312 Nephrolithiasis

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1. The most common type of kidney stone Calcium oxalate

stones

2. The 2nd most common type of kidney stone Calcium phos-

phate stones

3. The 3rd most common type of kidney stone Uric acid stones

4. These are dietary factors that are associated with low- calcium
er risk of developing renal stones potassium
phytate

5. T or F: higher dietary calcium intake is related to a False. related to a

higher risk of stone formation LOWER risk

6. T or F: supplemental calcium may increase the risk of True

stone formation

7. T or F: urinary oxalate is a strong risk factor for calci- True

um oxalate stone formation

8. The following beverages are associated with reduced F. Sugar-sweet-

risk of stone formation EXCEPT: ened drinks
A. Coffee
B. Tea
C. Beer
D. Wine
E Orange juice
F. sugar-sweetened drinks

9. The following are statements regarding high intake of E. All of the state-
animal protein: ments are correct.
I. It may lead to increased excretion of calcium All of them may ul-
II. It may lead to increased excretion of uric acid timately lead to in-
III. It may lead to decreased urinary excretion of citrate crease in risk of
stone formation
A. Statement I is correct; the other 2 statements are
false
B. Statement I & II are correct; Statement 3 is false
C. Only statement II is correct
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D. Only Statement III is correct
E. All of the statements are correct
F. All of the statements are false

10. I. High sodium and sucrose intake increases calcium C. Both of the
excretion independent of calcium intake statements are
II. Higher potassium intake decreases calcium excre- correct
tion

A. Only Statement I is correct

B. Only Statement II is correct
C. Both of the statements are correct
D. Both of the statements are false

11. What vitamin supplement is associated with in- Vitamin C

creased calcium oxalate stone formation in men?

12. I. The risk of stone formation decreases as urine vol- D. Both statements
ume decreases are incorrect
II. When the urine output is <0.5 L/ day, the risk of stone I. risk INCREAS-
formation more than doubles ES as urine vol de-
creases
A. Only Statement I is correct II. urine output of
B. Only Statement II is correct <1 L/day
C. Both statements are correct
D. Both statements are incorrect

13. A practical way on reducing the risk of stone forma- Increase fluid in-
tion take

14. T or : higher dietary calcium intake reduces gastroin- True

testinal oxalate absorption and thereby reduces urine
oxalate

15. T or F: higher urine citrate excretion increases the risk False. LOWER
of stone formation urine citrate excre-
tion increases the
risk of stone for-
mation

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16. I. Higher urine levels of uric acid is a risk factor for uric A. Only statement I
acid stone formation is correct
II. It also appears to be associated with risk of calcium
oxalate stone formation High urine uric
acid levels does
A. Only I is correct not appear to
B. Only II is correct be associated with
C. Both are correct the risk of calcium
D. Both are incorrect oxalate stone for-
mation

17. I. Uric acid stones form only when the urine pH is C. Both are correct
consistently d5.5
II. Calcium phosphate stones are more likely to form
when the urine pH is e6.5

A. Only I is correct
B. Only II is correct
C. Both are correct
D. Both are incorrect

18. T or F: Calcium oxalate stones are not influenced by True

urine pH

19. The two most common and well-characterized rare primary hyperox-
monogenic disorders that lead to stone formation aluria and cystin-
uria.

20. If a stone lodges in the lower part of the ureter, the -Ipsilateral testicle
pain may radiate to where? in men
-Ipsilateral labium
in women

21. This procedure uses shock waves generated outside Extracorporeal

the body to fragment the stone shockwave
lithotripsy (ESWL)

22. As a baseline assessment, patients should collect 2

how many 24-h urine samples while consuming their
usual diet and usual volume of fluid?
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23. The gold standard diagnostic test for renal stones Helical CT without
contrast

24. The goal urine volume in order to prevent new stone at least 2 L/ day
formation

25. Risk factors for calcium oxalate stones include: -higher urine calci-
um
-higher urine ox-
alate
-lower urine citrate

26. This drug can reduce calcium oxalate recurrence by Clorthalidone (thi-
~50% azide diuretic)

27. T or F: the absorption of oxalate is reduced by higher True

calcium intake

28. This is a dietary pattern that is more manageable for DASH diet
patients for reducing stone recurrence and reducing
risk of stone formation

29. These medications are given if alkalinization of the Xanthine oxidase

urine is not successful, and if dietary modifications inhibitors
fail to reduce uric acid sufficiantly allopurinol or
febuxostat

30. The focus for cystine stone prevetion increasing cystine

solubility

31. Medications that covalently bind to cystine tiopronin or peni-

cillamine

Tiopronin is the
preferred choice
due to its better
adverse event pro-
file

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