Gaussian network -

 A Gaussian network, also known as a Gaussian belief network, is a type of probabilistic

graphical model used in artificial intelligence to represent and reason about uncertainty in
continuous variables.
 In a Gaussian network, nodes represent continuous variables, and the edges between nodes
represent the conditional dependencies between them. Each node is associated with a
Gaussian distribution that represents the probability distribution of that variable given its
parents in the graph.
 Gaussian networks are useful for a wide range of applications such as modeling complex
systems, predicting outcomes, and making decisions. They allow us to reason about
uncertain situations by updating our beliefs in a principled way as new evidence becomes
available.
 For example, in a financial forecasting system, a Gaussian network can be used to model the
relationships between different financial variables such as stock prices, interest rates, and
inflation.
 By observing these variables, the Gaussian network can update the probability distribution
of future outcomes and help predict future trends.
 Overall, Gaussian networks provide a powerful framework for representing and reasoning
about uncertainty in continuous variables, making them a valuable tool in many areas of AI.

Bayesian network -

 Bayesian belief network (BBN) is a type of probabilistic graphical model used in artificial
intelligence to represent and reason about uncertainty.
 It is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) in which nodes represent random variables and edges
represent the conditional dependencies between them.
 Each node has a conditional probability table (CPT) that specifies the probability of that node
given its parents in the graph.
 BBNs are useful for a wide range of applications such as decision making, diagnosis,
prediction, and planning.
 They allow us to reason about uncertain situations by updating our beliefs in a principled
way as new evidence becomes available.
 For example, in a medical diagnosis system, a BBN can be used to represent the relationships
between different symptoms and diseases.
 By observing the symptoms, the BBN can update the probability of each disease and help
identify the most likely diagnosis.

 Overall, BBNs provide a powerful framework for representing and reasoning about
uncertainty in complex systems
  For example, if we're trying to diagnose a medical condition, we might have nodes for
symptoms like fever, headache, and fatigue, and nodes for possible diagnoses. The edges
between these nodes represent the relationships between symptoms and possible
diagnoses.
 Each node in the BBN also has a table that shows how likely it is to occur given the state of its
parent nodes. We can use these tables to calculate the probability of different outcomes
based on the available evidence.
 Overall, BBNs are useful for modeling uncertain situations, such as medical diagnosis or
predicting the outcome of a decision, and updating our beliefs as we receive new
information.

Bayesian Belief Network in artificial

intelligence
Bayesian belief network is key computer technology for dealing with probabilistic
events and to solve a problem which has uncertainty. We can define a Bayesian
network as:

"A Bayesian network is a probabilistic graphical model which represents a set of

variables and their conditional dependencies using a directed acyclic graph."

It is also called a Bayes network, belief network, decision network, or Bayesian

model.

Bayesian networks are probabilistic, because these networks are built from
a probability distribution, and also use probability theory for prediction and anomaly
detection.

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Real world applications are probabilistic in nature, and to represent the relationship
between multiple events, we need a Bayesian network. It can also be used in various
tasks including prediction, anomaly detection, diagnostics, automated insight,
reasoning, time series prediction, and decision making under uncertainty.

Bayesian Network can be used for building models from data and experts opinions,
and it consists of two parts:

o Directed Acyclic Graph

o Table of conditional probabilities.

The generalized form of Bayesian network that represents and solve decision problems
under uncertain knowledge is known as an Influence diagram.
A Bayesian network graph is made up of nodes and Arcs (directed links), where:

o Each node corresponds to the random variables, and a variable can

be continuous or discrete.
o Arc or directed arrows represent the causal relationship or conditional probabilities
between random variables. These directed links or arrows connect the pair of nodes in
the graph.
These links represent that one node directly influence the other node, and if there is
no directed link that means that nodes are independent with each other
o In the above diagram, A, B, C, and D are random variables represented by
the nodes of the network graph.
o If we are considering node B, which is connected with node A by a directed
arrow, then node A is called the parent of Node B.
o Node C is independent of node A.

Phases of NLP
There are the following five phases of NLP:
1. Lexical Analysis and Morphological

The first phase of NLP is the Lexical Analysis. This phase scans the source code as a
stream of characters and converts it into meaningful lexemes. It divides the whole text
into paragraphs, sentences, and words.

2. Syntactic Analysis (Parsing)

Syntactic Analysis is used to check grammar, word arrangements, and shows the
relationship among the words.

Example: Agra goes to the Poonam

In the real world, Agra goes to the Poonam, does not make any sense, so this
sentence is rejected by the Syntactic analyzer.

3. Semantic Analysis

Semantic analysis is concerned with the meaning representation. It mainly focuses on

the literal meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.

4. Discourse Integration

Discourse Integration depends upon the sentences that proceeds it and also invokes
the meaning of the sentences that follow it.
5. Pragmatic Analysis

Pragmatic is the fifth and last phase of NLP. It helps you to discover the intended effect
by applying a set of rules that characterize cooperative dialogues.

For Example: "Open the door" is interpreted as a request instead of an order.

What is Artificial Neural Network?

The term "Artificial Neural Network" is derived from Biological neural networks that
develop the structure of a human brain. Similar to the human brain that has neurons
interconnected to one another, artificial neural networks also have neurons that are
interconnected to one another in various layers of the networks. These neurons are
known as nodes.

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The given figure illustrates the typical diagram of Biological Neural Network.

The typical Artificial Neural Network looks something like the given figure.

Dendrites from Biological Neural Network represent inputs in Artificial Neural

Networks, cell nucleus represents Nodes, synapse represents Weights, and Axon
represents Output.

Relationship between Biological neural network and artificial neural network:

Biological Neural Network Artificial Neural Network

Dendrites Inputs

Cell nucleus Nodes

Synapse Weights

Axon Output

An Artificial Neural Network in the field of Artificial intelligence where it attempts

to mimic the network of neurons makes up a human brain so that computers will have
an option to understand things and make decisions in a human-like manner. The
artificial neural network is designed by programming computers to behave simply like
interconnected brain cells.

There are around 1000 billion neurons in the human brain. Each neuron has an
association point somewhere in the range of 1,000 and 100,000. In the human brain,
data is stored in such a manner as to be distributed, and we can extract more than one
piece of this data when necessary from our memory parallelly. We can say that the
human brain is made up of incredibly amazing parallel processors.
We can understand the artificial neural network with an example, consider an
example of a digital logic gate that takes an input and gives an output. "OR"
gate, which takes two inputs. If one or both the inputs are "On," then we get
"On" in output. If both the inputs are "Off," then we get "Off" in output. Here
the output depends upon input. Our brain does not perform the same task. The
outputs to inputs relationship keep changing because of the neurons in our
brain, which are "learning."

The architecture of an artificial neural network:

To understand the concept of the architecture of an artificial neural network, we have
to understand what a neural network consists of. In order to define a neural network
that consists of a large number of artificial neurons, which are termed units arranged
in a sequence of layers. Lets us look at various types of layers available in an artificial
neural network.

Artificial Neural Network primarily consists of three layers:

Input Layer:

As the name suggests, it accepts inputs in several different formats provided by the
programmer.

Hidden Layer:

The hidden layer presents in-between input and output layers. It performs all the
calculations to find hidden features and patterns.
Output Layer:

The input goes through a series of transformations using the hidden layer, which finally
results in output that is conveyed using this layer.

The artificial neural network takes input and computes the weighted sum of the inputs
and includes a bias. This computation is represented in the form of a transfer function.

It determines weighted total is passed as an input to an activation function to produce

the output. Activation functions choose whether a node should fire or not. Only those
who are fired make it to the output layer. There are distinctive activation functions
available that can be applied upon the sort of task we are performing.

Advantages of Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

Parallel processing capability:

Artificial neural networks have a numerical value that can perform more than one task
simultaneously.

Storing data on the entire network:

Data that is used in traditional programming is stored on the whole network, not on a
database. The disappearance of a couple of pieces of data in one place doesn't prevent
the network from working.

Capability to work with incomplete knowledge:

After ANN training, the information may produce output even with inadequate data.
The loss of performance here relies upon the significance of missing data.

Having a memory distribution:

For ANN is to be able to adapt, it is important to determine the examples and to

encourage the network according to the desired output by demonstrating these
examples to the network. The succession of the network is directly proportional to the
chosen instances, and if the event can't appear to the network in all its aspects, it can
produce false output.

Having fault tolerance:

Extortion of one or more cells of ANN does not prohibit it from generating output,
and this feature makes the network fault-tolerance.

Disadvantages of Artificial Neural Network:

Assurance of proper network structure:

There is no particular guideline for determining the structure of artificial neural

networks. The appropriate network structure is accomplished through experience, trial,
and error.

Unrecognized behavior of the network:

It is the most significant issue of ANN. When ANN produces a testing solution, it does
not provide insight concerning why and how. It decreases trust in the network.

Hardware dependence:

Artificial neural networks need processors with parallel processing power, as per their
structure. Therefore, the realization of the equipment is dependent.

Difficulty of showing the issue to the network:

ANNs can work with numerical data. Problems must be converted into numerical
values before being introduced to ANN. The presentation mechanism to be resolved
here will directly impact the performance of the network. It relies on the user's abilities.

Types of Artificial Neural Network:

There are various types of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) depending upon the
human brain neuron and network functions, an artificial neural network similarly
performs tasks. The majority of the artificial neural networks will have some similarities
with a more complex biological partner and are very effective at their expected tasks.
For example, segmentation or classification.

Feedback ANN:
In this type of ANN, the output returns into the network to accomplish the best-
evolved results internally. As per the University of Massachusetts, Lowell Centre for
Atmospheric Research. The feedback networks feed information back into itself and
are well suited to solve optimization issues. The Internal system error corrections utilize
feedback ANNs.
Feed-Forward ANN:
A feed-forward network is a basic neural network comprising of an input layer, an output layer,
and at least one layer of a neuron. Through assessment of its output by reviewing its input,
the intensity of the network can be noticed based on group behavior of the associated
neurons, and the output is decided. The primary advantage of this network is that it figures
out how to evaluate and recognize input patterns.

Various types of neural networks

Neural networks are a type of machine learning model inspired by the structure and
function of the human brain. There are several types of neural networks, each with its
own unique architecture and function. Here are some simple explanations of some
popular types of neural networks:

1. Feedforward Neural Network: This is the simplest type of neural network,

where data flows in only one direction, from the input layer to the output
layer. These networks are typically used for classification and regression tasks.
2. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): CNNs are commonly used for image
and video processing tasks. They use convolutional layers to extract features
from the input data, which are then used to make predictions.
3. Recurrent Neural Network (RNN): RNNs are designed to handle sequential
data, such as speech, text, and time series data. They use recurrent
connections to maintain information about previous inputs, which allows them
to model sequences of arbitrary length.
4. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Network: LSTMs are a type of RNN that are
designed to address the "vanishing gradient" problem, which can occur when
training deep neural networks. LSTMs use a gating mechanism to selectively
remember or forget previous inputs, which makes them well-suited for tasks
that require long-term memory.
5. Generative Adversarial Network (GAN): GANs are a type of neural network that
can generate new data that is similar to the training data. They consist of two
networks: a generator network that creates new data, and a discriminator
network that tries to distinguish between the generated data and the real
data. The two networks are trained together, with the generator network
trying to fool the discriminator network, and the discriminator network trying
to correctly identify the generated data.

These are just a few examples of the many types of neural networks that exist. Each
type of neural network has its own strengths and weaknesses, and is suited to
different types of tasks.

Machine Learning –
https://www.javatpoint.com/machine-learning

Classification of Machine Learning

At a broad level, machine learning can be classified into three types:

1. Supervised learning
2. Unsupervised learning
3. Reinforcement learning

1) Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning method in which we provide sample
labeled data to the machine learning system in order to train it, and on that basis, it
predicts the output.

The system creates a model using labeled data to understand the datasets and learn
about each data, once the training and processing are done then we test the model
by providing a sample data to check whether it is predicting the exact output or not.

The goal of supervised learning is to map input data with the output data. The
supervised learning is based on supervision, and it is the same as when a student learns
things in the supervision of the teacher. The example of supervised learning is spam
filtering.

Supervised learning can be grouped further in two categories of algorithms:

o Classification
o Regression

2) Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised learning is a learning method in which a machine learns without any
supervision.

The training is provided to the machine with the set of data that has not been labeled,
classified, or categorized, and the algorithm needs to act on that data without any
supervision. The goal of unsupervised learning is to restructure the input data into new
features or a group of objects with similar patterns.

In unsupervised learning, we don't have a predetermined result. The machine tries to

find useful insights from the huge amount of data. It can be further classifieds into two
categories of algorithms:

o Clustering
o Association

3) Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement learning is a feedback-based learning method, in which a learning
agent gets a reward for each right action and gets a penalty for each wrong action.
The agent learns automatically with these feedbacks and improves its performance. In
reinforcement learning, the agent interacts with the environment and explores it. The
goal of an agent is to get the most reward points, and hence, it improves its
performance.

The robotic dog, which automatically learns the movement of his arms, is an example
of Reinforcement learning.

Advantages of Machine Learning

1. Automation

Machine Learning is one of the driving forces behind automation, and it is cutting
down time and human workload. Automation can now be seen everywhere, and the
complex algorithm does the hard work for the user. Automation is more reliable,
efficient, and quick. With the help of machine learning, now advanced computers are
being designed. Now this advanced computer can handle several machine-learning
models and complex algorithms. However, automation is spreading faster in the
industry but, a lot of research and innovation are required in this field.

2. Scope of Improvement

Machine Learning is a field where things keep evolving. It gives many opportunities
for improvement and can become the leading technology in the future. A lot of
research and innovation is happening in this technology, which helps improve software
and hardware.

3. Enhanced Experience in Online Shopping and Quality Education

Machine Learning is going to be used in the education sector extensively, and it will
be going to enhance the quality of education and student experience. It has emerged
in China; machine learning has improved student focus. In the e-commerce field,
Machine Learning studies your search feed and give suggestion based on them.
Depending upon search and browsing history, it pushes targeted advertisements and
notifications to users.

4. Wide Range of Applicability

This technology has a very wide range of applications. Machine learning plays a role
in almost every field, like hospitality, ed-tech, medicine, science, banking, and
business. It creates more opportunities.

Disadvantages of the Machine Learning

Nothing is perfect in the world. Machine Learning has some serious limitations, which
are bigger than human errors.

1. Data Acquisition

The whole concept of machine learning is about identifying useful data. The outcome
will be incorrect if a credible data source is not provided. The quality of the data is also
significant. If the user or institution needs more quality data, wait for it. It will cause
delays in providing the output. So, machine learning significantly depends on the data
and its quality.

2. Time and Resources

The data that machines process remains huge in quantity and differs greatly. Machines
require time so that their algorithm can adjust to the environment and learn it. Trials
runs are held to check the accuracy and reliability of the machine. It requires massive
and expensive resources and high-quality expertise to set up that quality of
infrastructure. Trials runs are costly as they would cost in terms of time and expenses.

3. Results Interpretations

One of the biggest advantages of Machine learning is that interpreted data that we
get from the cannot be hundred percent accurate. It will have some degree of
inaccuracy. For a high degree of accuracy, algorithms should be developed so that
they give reliable results.

4. High Error Chances

The error committed during the initial stages is huge, and if not corrected at that time,
it creates havoc. Biasness and wrongness have to be dealt with separately; they are not
interconnected. Machine learning depends on two factors, i.e., data and algorithm.
All the errors are dependent on the two variables. Any incorrectness in any variables
would have huge repercussions on the output.

5. Social Changes

Machine learning is bringing numerous social changes in society. The role of machine
learning-based technology in society has increased multifold. It is influencing the
thought process of society and creating unwanted problems in society. Character
assassination and sensitive details are disturbing the social fabric of society.

6. Elimination of Human Interface

Automation, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning have eliminated human

interface from some work. It has eliminated employment opportunities. Now, all those
works are conducted with the help of artificial intelligence and machine learning.

7. Changing Nature of Jobs

With the advancement of machine learning, the nature of the job is changing. Now, all
the work are done by machine, and it is eating up the jobs for human which were done
earlier by them. It is difficult for those without technical education to adjust to these
changes.

8. Highly Expensive

This software is highly expensive, and not everybody can own it. Government agencies,
big private firms, and enterprises mostly own it. It needs to be made accessible to
everybody for wide use.

9. Privacy Concern

As we know that one of the pillars of machine learning is data. The collection of data
has raised the fundamental question of privacy. The way data is collected and used for
commercial purposes has always been a contentious issue. In India, the Supreme
court of India has declared privacy a fundamental right of Indians. Without the user's
permission, data cannot be collected, used, or stored. However, many cases have come
up that big firms collect the data without the user's knowledge and using it for their
commercial gains.

10. Research and Innovations

Machine learning is evolving concept. This area has not seen any major developments
yet that fully revolutionized any economic sector. The area requires continuous
research and innovation.