveries that changed the world over the course of history
3. appreciate the world’s history of science and technology
4. exhibit creativity inpresenting the chosen invention
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology In Various Civilizations

ANTECEDENTA
฀ percursor to the unfolding or existence of something
฀ Historical antecedents in science and technology are factors that paved the way for the presence of advanced
and sophisticated scientific and technological innovations today
฀ Knowledge of the history of science and technology is useful in appraising the innovations today
฀ By understanding how previous generations influenced and were influenced by developments in science and
technology, today’s generation can come up with informed decisions on the proper application of science and
technology to daily life
฀ Science and technology indeed play major roles in everyday life.
฀ They make difficult and complicate tasks easier and allow people to do more with so little effort and time
฀ The developments in this field are not just products of people’s imagination or a one-time thought process ; they
are also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time periods.
฀ The driving force behind this continuous progress is the desire to raise the quality of life of the
people
ANCIENT TIMES
● In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation and navigation, communication and
record-keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture
A. Transportation
฀ Transportation was significant during during that time because people were trying to go places and discover
new horizons.
฀ They travelled to search for food and find better locations for their settlements.
฀ They also travelled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked.
฀ Navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world.

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฀ It allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with
another group of people
B. Communication
฀ Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places.
฀ They needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and
prevent possible conflicts.
฀ Record keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and
document the trades they made with each other
฀ It was also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried
to relate with other cultures and civilizations
C. Weapons and Armors

฀ Weapons and armors were important as well in the discovery of new places or the establishment of new
alliances with other tribes
฀ At that time, there was always a risk of conflict when people met otehrs with different culture and orientations
฀ Conflicts were common especially if different groups struggled to control vital resources.
฀ Stronger nations tend to invade weaker ones so they could take much needed resources.
฀ As such, the development of weapons and armors for security and protection was considered a major
achievement
D. Conservation of Life
฀ Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made , hampered the fullm potential of a human being
฀ Science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures, if not the prevention of illnesses
E. Engineering
฀ Engineering is the establishment of structures for protection from human attacks and natural disasters and
construction of bigger and stronger infrastructure
฀ The development of this field allowed humans to build structures that would address their specific needs and
wants
F. Architecture
฀ During ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular
civilization
List of Ancient Civilizations

● Abbevillian industry
● Acheulean industry
● Aegean civilizations
● Amratian culture
● Ancestral Pueblo culture
● ancient Egypt
● ancient Greek civilization
● ancient Iran
● ancient Italic people
● ancient Middle East
● ancient Rome
● Andean cultures
● Archaic culture
● Assyria
● Aterian industry
● Aurignacian culture
● Australian Aboriginal peoples
● Azilian industry
● Badarian culture
● Banpo culture
● Big-Game Hunting Tradition
● Boian culture
● Capsian industry
● Carthage

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● Chavín
● Chellean industry
● Choukoutienian industry
● Clactonian industry
● Dawenkou culture
● Desert cultures
● Dong Son culture
● Dorset culture
● El Argar
● Erlitou culture
● Ertebølle industry
● Fauresmith industry
● Gerzean culture
● Ghassulian culture
● Hohokam culture
● Hongshan culture
● Ibero-Maurusian industry
● Indus civilization
● Inugsuk culture
● Ipiutak culture
● Jōmon culture
● Kachemak culture
● Kurgan culture
● Lapita culture
● LBK culture
● Longshan culture
● Lupemban industry
● Magdalenian culture
● Maglemosian industry
● Magosian industry
● Mesopotamia
● Minoan civilization
● Mississippian culture
● Moche
● Mogollon culture
● Mousterian industry
● Mycenaean civilization
● Nachikufan industry
● Natufian culture
● Nazca
● Nok culture
● Old Cordilleran culture
● Oldowan industry
● Osteodontokeratic tool industry
● Paracas
● Perigordian industry
● Phoenicia
● pre-Columbian civilizations
● Qijia culture
● Recuay
● Sangoan industry
● Solutrean industry
● Stillbay industry
● Tasian culture
● Tayacian industry
● Teotihuacán civilization
● Thule culture
● Urnfield culture
● Villanovan culture
● Woodland cultures

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● Yangshao culture
● Yayoi culture
A. Individual Video Viewing:
● Hannu Rajaniemi - The Big History of Modern
● Science : Why is it important to study the history of science?
1. write you reflection about the chosen part on the Reflection Paper template
a. pick –up a part which caught your attention
b. explain why did you pick that part
c. relate it to your personal experiences
2. submit the prepared Reflection Paper
B. Antecedent
1. pick out an antecedent
2. discuss the antecedent thru video recording
A. describe the antecedent
B. why is there a need for that invention that time?
3. send a link so that everybody in the class can view it
IV. Value Infusion

฀ Exhibit creativity inpresenting the chosen invention
V. Assessment
A. Group Wordings
1. Each student will submit three words from their reported antecedents
2. All the submitted words will be collected by the teacher
3. The teacher will give all the gathered words to students for them to group the words
according to their uniformity
4. The students will provide the title of the grouped words
5. The students will submit the grouped words to the teacher
VI. References
McNamara, Daniel Joseph/ Valverde, Vida Mia/ Beleno III, Ramon. 2018. Science, Technology
and Society. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
TED Talk : Hannu Rajaniemi : The Importance of Studying Science &Technology

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Module 3
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology In the Philippines
I. Objectives :

1. discuss the interactions of the history between science and technology in the
Philippines
2. explain how Philippine scientific and technological inventions shaped and were shaped
by various social contexts
3. present an invention of the Filipino scientists
4. exhibit social awareness on the history of Science & Technology in the Philippines
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology In the Philippines

● The Philippines boasts of its own history and tradition of scientific and technological innovations.
● Filipinos have long been known for their ingenuity
● As with all other inventions, necessity has always been the mother of Philippine inventions.
● Most of these inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural context of the archipelagic nation.
● Throughout Philippine history, Filipinos are responsible for developing many scientific and technological
innovations focused on navigation, traditional ship building, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and
techniques and even cultural inventions
● The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters.
● Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from indigenous materials or
created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment
FILIPINO SCIENTISTS

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Adelina Adato Barrion ● Was a Filipino entomologist and geneticist

( September 9, 1951 – July 10, 2010 ) whose extensive contribution to the study of
Philippine spiders earned her the moniker
“Asia’s Spider Woman” although she also
contributed significantly to the study of genetics
in general
Eduardo Quisumbing ● Filipino botanist

● A noted expert in the medicinal plants of the
Philippines
● He was the author of more than 129 scientific
articles – many on orchids
● Served as the Director of the National Museum
of the Philippines, where he rebuilt the
Herbarium
● The plant “saccolabium quisumbingii” is named
in the honor of Eduardo Quisumbing
Angel C. Alcala ● Filipino biologist

● Named a National Scientist of the Philippines in
2014
● He had created the artificial coral reefs that
help a lot to the Philippines’ aquatic ecosystem
Ramon Cabanos Barba ● Filipino inventor

● A horticulturist best known for inventing a way
to induce more flowers in mango trees using
ethrel and potassium nitrate
● Proclaimed as a National scientist of the
Philippines in June 2014 on the discovery of the
Mango Flower Induction Technology and the
Research Process
Dr. Lilian Patena ● Develops tissue culture for garlic

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Fe Villanueva del ● A Filipino pediatrician

● The first woman admitted as a student of the
Mundo Harvard Medical School
● She founded the first pediatric hospital in the
Philippines
● Credited with studies that lead to the invention
of an improved incubator and a
jaundice-relieving device

A. Antecedent of the Filipino invention and its contribution to the development of Science and Technology in the
Philippines
1. pick out an antecedent from any of the following :
* food
* transportation
* medicine
* light and power
* health
* aesthetics
2. discuss the antecedent thru video recording
a. describe the antecedent
b. why is there a need for that invention that time?
3. send a link so that everybody in the class can view it
B. Reading Material
1. Download and read Olivia Caoili”s A History of Science and Technology in the
Philippines
2. The material will be discussed during the class session on a per timeline basis
IV. Value Infusion
Exhibit social awareness on the history of Science & Technology in the Philippines
V. Assessment
A. Letter to the Filipino inventor

1. Make a letter to a Filipino inventor showing your appreciation to the contribution he or
she made
2. Submit the letter to the teacher
B. Standing on the Shoulder of the Giants

1. Pick-out one Philippine invention
2. Look for an ancient invention related to the Philippine invention
3. State the differences and similarities of the two inventions
4. Submit the written reort to the teacher
C. Little Invention
1. If you are to invent an innovation, what would it be?
2. Create a mini-scale invention of what you thought of
3. Prepare a video of your little invention by describing the invention, illustrating how it
is done and indicate the possible impact of your little inventio to society
4. Present the video to the whole class
VI. References

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Caoili, Olivia (1986). “A History of Science and Technology of the Philippines”, in Analysis of
Conditions for National Scientific and Technological Self-Reliance : The Philippine Situation. Quezon City:
University of the Philippines
Module 4
Intellectual Revolutions and Society
I. Objectives :

1. identify the paradigm shift of science and technology in history
2. articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology
3. present the highlights of the scientific revolution
4. exhibit cooperation and partnership in completing the task

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Intellectual Revolutions and Society

● Intellectual Revolutions is a period when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions
and beliefs
● The developments dusing the Intellectual Revolution showed how society was transformed by science and
technology
● In science and technology, intellectual revolutions refer to the series of events that led to the emergence of
modern science and the progress of scientific thinking across critical periods in history.
● In the words of French astronomer, mathematician and freemason, Jean Sylvain Bailley (1976), these scientific
revolutions involved a two-stage precess of sweeping away the old and establishing the new.
● In understanding intellectual revolutions, it is worth noting that these revolutions are, in themselves, paradigm
shifts
● These shifts resulted from a renewed and enlightened understanding of how the universe behaves and functions
● They challenged long-held views about the nature of the universe.
● Thus, these revolutions were often met with huge resistance and controversy
The most important intellectual revolutions are the following :

A. Copernican
B. Darwinian
C. Freudian
D. Information
E. Meso-American
F. Asian
G. Middle East
H. African
Thinker or
Group
Sophists Socrates Plato Aristotle Epicureans Stoics
Main Idea Sophists thought He was a critic He rejected Taught of the Epicurus taught Started by a
that people of the the idea of idea of the his students that Phoenician
should use Sophists. democracy as Golden happiness was named Zeno.
knowledge to Socrates a form of Mean. the goal in life Taught that
improve believed there government. He believed happiness
themselves. is an absolute Plato observation came from
They believed right or wrong believed that and following
there was no the comparison reason, not
absolute right or philosopher-ki were emotions
wrong ngs should necessary to
rule gain
knowledge
Important Sophists He created the He described He wrote The way to be Emotions
Contribution developed the Socratic his ideal over 200 happy was to come and go
art of public Method of vision of how books on seek out continual and are
speaking and teaching / government philosophy physical unreliable.
debate learning new work in his and science. pleasures. Using reason
things simply book He divided all It also meant a and being
by asking “Republic” governments life free from stable is
questions and into 3 basic worry and to superior as it
considering types some extent leads to fewer
different responsibility bad times
options
Influence on The importance His methods He introduced His writings Today epicurean Today Stoic is
Today of their public influenced the the idea that helped shape means the love of used to
speaking can be way teachers government physical describe

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seen today in interact with should be fair our pleasures such as people who
political debates their students and just Constitution good food and are not greatly
between comfortable affected by joy
candidates surroundings or grief.
Stoic put duty
above feelings
SOCRATES ● Greek philosopher and the main source of Western thought

● His “Socratic Method” laid the groundwork for Western systems of
logic and philosophy
● Socrates always emphasized the importance of the mind over the
relative unimportance of the human body
● He claimed to be ignorant because he had no ideas but wise because
he recognize
● “The more I know, the more I do not know”
● “An unexamined life is not worth living”
PLATO ● Was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle

● Founded the academy in Athens
● Idealist
● His work on the use of reason to develop a more fair and just society
that is focused on the equality of individuals established the foundation
for modern democracy
● Plato claimed that knowledge gained through the senses is no more
than opinion and that, in order to have a real knowledge, we must gain
it through philosophical meaning
● Know yourself
● Constant struggle for human in discovering the reality of the world
while balancing what you know to be true and what the physical world
is showing you to be true
ARISTOTLE ● Focuses on systematic concept of logic

● Objective was to come up with a universal process of reasoning that
would allow man to learn every conceivable thing about reality
● Realist
● The golden mean : living a moral life is the ultimate goal
A Timeline of Western Intellectual History
750 – 323 BCE Ancient

323 – 31 BCE Hellenistic
30 – 476 CE Roman
476 – 1350 CE Medieval
1350 – 1600 CE Renaissance
1600 – 1900 CE Modern

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1900 - CE Post- Modern

BCE - Before the Common Era
CE - The Common Era
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
● Christian era
● For most medieval scholars, who believed that God created the universe according to geometric and harmonic
principles, science – particularly geometry and astronomy – was linked directly to the divine
● To seek the principles, therefore would be to seek God
Origen of Alexandria Firmly believed that the knowledge of the good ( God ) is itself
enough to remove all taint of sin and ignorance from souls
St. Anselm Defended the existence of God thru reason
St. Augustine ● Such a being, he argued, must really exist, for the very
idea of such a being implies its existence
● De Trinitate
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
● The Period of Enlightenment
● Was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when
developments in Mathematics, Physics, Astronomy, Biology and Chemistry transformed the views of society about
nature

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Nicolaus ● Mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model

of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth
Copernicus at the center of the universe.
● Polyglot (knowing or using several languages ) and
Polymath ( a person of great learning in several fields of
study )
● De revolutionibus coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the
Celestial Spheres )
Charles Darwin ● English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for
his contributions to the science of Evolution
● All species of organisms arise and develop through the
natural selection of small, inherited variations that
increase the individual’s capability to compete, survive
and reproduce
Darwin’s Theory Consisted of Two Main Points

1. Diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few
common ancestors
2. The mechanism by which this evolution takes place is
natural selection
Sigmund Freud ● Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis

● Development of an observational method
● Focused on human sexuality and the evil nature of men
A. Group reporting of the assigned intellectual revolution

1. the group will prepare a powerpoint presentation to discuss the assigned intellectual
revolution
2. the group will present and report the class the assigned intellectual revolution
3. the group will be graded according to the rubric
Criteria :
a. knowledge of the scientific revolution - 50%
a.1. how well does the group understand the intellectual revolution
and its key concept?
a.2. how well does the presentation reflaect the understanding?
b. creativity - 30%
b.1. how is the group able to inject creativity and innovation in
their presentation?
b.2. how well does the mode of presentation entertain and entice
the audience?
c. teamwork - 20%
c.1. how well does the group work as a team as evidenced by the
distribution of task and actual participation during the presentation?
IV. Value Infusion

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● Exhibit cooperation and partnership in completing the task
V. Assessment
A. Answer the following questions :

1. Why do you think that most intellectual ideas are controversial?
2. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what
was widely accepted at that time ?
3. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?
VI. References

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Module 5
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition: Technology
as a Way of Revealing
I. Objectives :

1. differentiate the essence of technology and modern technology
2. discuss and illustrate the dangers of modern technology
3. explain why art is the saving power of modern technology
4. manifest creativity in translating the human person in the midst of technology
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition: Technology

as a Way of Revealing
The essence of technology can be discussed based on the work of Martin Heidegger, The Question Concerning
Technology
Martin Heidegger (1889 – 1976)

● is widely acknowledged as one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century
● a German philosopher who was part of the Continental tradition of philosophy
The Essence of Technology

Martin Heidegger explains the two widely embraced definitions of technology
1. Instrumental definition : Technology is a means to an end
● Technology is not an end in itself, it is a means to an end
● Technology is viewed as a tool available to individuals, groups and communities that desire to make an impact
on society
● How technology is used varies from individual to individual, groups to groups, communities to communities
according to their individual and collective functions, goals and aspirations
● Technology is an instrument aimed at getting things done
2. Anthropological definition : Technology is a human activity ( anthropology - related to the study of humankind)
● To achieve an end and to produce and use a means to an end is, by itself, a human activity
● The production or invention of technological equipment, tools and machines, the products and inventions, and
the purpose of the functions they serve are what define technology
Technology as a Way of Revealing

● Heidegger stressed that the true can only be pursued through the correct
● Simply, what is correct leads to what is true

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● Heidegger envisioned technology as a way or revealing – a mode of ‘bringing forth’

● Bringing forth can be understood through the Ancient Greek philosophical concept, poiesis, which refer to the act
of bringing something out of concealment ( concealment – the act of hiding something)
● By bringing something out of concealment, the truth of that something is revealed
● The truth is understood through another Greek concept of aletheia. Aletheia is translated as unclosedness,
unconcealedness, disclosure, truth
● Thus for Heidegger, technology is a form of poeisis – revealing that unconceals aletheia or the
● Truth
● The term techne, the Greek root word of technology, is understood in different contexts:
฀ in philosophy, techne resembles the term episteme that refers to the human ability to make and perform
฀ techne also encompasses knowledge and understanding
฀ in art, it refers to tangible and intangible aspects of life
● The Greeks understood techne in the way that it encompasses not only craft, but other acts of the mind and
poetry
Technology as Poiesis : Does Modern Technology Bring Forth or Challenge Forth?

● Heidegger posited that both primitive crafts and modern technology are revealing.
● However, he explained that modern technology is revealing not in the sense of bringing forth or poeisis
● He made a clear distinction between technology and modern technology in that the latter ‘challenges’ nature
● Modern technology challenges nature by extracting something from it and transforming, storing and distributing it
● He considers modern technology’s way of revealing as a way of challenging forth
● Modern technology challenges forth, because it makes people think how to do things faster, more effectively and
with less effort
● It prompts people into dominating and enframing the earth’s natural resources
● This is evident in the way people exploit natural resources with very little concern for the ecological
consequences that come with it
● Challenging forth as a result of modern technology is also evident in the information age, such that greater
control of information to profit from its value gives rise to concern about privacy and the protection of human
rights
● It can be seen in the rise and depletion of petroleum, the introduction and use of artificial dyes, artificial
flavorings and toxic materials that affects human health, and the use of ripening agents in agriculture that poses
threats to food safety and health security
Enframing as Modern Technology’s Way of Revealing

● Enframing is captured in humankind’s desire to control everything, including nature, in a frame, it becomes much
easier for humans to control it according to their desires.
● According to Heidegger, enframing is related to two ways of looking at the world :
1. calculative thinking - humans desire to put an order to nature to better understand and control it.
2. meditative thinking - humans allow nature to reveal itself to them without the use of force or violence
● Calculative thinking tends to be more commonly utilized, primarily because humans’ desire to control due to their
fear of irregularity
● Enframing is a way of ordering (or framing) nature to better manipulate it.
● Modern technology challenges humans to enframe nature
The Dangers of Technology

● The dangers of technology lie on how humans let themselves be consumed by it.
● The Brazilian novelist, Paulo Coelho, once remarked that it is boastful for humans to think that nature needs to be
saved, whereas Mother Nature would remain even if humans cease to exist
● Hence in facing the dangers of technology, the fear of disappearing from the face of the earth should concern
people more than the fear of the earth disappearing
● As mere tenants on earth, people must not allow to be consumed by technology to avoid of losing the essence of
who they are as human beings.
● The real threat of technology comes from its essence, not its activites or products
● The correct response to the danger of technology is not simply dismissing technology .
● The essence of technology is by no means anything technological (technological – using technology )
Art as the Saving Power

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● Heidegger proposed art as the saving power and the way out of enframing.
● He saw art as an act of the mind that protected and had great power over the truth
● By focusing on art, people are able to see more clearly how art is embedded in nature
● Art encourages humans to think less from a calculative standpoint where nature is viewed as an ordered system
● Instead, it inspires meditative thinking where nature is seen as an art and that, in all of art, nature
is most poetic.
Questioning as the Piety of Thought

● There is unparalleled wisdom gained only when humans are able to pause, think and question what is around
them
● Humans are consumed by technology when they are caught up in enframing and fill to pay attention to the
intricacies of technology, the brilliance of the purpose of humankind, and the genius of humans to bring forth the
truth
● It is only through questioning that humans are able to reassess their position not only in the midst of technology
around them, but also, and most importantly, in the grand scheme of things
● Heidegger posited that it is through questioning that humans bear witness to the crises that a complete
preoccupation with technology brings, preventing them from experiencing the essence of technology
● Thus, humans need to take a step back and reassess who they were, who they are and who they are becoming in
the midst of technology in this day and age

A. Art as Saving Power
1. look for an artwork that reveals the human person in the midst of technology
2. discuss to the class the artwork in relation to the general concepts discussed in Martin
Heidegger’s The Question Concerning Technology
IV. Value Infusion

● Manifest creativity in translating the human person in the midst of technology
V. Assessment
Indicate if the following is ‘bring forth’ or ‘challenge forth’.

a. put a check mark on the appropriate box
b. explain the reason of the choice
Situation / Condition bring forth challenge Reason

forth
1. use of fertilizer
2. mining
3. turbine operation
4. Operasyon ocean clean-up
5. Carabao plowing in the rice field
6. road infrastructure
7. use of cellphones
8. attending on-line class
9. building bridges
10. school education
VI. References
Heidegger, Martin. The Question Concerning Technology

https://simondon.ocular-witness.com/wpcontent/uploads/2008/05/question_concerning_technology.pdf

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Module 6
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition :
Human Flourishing in Progress and De-development
I. Objectives :
1. discuss human flourishing in the context of progress in science and technology
2. explain de-development as a progress and development framework
3. differentiate between traditional frameworks of progress and development and
Hickel’s concept of de-development
4. differentiate scientism and scientocracy
5. manifest self-confidence in presenting one’s stand
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition: Human

Flourishing in Progress and De-development
● Despite efforts to close out the gap between the rich and poor countries, a report from Harvard Gazette in 2019
stated that the gap in growth and development just keeps on widening
● The increasing inequality appears paradoxical having in mind the efforts that had been poured onto the
development programs designed to assist poor countries to rise from absent to slow progress
● In the context of unprecedented scientific and technological advancement and economic development, humans
must ask themselves whether they are indeed flourishing, individually or collectively
● If the development efforts to close out the gap between the rich and poor countries have failed, is it possible to
confront the challenges of development through a nonconformist framework?
Jason Hickel’s development framework focused on de-development.

● He is an economic anthropologist (economic anthropology studies how human societies provide the material
goods and services that make life possible )
● He criticizes the failure of growth and development efforts to eradicate poverty. More importantly, he offers a
nonconformist perspective toward growth and development
A. Reflection Paper : Hickel, Jason.(2015). Forget Developing Poor Countries, It’s Time to
De-develop Rich Countries
1. read the article : Hickel, Jason.(2015). Forget Developing Poor Countries, It’s Time to
De-develop Rich Countries. The Guardian On-Line : http://www.the
guardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-deve
lop-rich-countries-sdgs
2.write you reflection about the chosen part on the Reflection Paper template

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3. submit the reflection paper to the teacher
B. Video Viewing : The Magician’s Twin : CS Lewis and the Case against Scientism
1. View the video : CS Lewis. The Magician’s Twin: CS Lewis and the case against
Scientism
IV. Value Infusion
Manifest self-confidence in presenting one’s stand
V. Assessment
A. Personal Consumption Audit

People believe that the more they are able to purchase things and avail of services, the more ‘developed’ and
‘progressive’ are lives they lead. Yet, Hickel made it clear in his article that huge consumption does not necessarily equate
to long and happy lives. In this sense, is it possible for people to also de-develop their consumption but still remain happy
and contented?
1. Accomplish the personal consumption audit table below and see what things you can
reduce or minimize without sacrificing, or even improving, the quality of your life. Please see the first row
of the table as your guide
My Personal Consumption Audit

Product / Food Average daily, or No. of hours / Impact of this ‘de-developing’ on my
weekly or monthly day I reduce / everyday living
amount do away with
consumed
Social Media Usage Eight (8) hours Five (5) hours By minimizing the number of hours I
per day per day spend on social media, I can pursue
authentic personal interactions. I can
also spend more time doing
schoolwork or helping in household
chores
2. Submit your Personal Consumption Audit to the teacher
VI. References
CS Lewis. The Magician’s Twin: CS Lewis and the case against Scientism
Hickel, Jason.(2015). Forget Developing Poor Countries, It’s Time to De-develop Rich
Countries. The Guardian On-Line : http://www.the
guardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-develop-rich-
countries-sdgs
Quinto, Edward Jay/ Nieva, Aileen. 2019. Science, Technology and Society: Outcome-Based Module.
C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City

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Module 7
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition :
The Good Life
I. Objectives :
1. define the idea of the good life
2. discuss Artistotle’s concept of eudaimonia and arête
3. examine contemporary issues and come up with innovative and creative solutions
guided by ethical standards leading to a good life
4. exhibit love for one’s life
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition: The Good Life
● Everyone aims to lead a good life
● Yet, what constitute a happy and contented life varies from person to person.
● Unique backgrounds, experiences, social contexts and even preferences make it difficult to subscribe to a unified
standard on which to tease out the meaning of ‘the good life’
Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics and the Good Life

● To answer the question, “Are we living the good life?”, necessary reflection must be made in two things
1. what standard could be used to define ‘the good life’?
2. how can the standard serve as a guide toward living the good life in the midst of scientific progress and
technological develoopment?
● In the documentary film, The Magician’s Twin : C.S.Lewis and the Case Against Scientism, C.S. Lewis posited
that “ science must be guided by some ethical basis that is not dictated by science itself”. One such ethical basis
is Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics
● Aristotle is probably the most important ancient Greek philosopher and scientist. He was a student of Plato, who
was then a student of Socrates. Together, they were considered the ‘Big Three of Greek Philosophy’
● Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics, the fundamental basis of Aristotelian ethics, consist of ten books
● The Nichomachean Ethics, abbreviated as NE or sometimes EN based on the latin version of the name, is a
treatise on the nature of moral life and human happiness based on the unique essence of humannature
● The NE is particularly useful in defining what the good life is.
● Aristotle posited two types of good :
1. instrumental good
2. intrinsic good
● He made it clear that the ultimate good is better than the instrumental good for the latter is good as a means to
achieving something else or some other end while the former is good in itself.
Eudaimonia : The Ultimate Good

● Pleasure is not an ultimate good. (pleasure if food they eat, experiences they immerse)
● Pleasure is an important human need. It is transitory – it passes

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฀ One may have been pleased with the food they had for lunch, but she will be hungry again or will want
something else after a while
● Pleasure does not encompass all aspects of life.
฀ One may be pleased with an opportunity to travel but may not make him or her
feel good about leaving
● Wealth is not an ultimate good.
฀ It is very common to hear people say thay they aim to be wealthy insofar as it would help them achieve
some other goals
฀ Wealth is just an intermediate good – that is, only instrumental
฀ It is not self-sufficient and does not stop one from aiming for some other ‘greater good’
● Fame and power is not an ultimate good
฀ Many people act according to how they think they will be admired and appreciated by other people
฀ This is not an ultimate good since it is based on the perception of others
● Happiness is an ultimate good
฀ In the Aristotelian sense, happiness is ‘living well and doing well’
฀ Among the Greeks, it is known as eudaimonia, from the root words eu, meaning good
and daimon, meaning spirit
● Most accurately, others translate it as human flourishing or prosperity
฀ Aristotle proposed two hallmarks of eudaimonia :
1. Virtue
2. excellence
฀ Eudaimonia transcends all aspects of life for it is about living well and doinf well in whatever one does
Aristotle’s Tripartite Soul
HUMANS ANIMALS PLANTS
(rational) (partly (non-rational)

rational)
Theoretical Growth Nutrition
Practical Locomotion Reproduction
Perception
● The degrees and functions of the soul are nested, such that the one which has a higher degree of soul has all of
the lower degrees.
● On the nutritive degree, all living things, i.e. plants, animals and humans require nourishment and have the ability
to reproduce
● On the sensitive degree, only animals and humans have the ability to move and perceive
● On the rational degree, only humans are capable of theoretical and practical functions.
● Humans possess the nutritive, sensitive and rational degrees of the soul
● Only humans are capable of a life guided by reason
● Happiness is uniquely human function for it can only be achieved through rationally directed life
Arete and Human Happiness

● Eudaimonia is what defines the good life
● To live a good life is to live a happy life
● For Aristotle, eudaimonia is only possible by living a life of virtue
● Arete, a Greek term, is defined as “excellence of any kind” and can also mean “moral virtue”
● A virtue is what makes one function well
● Aristotle suggested two types of virtue :
1. intellectual virtue – or virtue of thought which can be achieved through education, time and experience

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฀ Key intellectual virtues are wisdom, which guides ethical behavior, and understanding, which is gained
from scientific endeavors and contemplation
฀ Wisdom and understanding can be achieved through formal and non-formla means
฀ Intellectual virtues are acquired through self-taught knowledge and skills as much as those knowledge
and skills taught and learned in formal institutions
2. moral virtue - or virtue of character is achieved through habitual practice

฀ Some key moral virtues are generosity, temperance and courage
฀ Aristotle explained that although the capacity for intellectual virtues is innate, it is brought into
contemplation only by practice
฀ It is by repeatedly being unselfish that one develops the virtue of generosity
฀ It is by repeatedly resisting and foregoing every inviting opportunity that one develops the virtue of
temperance
฀ It is by repeatedly exhibiting the proper action and emotional response in the face of danger that one
develops the virtue of courage
฀ Moral value is like a skill
฀ A skill is acquired only through repeated practice
฀ Good relationship dynamics and healthy environment contribute to one’s wellness, in how he or she
lives and what he or she does
● Both intellectual and moral virtues should be in accordance with reason to achieve eudaimonia
● Indifference with these virtues, for reasons that are only for one’s convenience, pleasure or satisfaction, leads
humans away from eudaimonia
● A virtue is ruined by any excess and deficiency in how one lives and acts.
● A balance between two extremes is a requisite of virtue
What then is the good life ?

● The good life in the sense of eudaimonia is the state of being happy, healthy and prosperous in the way one
thinks, lives and acts.
● The path to the good life consists of the virtues of thought and character, which are relative mediators between
the two extremes of excess and deficiency
● The good life is understood as happiness brought about by living a virtuous life
● Science and technology can be ruined by under- or over-appreciation of the scope and function it plays in the
pursuit of the uniquely human experience of happiness
● Refusing science and technology altogether to improve human life is as problematic as allowing it to entirely
dictate reason and action without any regard for ethical and moral standards.
A. Video Viewing : That Sugar Film by Damon Garneau

1. Watch the film individually
2. After watching the film, discuss in your reflection paper your ideas on how the
overproduction and overconsumption of sugar-based products potentially prevent humans from achieving
eudaimonia
3. Submit the reflection paper to your teacher
B. Hidden Sugar Found on the Label

1. Inspect a packaging of a food item available in your home
2. Identify what sugar, disguised in an unfamiliar term, is found on the label
3. Research on the definition and effects of the hidden sugar you found on the label
4. Take a picture of the label with the hidden sugar and indicate the research result you
found and put it in a one whole typewriting paper
5. Submit the report to the teacher
IV. Value Infusion

● Exhibit love for one’s life
V. Assessment

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A. Compare and Contrast each pair of terms related to Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics
1. Instrumental Good vs Ultimate Good
2. Pleasure vs Happiness
3. Virtue vs Vice
4. Intellectual Virtue vs Moral Virtue
5. Science and Technology vs The Good Life
VI. References
Garneau, Damon. That Sugar Film

Module 8
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition: When
Technology and Humanity Cross
I. Objectives :

1. explain a human rights-based approach to science, technology and development
2. identify key documents and their principles that ensure the well-being of human in the
midst of scientific progress and technological development
3. discuss the importance of upholding human rights in science, technology and
development
4. critique the assigned reading material
5. appreciate human mind to think critically
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition: When

Technology and Humanity Cross
● Human rights in the face of scientific and technological advancement are critical factors in one’s journey toward
eudaimonia
● Exercising the right to accept or reject, minimize or maximize, and evaluate and decide on the scope and function
of science and technology indicates human flourishing in science and technology
● Protecting the well-being and upholding the dignity of the human person must be at the core of continued
scientific and technological progress and development.
● Such is the focus of a human rights-based approach to science and technology and development
● S. Romi Mukherjee (2012), a senior lecturer in Political Theory and the History of Religious at
the Paris Institute of Political Studies, explained a human rights-based approach to science , technology and
development as follows :
“ It seeks to place a concern for human rights at the heart of how the international community engages
with urgent global challenges. The UN Development Programme characterizes this approach as one that leads
to better and more sustainable outcomes by analyzing and addressing the inequalities, discriminatory practices
and unjust power relations which are often at the heart of development problems. It puts the international human
rights entitlements and claims of the people ( the ‘right-holders’) and the corresponding obligations of the state (
the ‘duty-bearer’) in the center of the national development debate, and it clarifies the purpose of capacity
development”

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● Mukherjee furthered that this approach identifes science as ‘a socially organized human activity which is
value-laden and shaped by organizational structures and procedures’
● Moreover, it requires an answer to whether governments and other stakeholders can craft and implement science
and technology policies that “ ensure safety, health and livelihoods : include people’s needs and priorities in
development and environmental strategies ; and ensure they participate in decision-making that affects their lives
and resources”
● Mukherjee listed some of the most important documents that center on human rights-based
approach to science, technology and development and their key principles
Useful documents for a human rights-based approach to science, technology and development
Document Principles
Universal Declaration of This document affirms everyone’s right to participate in and benefit from scientific
Human Rights advances and be protected from scientific misuses. The right to the benefits of science
comes under the domain of ‘culture’ , so it os usually examined from a cultural rights
perspective
UNESCO This document affirms that all advances in scientific and technological knowledge should
Recommendation on the solely be geared towards the welfare of the global citizens and calls upon member states
Status of Scientific to develop necessary protocol and policies to monitor and secure this objective. Countries
Researches - 1974 are asked to show that science and technology are integrated into policies that aim to
ensure a more humane and just society
UNESCO Declaration on This document states, “Today, more than ever, science and its applications are
the Use of Scientific indispensable (ansolutely necessary ) for development. All levels of government and the
Knowledge - 1999 private sector should provide enhanced support for building up an adequate and evenly
distributed scientific and technological capacity through appropriate education and
research programmes as an indispensable foundation for economic, social, cultural and
environmentally sound development. This is particularly urgent for developing countries”
This declaration encompasses issues such as pollution-free production, efficient resource
use, biodiversity protection and brain drains
● A human rights-based approach to science, technology and development sets the parameters for the appraisal of
how science, technology and development promote human well-being.
● Thus, the discussion of human rights in the face of changing scientific and technological contexts must not serve
as merely decorative moral dimension of scientific and technological policies.
● Human rights should be integral to the journey toward the ultimate good.
● They should guide humans not only to flourish as individual members of society, but also to assist each other in
flourishing collectively as a society
● Human rights are rights to sustainability
● They may function as the ‘golden mean’, particularly by protecting the weak, poor and vulnerable from the
deficiencies and excesses of science and technology.
● By imposing upon science and technology the moral and ethical duty to protect and uphold human rights, there
can be a more effective and sustainable approach to bridging the gap between poor and rich countries on both
tangible ( e.g. services and natural resources) and intangible ( e.g. well-being and human dignity) aspects.
● Ultimately, all these will lead humans to flourish through science and technology
A. Critical Reading
1. Choose one article from :
1.1. The Ethical Dilemmas of Robotics by Dylan Evans
1.2. Is Google Making Us Stupid? By Nicholas Carr
IV. Value Infusion

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Appreciate human mind to think critically
V. Assessment
A. Document Analysis
Aside from the three documents and their key principles listed by Mukherjee, he also
lists downsix other documents which are important for human rights-based approaches to science,
technology and development :
a. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)
b. Declaration on Social Progress and Development (1969)
c. Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the Interest
of Peace and for the Benefit of mankind (1975)
d. Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005)
e. The Declaration of Dakar ( 2007)
f. The Cairo Declaration ( 2006)
1. Select one document
2. Discuss the document guided by the following questions:
2.1. what is the document all about?
2.2. who are the parties/signatories to the document?
2.3. what article/s or section/s of the document articulate the centrality of human
rights vis-à-vis science, technology and development ?
2.4. how does the document safeguard human rights in the face of science and
technology?
2.5. what challenges stand in the way of the document and its key principles in
safeguarding human rights amidst the changing scientific and technological contexts?
VI. References
Carr, Nicholas. Is Google Making Us Stupid

Declaration on Social Progress and Development (1969)
Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the Interest of Peace and for
the Benefit of mankind (1975)
Evans, Dylan. The Ethical Dilemmas of Robotics
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)
The Cairo Declaration ( 2006)
The Declaration of Dakar ( 2007)
Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005)

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Module 9
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition: Why The
Future Does Not Need Us
I. Objectives :

1. identify Willian Nelson Joy’s arguments as to why the future does not need us
2. evaluate contemporary human experience in order to strengthen and enlighten the
human functioning in society
3. exhibit and appreciate the art of listening
Science, Technology, and Society and the Human Condition: Why The
Future Does Not Need Us
● In April 2000, William Nelson Joy, an American computer scientist and chief scientist of Sun Microsystem wrote
Why the future doesn’t need us? which tackles the danger posed by science and technology unchecked by moral
and ethical standards
● Questions to ponder:
฀ Can you imagine a future without the human race?
฀ Do you think that robots and machines can replace humans?
฀ Do you believe that there will come a time when human existence will be at the mercy of robots and
machines?
฀ Is it possible that medical breakthroughs in the future may go terribly wrong that a strain of drug-resistant
viruses could wipe out the entire human race?
● For some, imagining a future without humans is nearly synonymous to the end of the world.
● In Joy’s article, he warned against the rapid rise of new technologies.

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● He explained that the 21st century technologies – genetics, nanotechnology and robotics (GNR) – are becoming
very powerful that they can potentially bring about new classes of accidents, threats, and abuses
● He further warned that these dangers are even more pressing because they do not require large facilities or even
rare raw materials – knowledge alone will make them potentially harmful to humans
● He cited the ability of nanobots to self-replicate, which could quickly get out of control.
● In the article, he cautioned humans against over-dependence on machines.
● He also stated that if machines are given the capacity to decide on their own, it will be impossible to predict how
they might behave in the future
● Joy also voiced out his apprhension about the rapid increase of computer power
● He was also concerned that computers will eventually becoem more intelligent than humans, thus ushering
societies into dystopian visions, such as robot rebellion
● To illuminate his concern, Joy drew from Theodore Kaczynski’s book, Unabomber Manifesto,where Kaczynski
described that the unintended consequences of the design and use of technology are clearly related to Murphy’s
law : “ Anything that can go wrong, will go wrong”
● Kaczynski agrued further that over reliance on antibiotics led to the great paradox of emerging antibiotic-resistant
strains of dangerous bacteria
● The introduction of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) to combat malarial mosquitoes, for instance, only gave
rise to malarial parasites with multi-drug- resistant genes
● Critics dismissed Joy’s article for deliberately presenting information in an imprecise manner that obscure the
larger picture or state of things.
● For one, John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid ( 2001), in their article A Response to Bill Joy and the
Doom-and-Gloom Technofuturists, criticized Joy’s failure to consider social factors and only deliberately focused
on one part of the larger picture
● As a reading material, Joy’s article tackles the unpleasant and uncomfortable possibilities that a senseless
approach to scientific and technological advancements may bring.
● Whether Joy’s propositions are a real possibility or an absolute moonshoot, it is unavoidable to think of a future
that will no longer need the human race.
● It makes thinking about the roles and obligations of every stakeholder a necessary component of
scientific and technological advancement
A. Reflection Paper
1. Read the entirety of Bill Joy’s article
2. Prepare a Reflection Paper
3. Submit it to the teacher
B. Part Reporting
1. The teacher will assign a specific portion of the article “Why the Future Does Not
Need Us?”
2. The student will report to the class what she understood on the assigned part of the
article
C. Film Viewing
1. Watch Steven Spielberg’s science fiction drama film, A.I. : Artificial Intelligence
(2001)
2. Reflect on the story of David, a childlike android uniquely programmed with the
ability to love
3. Write a 200 – 300 word essay by citing a particular scene and insights from the movie
3. Submit the essay to the teacher

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IV. Value Infusion
Exhibit and appreciate the art of listening
V. Assessment
A. Learning Insights
1. After reading Bill Joy’s Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us, complete the following
phrases :
a. Before reading the the article, I thought that …….
b. However, after reading the article, I now think / learned that ……
VI. References
Joy, Bill.2000. Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us. http://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/nano/documents

Module 10
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Information Society
I. Objectives :

1. determine the human and social impacts of the developments in the information age
2. discuss the evolution of technology from the ancient times to the present
3. illustrate how social media have affected human lives
4. manifest curiosity and problem solving in decoding
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Information Society

Information
Word
● is a combination of sounds that represents something.
● made up of sounds and yet they transmit something more signficnat – they transmit a
● message
● The words are ‘informed’ because they carry ‘information’
● Words are informed with meaning given by the speaker and intended for the listener. They communicate
meaning.
The Role of language

● In the human quest for understanding the natural world, the ability to name and classify objects found in nature
was seen as a first step in knowing
● Thus, the scientific search for truth early on recognized the usefulness of language and the ability it gave to make
sense of nature
● For the Ancient Greeks, language was an object worthy of admiration.

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● Words have power

● Thinking in terms of a common system being generated byt eh speaker and received by the listener is useful in
the pursuit of knowledge
● Words can function across space and time withour reducing their meaning
● Plato’s principle of “One and the Many” refers to the underlying unity among diverse beings in the natural world.
● There is a common intrinsic nature shared by different objects, which determines their real sense
● Biologists devised a way to illustrate this principle using a system differentiating genus and species.
● Many species belong in one genus
Mathematics as the Language of Nature

● Technology in the modern world is the fruit of science
● The scientific method helped people discover how nature behaves thus they were able to control nature with
technology
● A more accurate statement is:
฀ Since people have discovered the laws and language of nature, they can develop technology that uses
these laws and language for their benefit.
฀ This language is mathematics, the great contributionof Isaac Newton
● Nature can be understood because it speaks in the language of mathematics and the human brain, to a certain
extent, can comprehend this language
Technological World
● The ability to think and conceptually comprehend nature and the principles it follows eventually leads to science
● Even in Ancient times, Western thinkers harnessed the forces of nature after understanding them better
The Printing Press and Beyond

● The power of the eidos, or idea, would be witnessed in the succeeding centuries of development.
● The ancient fascination with language gave rise to the preservation of the words of earlier people
● The importance of the word – the power to be informed as a human being – led to the transmission of ideas
through hand-copying
● From this manual action would rise the technology that would transform cultures – the printing press
● The development of printing press, which may be regarded as the beginning of a true revolution, could be dated
to the 15th century
● Through this technology, the ancient Greek idea that knowledge should be shared and communicated among
humans would actually be done on a scale unimagined by its thinkers
● Using the printing press, people on different sides of the world could shate their thoughts and ideas with each
other, forming communities of thinkers across space and time
● In the age of information, the transmission of ideas has undergone changes.
● Meaning and depth are no longer conveyed strictly by rhetoric but rather by its electronic replacement, the digital
signal or digit ( rhetoric - the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the
use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques)
The World Wide Web

● World Wide Web was invented as a way of addressing data processing and information sharing needs among
scientists for the European Organization for Nuclear Research
● With the ease of sharing information at present, its reliability becomes compromised
● Anyone with a connection to other people can produce contents which are showing half-truths or even lies, giving
rise to disinformation
● Special media also encourages building a community of like-minded people
● The creation of these groups often reinforces biases and beliefs based only on the content that they allow within
the community, forgoing the variation and clash of ideas provided in real life
● Worse, these communities can be tapped by people in power who may take advantage of these mechanisms
-controlling public opinion and harassing those who present opposing views – for their own advantage
● Meanwhile, the easy access to personal information makes one susceptible to online predation, identity theft, and
scamming, among others.
● Thus it pays to be vigilant in utilizing these modern devices at all times
A. Reflection Paper
1. watch TED Talk : Julian Assange on “Why the World Needs Wikileaks”

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2. prepare the reflection paper

B. Debate
1. The class will be divided into five (5) members per group
2. The teacher will assign a specific topic to each group
Topics :
a. People use social media to their advantage
b. The information revolution has made the world a better place
c. Facebook should be held accountable for the spread of “fake news”
d. Using social media platforms is a requisite to a person’s meaningful
engagement with the world
( requisite - a thing that is necessary for the achievement of a specified end)
3. The group should research on the topic assigned to them and be able to write their
arguments
4. The group will discuss their argument to the class
IV. Value Infusion
Manifest curiosity and problem solving in decoding
V. Assessment
A. Substitution cypher
A substitution cypher is a method of encrypting a message in which the letters of a plaintext are
replaced with different ones in a systematic manner.
In simple substitution, the codes may simply be a rotated or shifted alphabet.
For example :
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
  
                      
E H I
B C D F G J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A
The cipher above is a left shift one.

Using the cipher, the sentence “I know you” can be written as “J lopx zpv”
This technique, also called Caesar cipher, was used by Julius Caesar in his private
correspondence
1. the class will be divided into five (5) member groups

2. each group should make its own code message composed of no more than 50 words
by using simple substitution
3. afterwards, the groups will be asked to exchange messages with the other groups
4. the first group that decodes the message wins
VI. References
Assange, Julian . “Why the World Needs Wikileaks”


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Module 11
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Biodiversity and a
Healthy Society
I. Objectives :

1. identify the importance of biodiversity as a source of different biological resources
2. discuss the adverse effects of resource depletion on society and the measures to
mitigate them
3. manifest love for nature
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Biodiversity and a

Healthy Society
Biodiversity
● the variety of life present in an ecosystem
● Three different types of biodiversity:
a. genetic diversity
฀ refers to the variations among organisms of the same species\
฀ These variations are usually passed down from parents to offspring
b. specific diversity
฀ refers to the variety of species within a particular region.

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฀ It is influenced by the environmental conditions in the region

฀ Species are the normal measure of biodiversity for these are the basic units of biological classification
฀ Species are grouped together in families based on shared characteristics
c. ecological diversity
฀ refers to the network of different species in an ecosystem and the interaction of these species
฀ The variation of climatic and altitudinal conditions along with varied ecological habitats are the
reasons for the richness in biodiversity of a particular region on earth
● Society benefits greatly from the richness of biodiversity since humans can source from nature biological
resources such as food, medicine, energy and more
● Biodiversity in natural ecosystems can also regulate climate, flood, pollination, water and air quality, water
storage, decomposiiton of wastes, among others.
● However, these numnerous benefits of biodiversity are vulnerable to exploitation
● Humans need to be responsible in optimizing the benefits of biodiversity through the proper utilization of science
and technology
Health and Medicine

● Since 2600 BC, people have been using plants to treat illnesses, hence the practice of herbal medicine
● Cypress and myrrh - have been used to treat coughs, colds and inflammation
● Herbal medicines were also used in healing rituals and in the treatment of injuries resulting from wars or
accidents
● The use of herbal medicine in ancient civilizations was dependent on the biodiversity present in their respective
environments
● Examples:
CALIFORNIA herbal plant used by Indian tribes of Southern California to aid in
childbirth and was believed to protect the immune system from
SAGE respiratory ailments
CAMEL it is believed to have diuretic, diaphoretic, laxative, expectorant,

gastroprotective, antiseptic and anti-diarrheal properties
THORN
SCOTTISH believed to treat hysterical and uterine disorders
LOVAGE
OPIUM source of morphine which is one of the widely known painkillers
POPPY

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Food
● Food is a basic need for human survival
● During the Stone Age, humans relied only on hunting and foraging ( getting food where it is available)
● They depended on what the ecosystem could readily provide them
● As the earth’s population grew, the demand for food increased
● Throughout history, agriculture and cultivation evolved from picking desirable crops and breeding animals to
maintaining supply stable supply of food to last for long periods of time as preparation for the changing seasons
and the possibility of natural disasters
● Ways to cultivate desired species of crops and animals suitable for consumption also evolved throughout time
● Farmers and fishermen rely on healthy ecosystems for their livelihood.
● About 39 of the leading 57 global crops need birds and insects as pollinators
● Agrobiodiversity is the result of careful selection and innovative developments by farmers, fishers, and herders
throught the years.
Energy
● Humans rely on energy provided by ecosystems to do the necessary activities in order to survive
● In the Stone Age, heat energy from fire was used mainly for survival against harsh cold environments, for cooking
and for communication with nearby tribes in the form of smoke.
Year
1000 BC Coal as a source of energy was used by people in northeastern China for heating and cooking
400 BC Water enegy or hydro power was used by the Ancient Greeks and Romans for irrigation
347AD The earliest known oil wells were developed in China
500 to 900 AD The Persians started to use wind-powered grain mills and water pumps
1300 Windmills, taking the modern pinwheel shape, were developed in Western Europe
1390 ● The Dutch built larger windmills for draining lakes and marshes in the Rhine River Delta (marshes
- an area of low-lying land which is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide, and typically remains
waterlogged at all times)
● Wind energy was also used to navigate through bodies of water
1700 to 1800 At the time of Industrial Revolutioin, biomass as a primary source of energy was replaced with coal and
the British discovered that by burning, coal is transformed into hot-burning coke, a fuel with high
carbon content and few impurities
1820 Natural gas was used as a source of light
1830 The electric generator was developed based on Michael Faraday’s discovery of electromagnetism
1850 Commercial oil was drilled which led to the distillation of kerosene from petroleum
1860 Augustine Mouchot developed the first solar powered system for industrial machinery
1892 Geothermal energy was first used
1942 The first nuclear fission reactor was designed and built
19th century and The utilization of coal energy shaped the industrialization of the United States, United Kingdom and
20th century other European countries
From the development of the use of energy sources throughout history, it can be seen that there was no direct
nor indirect exhaustion of biodiversity in the utilization of energy resources
1973 The effects on the environment and the risk of potential accidents when using energy alarmed many
environmental organizations
1979 A nuclear reactor accidents at Three Mile Island near Middletown, Pennsylvania happened
End of 1980 The biggest oil spill in the US waters, the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska occured
2000 A number of catastrophic events transpired : the coal ash spill in Tennessee, oils spill in the Gulf of
Mexico, and the Fukushima nuclear crisis in Japan
● The demands for energy created a positive impact on unconventional ways of producing energy but, in turn, have
resulted in adverse effects on biodiversity in terms of wildlife mortality, habitat loss, fragmentation, noise and light
pollution, invasive species and changes in carbon stock and water resources
Water Storage and Flood Control

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● The earliest recorded civilizations were situated near rivers or lakes which made their livelihoods dependent on
water
● With increasing demand for potable and drinkable water along with the discovery of groundwater 2000 years ago,
wells began to be used in the Middle East
● Water from rivers and lakes was also used for irrigation
● To cope with the adverse effects of the changing tides, floodways were utilized to prevent flooding that usually
result in damaged crops
● Aqueducts were invented and built by the Romans and the Greeks, to maintain stable water supplies to
communities that were far from bodies of water
● In the late 19th century, dams were built to maintain water supply in the community
● Biodiversity in forests plays an unquestionably crucial role in water resources

● Forests also play a major role in the water cycle by affecting rates of transpiration and evaporation and water
storage in the watersheds
● Flooding is mostly known for its adverse effects but it also has some benefits
฀ in agriculture, flooding can help farmers in the distribution of nutrients
฀ floods can also add nutrients to rivers and lakes thus improving the ecosystem
Air and Water Treatment

● Excessive nitrogen stimulates the growth of nitrogen-loving plant species but reduces the occurrence of plant
species adapted to low-nitrogen environment
● The effects of excessive nitrogen will definitely weaken the rsilience of soil and plants
● From 1990 to 2006, there was an extensive vegetation damage around the world due to ozone
฀ Ozone can be good and bad:
1. bad ozone
▪ ozone found at the ground level
▪ damages the leaves of salad crops
2. good ozone
▪ the stratosphere or "good" ozone layer extends upward from about 6 to 30 miles and protects
life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.
● The effects of global warming are harmful to the environment and its inhabitants
● Soils store air pollutants temporarily that affect water purification
● Stored pollutants have adverse effects on soil functioning
A. Film Viewing
1. Watch the movie Medicine Man (1992)
2. Write a 300 to 500 word reaction paper focused on the questions below :
note : cite scenes and instances in the movie to support your answers
a. how does biodiversity provide for people’s medical needs?
b. how do researches that utilize biodiversity affect the community?
c. why are the cultural traditions of the community important in consuming or
using the goods sourced from biodiversity?
d. how do business and development affects biodiversity?
3. Submit the reaction paper to the teacher
IV. Value Infusion
Manifest love for nature
V. Assessment
A. Documentary Video Production

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1. In groups with five (5) members each, prepare a 10-minute documentary video that :
a. highlights the biodiversity in the ecosystem
b. its benefits to the community
c. efforts carried out by the community to manage, protect and preserve it
2. Present the video to the class
VI. References
Module 12
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMOs) and Gene Therapy
I. Objectives :

1. identify the uses and effects of GMOs and gene therapy on society, particularly in the
context of health and economy
2. discuss the moral and bioethical questions concerning genetic engineering
3. manifest the art of listening and speaking during the diad
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Genetically Modified

Organisms (GMOs) and Gene Therapy

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Biotechnology
● The Biodiversity International has released a module entitled, “ Law and Policy of Relevance to the Management
of Palnt Genetic Resources” which aims to help professionals in managing, conserving and using plant genetic
resources for food and agriculture
● The module provides the following definitions :
1. Biotechnology uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or
processes for a specific use
2. Genetic engineering is a technique that allows genes and DNA to be transferred from one source to another.
It leads to the production of living modified organisms (LMOs) or genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
3. Modern biotechnology gives scientists molecular tools for obtaining a better understanding of the structure
and functions of genes in living organisms It aims to develop :
a. new precision tools and diagnostics
b. speed up breeding gains and efficiency
c. develop pest- and disease –resistant crops
d. combat salinity, drought and problems of agriculture
e. enhance the nutritional quality of food
f. increase crop varieties and choice
g. reduce inputs and production costs
h. increase profits
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

● GMOs are products of artificial manipulation and alteration of species’ genetic material in a laboratory using
genetic engineering.
● Genetically modified seeds - increased crop yield
● GMOs benefits : increased crop yield, pest resistance
● GMOs disadvantage ( which is still for comprehensive study ) : may affect consumer’s health and environment
needs
Genetic Engineering
● Genetic engineering is usually associated with recombinant DNA technology and is founded on the work of many
scientists over the years
Year Events
1953 James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the DNA which opened the gates for the countless
possibilities of genetic engineering
1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen were the first scientists to genetically modify an organism by
combining genes from two different E.coli
1982 US Supreme Court ruled to allow the patenting of GMOs
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first GMO – Humulin, a type of insulin produced
using genetically engineered E. coli bacteria to be available in the market
1993 FDA approved bovine somatotropin (bST), a metabolic protein hormone used to increase milk
production in dairy cows for commercial use
1994 FDA approved Flar Savr tomato for sale on grocery stores. This kind of tomato has a delayed-ripening
effect that gives a longer shelf life compared with natural tomatoes
1995 Bt Potatoes and Corn and Roundup Ready Soybeans were approved safe by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EFA)
1996 Weeds resistant to glyphosate,the herbicide used for many GMO crops, were detected in Australia. The
super weeds are 7 to 11 times more resistant to glyphosate than the standard susceptible population.
Dolly, the first cloned animal, was born
1997 The European Union ruled in favor of mandatory labeling on al; GMO food products, including animal
feeds
1998 A genetically modified papaya in Hawaii was found to be resistant to the Ring spot virus and produced
the Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, an insecticide that is not harmful to humans
Starting 1999 Over 100 million acres worldwide are planted with genetically engineered seeds
2000 Golden rice ws developed in the Philippines to address Vitamin A deficiency, which is a public health
issue in Asian countries where rice is a staple food crop.The introduction of golden rice was opposed
by environmental and anti-globalization advocates because this GMO was thought to compromise food
production, nutrition and financial security
2003 A Bt-toxin resistant caterpillar-cum-moth, Helicoverpa zea, was found feasting on GMO Bt cotton crops
in the southern United States

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2006 Yorkshire pigs were geneticallymodiifed to produce offspring that produce the enzyme phytase in their
saliva to digest plant phosphorus, unlike that of normal pigs
2011 A research in southern Quebec found Bt toxins in the blood of pregnant women and showed evidence
that the toxin could be passed on to the babies
2012 French farmer Paul Francois sued Monsanto for chemical poisoning that he claimed was caused by
pesticide Lasso, which was part of the Roundup Ready line of products. He won the case
2013 Corn and poplars were genetically modified and used to produce biofuel, which is regarded as an
efficient substitute for petroleum products
2014 The patent on Roundup Readu line of genetically engineered seeds ended
● To date, the production and consumption of GMOs are being argued upon due to their safety alongside the right
of humans to modify naturally occuring organisms
Gene Therapy
● Gene therapy – is the method of inserting genes or nucleic acid into cells as a drug to treat genetic diseases
Year Events
1973 Theodore Friedman and Richard Roblin proposed that people with genetic disorders can be treated by
replacing defective DNA with good DNA
1985 Dr. W. French Anderson and Dr Michael Blasse worked together to show that cells of patients with
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency can be corrected in tissue culture
1990 The first approved gene therapy clinicalresearch took place at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
under the team of Dr. Anderson. It was conducted on a four-year-old girl who had ADA deficiency.
1993 The first somatic treatment that produced a permanent genetic change was performed
2003 The first commercial gene therapy product Gendicine was approved in China for the treatment of
certain cancers
2006 Due to some clinical successes, gene therapy gained greater attention from researchers but was still
considered as an experimental technique
2016 The Committee for Medical Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency
(EMA) endorsed the gene therapy treatment called Strimvelis that was approved by the European
Commission in June 2018
Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering

● Until today, cloning is still unacceptable to many for it violates the belief that only a higher being should be
responsible for the existence of organisms on earth
● There are also ethical and moral issues on stem cell therapy as it makes use of stem cells sourced from human
embryos and thus destroys them
● These concerns regarding genetic engineering and gene therapy are rooted in the question of whether or not
humans are palying gods in the alteration of genes of organisms
● Genetic engineering also poses problems in agriculture.
● Agroecology is a field of study that presents novel management approaches on farming systems that may help
address concerns regarding the effect of GMOs on biodiversity and health of the consumers
A. Reflection Paper
1. Read the article “The Politics of Golden Rice” (Dubock, Adrian GM Crops & Food.
JulSep2014, Vol5 Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.)
2. Prepare a reflection paper and submit it to the teacher
B. Diad
1. The teacher will assign who will be the partners in performing the diad.
2. The partner students will discuss the Moral and ethical dilemma of GMOs
3. The result of the diad will be discussed with the whole class
C. Short video viewing

1. Watch TEDTalk: Susan Lim on“Transplant Cells Not Organs”
IV. Value Infusion

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Manifest the art of listening and speaking during the diad
V. Assessment
A. Conceptual GMO
1. On a sheet of paper, draw a possible GMO
In conceptualizing a GMO, think of the features or characteristics that you
imagine it possesses and its potential impacts on society
2. Answer the following questions in relation to the conceptualized GMO:
a. What is your GMO, its modified and characteristics and features?
b. In what ways do you think this GMO can positively impact society?
c. What ethical issues or concerns may arise as a result of this GMO?
3. Submit the prepared output to the teacher
VI. References
Mandaluyong City
Dubock, Adrian . 2014. “The Politics of golden Rice” .GM Crops & Food. Jul-Sep2014, Vol5
Issue 3 p 210-222 13p.)
Lim, Susan. TEDTalk: “Transplant Cells Not Organs”
Module 13
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Nanotechnology
I. Objectives :

1. enumerate the positive and negative impacts of nanotechnology on the environment
and society
2. present and discuss the chosen nanotechnology on society
3. critique the nanotechnology issue on its costs and benefits to society
4. manifest self-confidence while presenting

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Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Nanotechnology

“Nano”
● refers to a unit meaning one-billionth or ten raised to negative nine ( 10 -9 )
● Nanotechnology is a branch of technology that deals with the manipulation and study of matter at a nanoscale. It
covers all types of research and technologies that deal with the special properties of matter on an atomic
molecular and supramolecular scale
● Nanotechnology is “convergent” because it brings together various fields of science through its innovations
฀ example : DNA silicon chips - converging between semiconductor science (inorganic chemistry ) and
biology with applications in the medical industry
● Nanotechnology involves design, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems
by controlling shapes and sizes at the nanometer scale
● Nanotechnology is “enabling” in the sense that it provides the platform and the tools to produce Innovations
● How nanotechnology works, three dimensions are to be considered
1. First dimension involves tangible objects which include materials, devices and systems
2. Second dimension deals with the :
2.1. passive and static objects (nanoparticles that have properties different bulk objects, even if they have the
same composition),
2.2. the active devices ( those that can store information, induce energy or change their state
2.3. the nanofacture, which refers to atomically precise manufacturing –ATM ( collection of instruments and
procedures
3. Third dimension is direct nanotechnology which refers to materials structured at
nanoscale components ( hugely powerful information processors with individual nanoscale components)
Brief History of Nanotechnology

Year
1959 The first ever concept of nanotechnology was presented by the famous professor of
Physics and Novel prize winner, Dr. Richard P. Feynman during the Annual Meeting of
the American Physical Society. The topic of his talk was about “ There is Plenty of
Room at the Bootom” explained that size of things can be decreased to perform
specific tasks according to how they were designed to be.
1974 The term Nanotechnology had been invented by Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo University
of Science. He described it as a process which involves separation, consolidation,
and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule
1981 Kim Eric Drexler published a paper about basic concepts in nanotechnology
In 1992, he used the term “molecular nanotechnology” or “molecular manufacturing”
to distinguish his ideas from other scientists. He is an American engineer who
popularized the potential of molecular nanotechnology (MNT)
2000 Commercial applications of nanotechnology begin to increase such as the use of

silver-nanoparticles as an anti-bacterial agent, nano-based cosmetics in transparent

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sunscreen and carbon nanotubes clothing material which are effective as

stain-resistant textile
Applications of Nanotechnology
Field Applications
Medicine ● Nanotechnology has numerous applications in the development of more effective
drugs.
● Assisted by the view of molecules afforded by X-ray lasers, biological
mechanisms can be simulated to destroy a cancer cell while it is treated by
drug-bearing nanoparticles
● Nanobots, or molecular scale workers can employ molecular processes within
cells, which can deliver drugs to specific molecular sites or even carry out
surgery
● It is now possible to diagnose prevalent contagious diseases like HIV/AIDS,
malaria, tuberculosis, among others, with screening devices using
nanotechnology
Water Purification Water purification systems containing nanomaterials and utilizing new membrane
technologies containing variable pore-sized filters are now available
Surfaces Cleaning ● Nanoparticles are also used to prepare heat resistant and self-cleaning
surfaces, such as floors and benchtops
● Nanoparticles of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide can also make a surafce repel
water, thus preventing stains.
● Detergent molecules self-assemble into a sphere to form a micelle ( lipid
molecules) that allows the detergent to trap oils and fats within the cavity of the
sphere that aids in washing surfaces.
Agriculture ● Novel techniques of nanotechnology applications are applied to breed crops with
higher levels of micronutrients to detect pests and to control food processing
● Ultra-small probes on earth surfaces for agricultural applications and control of
soil, air and water contaminants are also developed using nanotechnology
Bionanotechnology ● Bionanotechnology can support cleaner production methods and provide

alternative and renewable energy sources to enhance the sustainability of
factories
● Nanoscale chemical reagents or catalysts are smaller yet they increase the rate
of chemical reactions, thus lessening the input of raw materials
Electronics ● Nanoelectronics is the application of nanotechnology to help develop electronics

devices to nanoscale and be able to reduce the weight and power consumption,
improved display screens on electronics devices to increasing of memory chips
● This is used to develop mobile devices that can be bent, stretched and be folded
Consumer ● Silver nanoparticles embedded in fabrics help destroy odor causing bacteria
making it odor-resistant
Products ● Skin care products that contain nanoparticles that could easily penetrate skin
pore to facilitate absorption of vitamins deeper into the skin
Sporting Goods ● Adding nanotubes to the tennis racquets help which help increase its strength
and provide increase control and power when the tennis ball is hit
● Nanoparticles in tennis balls help reduce air leaks that help keep the ball bounce
longer

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In the Philippines, there are also existing and on-going research studies funded by the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) on the possible application of nanotechnology, as well as Nano-Metrology and Education and Public
Awareness
Challenges of nanotechnology
● The advantages brought by innovations in nanotechnology come with a price
● Disadvatages:
1. The environmental effect of mineral-based nanoparticles found in cosmetics, paints, clothing and other
products are questioned as they go through sewerage treatment plants untreated due to their undetectable
size thus affect the water source
2. Carbon nanotubes used in the manufacture of memory storage, electronics, batteries, etc. were found to have
unknown harmful inpoacts to the human body by inhalation into lungs
3. Due to its size, a nanoparticle is not easy to analyze. Lack of information and methods of characterizing
nanomaterials makes it a challenge to detect its concentration in air or in any matrix of the environment.
Predicting the toxicity of the nanomaterial relies heavily on information about its chemical structure since
minor changes in its chemical function group could drastically change its properties
Impact of Nanotechnology to Humans

Area
Health Nanoparticles, because of their tiny particles that are invisible to the naked eye can come across
ones body throught the skin, nose, lungs and digestive system, which can cause damage to cells. If
these particles enter the blood vessels, it will be able to flow to the brain and affect the central
nervous system
National Nanobomb containing self-multiplying deadly virus can be used as terror weapon that are capable
of annihilating thousands to billions of the erath’s population
Security Nanobots or nanorobots can be made into self replicating machine that may go out of control and
have the ability to consume all living matter on earth. They are also called gray goo or grey goo
Social Because of the speed in communication,many false news can be spread easily and can cause
many chaos and misunderstanding
Interaction
Cultural Slow traditional practices may be refused by the millennials as they marvel the speed of modern
technology, comparing the old activities as slow versus the fast pace of nanotechnology
Economy Investment in developing nanomachines to create nanorobots, nanomedicine and the like involves
huge cash outputs. Nanotechnology is believed to take years ( 20 to 50 years ) to become fully
commercialized but may be the next industrial revolution that will completely change the way of
living
Political While nanotechnology is a work of human hands, its use must be regulated and used in moderation
just like the proper use of the existing technology like synthetic drugs and high powered weapons.
Appropriate laws must be enacted about its use that it may not go beyond manipulating humans
and destroying the environment
Ethical Dilemmas of Nanotechnology

● With the identified potential hazards that nanoparticles can bring to human health and environment, should people
disregard the benefits that nanotechnology provides them?
● It is imperative , therefore that experts and governments support themselves with enough knowledge on how
nanomaterials work for the benefit of society
A. Potential Environmental Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials

1. Research for one nanomaterial
2. Search for two (2) specific potential impact of the chosen nanomaterial
B. Video Watching
1. Watch the video on YouTube entitled “ The Next Step in Nanotechnology” by George

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Tulevski in TED Talk

IV. Value Infusion
Manifest self-confidence while presenting
V. Assessment
A. Flash Card Making

1. Research on a nano product avavilable in the market.
2. Paste a picture of the product on a whole short typewriting paper
3. On another typewriting paper:
3.1. describe the product
3.2. explain how the product is produced using nanotechnology
4. Prepare a two (2) minute discussion of the flash card and present it to the class
VI. References
Aldea,Kathryn Idrisha/ Caronan, Hans Peter / Candido, Ma. Blessilda. 2018. Science,
Technology and Society (OBE Ready). Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City
Tulevski, George. “ The Next Steo in Nanotechnology” in TED Talk

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Module 14
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Climate Change and
Environmental Awareness
I. Objectives :

1. explain climate change and its adverse effects on the environment and society
2. promote the significance of disaster preparedness in the face of natural disasters
3. discuss the value of conserving and preserving the environment to address the impacts
of climate change on society
4. create & present a video or awareness campaign or infomercial , on science and technology
issues that affect the Philippine society
5. manifest love for the environment by being creative in accomplishing the culminating
activity
Special Topics in Science, Technology and Society: Climate Change and

Climate Change
● Climate change is the range of global phenomena caused by burning fossil fuels that add heat-trapping gases to
the Earth’s atmosphere
● Global warming, used interchangeably with climate change, specifically refers to Earth’s upward trend of
temperature since the 20th century
● It is generally defined as the general warming effect caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
● The greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation that enters the atmosphere and radiate it to the Earth’s surface
as heat, thereby warming the Earth
● Some commen greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming include naturally occurring gases such as
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxides (NOx), and man-made gases such a chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
● Global warming keeps the planet warm and prevents warm air from leaving the planet
● Deforestation is also pointed at as a culprit to this adverse phenomenon
● When forest land is destroyed, CO2 is released into the air, thus increasing the levels of long-wave radiation and
trapped heat.
Some effects of climate change are :

1. Melting of ice caps in the polar region of the Earth that causes dilution of salt in the ocean and disruption of
natural ocean currents
฀ Ocean currents control temperatures by bringing warmer currents into cooler areas and cooler currents
into warmer areas
฀ Disruption of this activity can result in extreme changes in temperature that may affect global or regional
climate patterns
฀ The melting ice caps also affect albedo, the ratio of the light reflected by any part of the Earth’s
atmosphere
฀ Snow, with the highest albedo level, reflects sunlight back into space making the Earth cooler
฀ When the snow melts, the Earth’s temperature rises resulting in climate change
฀ Melting of ice caps can also cause sea levels to rise which may greatly affect low-lying coastal areas
where large population dwell

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2. Changing wildlife adaptations and cycles

฀ Examples:
A. spruce bark beetles in Alaska only appear on warmer months, but since there is rise in global
temperatures, they started to appear all year round, chewing on spruce trees and thus leaving the
forest damaged
B. polar bears are also decreasing in number because the melting of the polar ice caps has caused
them to starve and lose habitats
3. Diseases have also spread due to climate change

฀ Migration distances for many migratory species greatly increased which can possibly displace
disease-carrying insects, crucial pollinators and crop pests into new areas
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

● A thin layer of ozone (O 3) is maintained at the stratosphere as protection from the sun’s harmful unltraviolet rays
● Only a thin layer is needed because when there is higher O3 concentration, meteorological parameters
(temperature and wind ) brings down O3 in the troposphere and causes respiratory problems in humans
Acid Deposition
● Acid deposition occurs which causes surface water acidification and affects soil chemistry
● At pH levels lower than 5, acid deposition may affect the fertilization of fish eggs and can kill adult fishes
● As lakes and rivers become highly acidic, biodiversity is reduced
● Many soil organisms cannot survive if the pH level of the soil is below 6

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● One of the main culprits of climate change is increasing CO2 presence in the atmosphere, coming from industrial
and mobile sources
● Some of the ways to minimize the effects of climate change :
1. Shifting from fossil fuels as sources of energy to renewable energy ( solar, wind or hydropower ) is one way to
decrease the generation of CO2
2. Spaces that need air conditioning or heating should be sealed to ensure adequate insulation and energy
efficiency.
3. When buying appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machine and the like, it is recommended to buy
those that are tagged as energy efficient.
4. Water consumption should also be lessened since pumping and heating water also uses up energy
5. Light Emitting Diode (LED) bulbs are ideal to use because they lessen up to 80% of energy consumption
compared with incandescent bulbs
6. Using fuel-efficient vehicles with higher fuel economy performance is another way to lessen fossil fuel
consumption
Kyoto Protocol
● is an international agreement that extends the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) in which the Philippines is one of the signatories.
● This protocol commits each signatory or member by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets
● This was adopted in 1997, but the first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
● In order to be sustainable without jeopardizing the need for energy for economic growth, developed countries
committed to cut their CO2 emissions by 2% up until 2050 to help address the problem of climate change.
● It is estimated that by 2050, the world will have an approximately 80% reduction on CO2 emissions
Montreal Protocol
● is another global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by phasing out the production and
consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS).
● The protocol aims to help the ozone layer recuperate from the hole is has attained due to increasing presence of
ODS in the atmosphere
● It is signed by 197 countries including the Philippines
A. Documentary Film Viewing

1. The student will choose the documentary film from :
Unos by Loren Legarda or
Bagyo by Dingdong Dantes
2. The student will prepare ta reflection paper based on the viewed documentary film
3. The reflection paper will be submitted to the teacher
IV. Value Infusion

Manifest love for the environment by being creative in accomplishing the culminating
activity
V. Assessment
A. Output Presentation : Culminating Activity
1. Production / presentation of a short video or an awareness campaign / infommercial
discussing the topic assigned to the group :
1.1. nanotechnology
1.2. climate change
1.3 environmental awareness
2. The members of the group should be the main characters of the short video
3. The short video output will be presented to the class
VI. References

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Mandaluyong City
References :
Aldea,Kathryn Idrisha/ Caronan, Hans Peter / Candido, Ma. Blessilda. 2018. Science,
Technology and Society (OBE Ready). Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City
Mandaluyong City
Caoili, Olivia (1986). “A History of Science and Technology of the Philippines”, in Analysis of
Conditions for National Scientific and Technological Self-Reliance : The
Philippine Situation. Quezon City: University of the Philippines
Carr, Nicholas . Is Google Making Us Stupid?
CS Lewis. The Magician’s Twin: CS Lewis and the case against Scientism
Evans, Dylan. The Ethical Dilemmas of Robotics
Gripaldo, Rolando. 2009. Making of A Filipino Philosopher and Other Essays. National
Bookstore p.82 - 101
Hickel, Jason.(2015). Forget Developing Poor Countries, It’s Time to De-develop Rich
Countries. The Guardian On-Line : http://www.the guardian.com/global-
development-professionals-network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-develop-
rich-countries-sdgs
Joy, Bill.2000. Why The Future Doesn’t Need Us. http://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/nano/documents
Kuhn, Structure of Scientific Revolution : http://projektintegracija.pravo.hr/download/repository/Kuhn_Structure of
Scientific
Revolution.pdf
Rodriguez, Socorro.1996. Philippine Science and Technology : Economic, Political and Social
Events Shaping Their Development
Serafica, Janice Patria et al (2018) Science, Technology and Society , Manila:Rex Bookstore
TED Talk : Hannu Rajaniemi : The Importance of Studying Science &Technology
TEDTalk: Susan Lim on“Transplant Cells Not Organs”
TED Talk : Julian Assange on “Why the World Needs Wikileaks”
UNEP. (2015) That Sugar Film (documentary) Ppt : towards a green economy : pathways to
sustainable development and poverty eradication
You Tube: World’s Greatest Inventions
You Tube : Science Fiction : Stem Cell Research
Zhang et al. ( 2011). Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and Its Products” (Proceedings of the 2011 Midwest
Section Conference of the
American Society for Engineering Education
http://www.history.com/topics/ enlightenment/videos/mankind-the-story-of –all-of-us-scientific revolution
http://explorable.com/scientific-reductionism
http://explorable.com/what-is-a-paradigm
http://www.flowofhistory.com.readings
http://hti.osu.ed/scientificrevolution/lesson plans
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6432307
Book : “The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change” (Al Gore)
Documentary : Buhos: A Climate Change by Loren Legarda

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Powerpoint : Fabian Dayrit (2013) – Can we build a culture of science through nanotechnology?
Report : “Changing the Atmosphere: Anthropology and Climate Change (NCAR)

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Science, Technology and Society

Learner’s Guide / Module

Engr. Elda C. Aranilla

Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

II. Introduction / Inputs / Discussion

Introduction to Science, Technology and Society

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Science and Technology Fields

Impacts of Science on Society

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3. role in supporting a growing global human population

Impacts of Technology on Society

Impacts of Society on Science

Disadvantages and Ethical Dilemmas of Science and Technology

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Other values and attitudes

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5. Ability to suspend judgment

Technology is the use or

III. Learning Activities

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IV. Value Infusion

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Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

II. Introduction / Inputs / Discussion

Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology In Various Civilizations

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C. Weapons and Armors

List of Ancient Civilizations

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IV. Value Infusion

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Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology In the Philippines

By the end of this module, you should be able to :

II. Introduction / Inputs / Discussion

Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology In the Philippines

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Adelina Adato Barrion ● Was a Filipino entomologist and geneticist

Eduardo Quisumbing ● Filipino botanist

Angel C. Alcala ● Filipino biologist

Ramon Cabanos Barba ● Filipino inventor

Dr. Lilian Patena ● Develops tissue culture for garlic

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Fe Villanueva del ● A Filipino pediatrician

III. Learning Activities

IV. Value Infusion

A. Letter to the Filipino inventor

B. Standing on the Shoulder of the Giants

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Intellectual Revolutions and Society

By the end of this module, you should be able to :

II. Introduction / Inputs / Discussion

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Intellectual Revolutions and Society

The most important intellectual revolutions are the following :

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SOCRATES ● Greek philosopher and the main source of Western thought

PLATO ● Was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle

ARISTOTLE ● Focuses on systematic concept of logic