3.

12 Kidney stones
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6vpww7

1. Define kidney -aka renal urolithiasis

stones -hard deposits of minerals and salts (in kidney)

2. What is Formation of Kidney stones

neohrolithiasis?
-also referred to as renal calculi or urolithiasis

3. How do kidney -when Solutes in the urine precipitate out and crystallize
stones form?
- Urine is made of water (solvent) and particles (solute)
- when the solute is too concentrated the urine is consid-
ered supersaturated which makes the solutes precipitate
and form crystals
- these crystals act as a nidus (a place where more
solutes can deposit. Over time it builds up a crystalline
structure

- this can occur if there is an increase in the solute or

decrease in the solvent (water)

4. T/F although kid- True

ney stones are
usually found in
the kidneys, they
can also be found
in the bladder,
ureter, and urethra

5. ____________ and Magnesium and citrate

_____________ in-
hibits crystals
from forming in
the urine, prevent-
ing kidney stones

6. What are some Calcium oxalate (most common)

precipitates we -black/dark brown
see leading to kid- - radiopaque on X-ray
ney stones? -forms in acidic urine

1/4
 3.12 Kidney stones
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6vpww7

Calcium phosphate
-dirty white
-radiopaque on x ray
- forms in alkaline urine

Uric acid stones

- red-brown
-radiolucent (transparent to x-rays)
- consuming too much purines (also causes gouty arthri-
tis)

Struvite stones
-infection stones
-makes urine more alkaline
- staghorn
-dirty white
- radiopaque on X-ray

Cystine stones (uncommon)

-yellow or light pink
-radiopaque on xray

Xanthine stones (rare)

- red-brown
- radioluscent on xray

7. What symptoms Dull or localized flank pain

do you get when -mid to lower back
you have kidney
stones? Renal colic
-constant, sharp pain

Caused by the dilation, stretching, and spasm caused by

obstruction of the ureter

8. What are the risk -hypercalcemia - too much Ca in the blood

factors that cause -hypercalciuria - too much Ca in the urine

2/4
 3.12 Kidney stones
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6vpww7
precipitate crys- -hyperoxaluria - seen in CALCIUM OXALATE - genetic
tals? defect - increased oxalate excretion

9. T/F stones that True

are less than 5mm
in diameter pass
within hours

10. Pathophys defini- - genetic and environmental factors:

tion overview of -mineral in urine are at a high concentration
kidney stones -low urinary citrate (<320 mg/day)
-supersaturation of urine

11. Incidence of kid- 116/100,000 people per year

ney stones

12. Clinical manifesta- < 5mm = Asymptomatic

tions of kidney - sharp pain in back, flank, lower abdomen, groin, hema-
stones turia, dysuria, cloudy urine, nausea, vomiting

-difficult to diagnose because it has some of the same

symptoms as other GI distress diseases

13. Evaluation of kid- -H&P

ney stones -urinalysis
-CT
-ultrasound
- blood tests
-collection of stones

14. Treatment for kid- -analgesics (pain medication), medical expulsion thera-
ney stones py, surgery

15. There are many Non-infection stones

different types of -Ca oxalate : hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, acidic urine
kidney stones that - calcium phosphate: hypercalciuria, alkaline urine
can form. What are - uric acid: uric acid, urine in the blood, acidic urine
they? (5)
Infection stones
-struvite: alkalized urine from urinary bacterial infection
3/4
 3.12 Kidney stones
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6vpww7

Genetic stones
-cystine: defective transporter of the amino acid cystine

16. What components Lifestyle, diet, climate, occupation

can contribute to
kidney stones? Genetics and epigenetics, gender, ancestry

17. Kidney stones can Promoters:

develop over time -sodium intake
but there are cer- -dietary calcium
tain things that -high acid intake
can promote or in-
hibit their devel- Inhibitors:
opment. What are - citrate (found in fruits. Has the capabilities to break
they? down minerals that promote kidney stones)
- magnesium

18. What is oxalate? A compound found in foods, produced as a waste prod-

uct— exits through urine

19. Avoid High-oxalate (i.e. salty and sugary foods, cold cuts and
___________________
other processed meats, grapefruit juice, potato's and
foods to avoid yams, beets, raspberries, dark chocolate, black tea,
kidney stones buckwheat, wheat bran, beans, nuts and seeds, tofu,
spinach, Swiss chard, too much Ca and IU and C sup-
plements

20. Foods that help Water with citrus fruits, green tea, yogurt, broccoli book
reduce kidney choy, kale, coffee, bananas, papaya, cantaloupe, raw red
stones and yellow pepper

4/4