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Test Bank for Essentials of Modern Business Statistics

with Microsoft Excel 7th Edition David R. Anderson
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Solution Manual for Essentials of Modern Business

Statistics with Microsoft Excel, 7th Edition, David R.
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with Microsoft Excel, 6th Edition
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Test Bank for Essentials of Modern Business Statistics,
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Test Bank for Modern Business Statistics with Microsoft

Excel, 6th Edition, David R. Anderson, Dennis J.
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Essentials of Statistics for Business and Economics

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Sweeney, Thomas A. Williams, Jeffrey D. Camm, James J.
Cochran Michael J. Fry Jeffrey W. Ohlmann
Chapter 01 - Data and Statistics
Test bank for Essentials of Modern Business Statistics with

Microsoft® Office Excel® 7th Edition by Anderson
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1. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

a. the player’s number on a baseball uniform
b. the serial number on a one-dollar bill
c. the part number of an inventory item
d. the number of people in a waiting line
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: MBST.ASWC.18.01.02 - 1.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - Business Program.1: - Reflective Thinking
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Knowledge
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of descriptive statistics?

a. a histogram depicting the age distribution for 30 randomly selected students
b. an estimate of the number of Alaska residents who have visited Canada
c. a table summarizing the data collected in a sample of new-car buyers
d. the proportion of mailed-out questionnaires that were returned
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Descriptive Statistics
3. Which of the following is an example of categorical data?

a. social security number
b. score on a multiple-choice exam
c. height, in meters, of a diving board
d. number of square feet of carpet
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
4. The number of observations in a complete data set having 10 elements and 5 variables is _____.
a. 5
b. 10
c. 25
d. 50
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
5. Facts and figures collected, analyzed, and summarized for presentation and interpretation are called _____.
a. data
b. variables
c. elements
d. variables and elements
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
6. The entities on which data are collected are _____.

a. elements
b. populations
c. sets
d. samples
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
7. The set of measurements collected for an element is called a(n) _____.

a. census

b. variable
c. observation
d. sample
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
8. A characteristic of interest for the elements is called a(n) _____.

a. sample
b. data set
c. variable
d. observation
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
9. All data collected in a study are referred to as the _____.

a. census
b. inference
c. variable
d. data set
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
10. In a data set, the number of observations will always be the same as the number of _____.
a. variables
b. elements
c. data sets
d. data
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
11. Which of the following is NOT a scale of measurement?

a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. categorical
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
12. When the data are labels or names used to identify an attribute of the elements, the variable has which scale of
measurement?
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
13. When the data are labels or names used to identify an attribute of the elements and the rank of the data is meaningful,
the variable has which scale of measurement?
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data

14. When the data have the properties of ordinal data and the interval between observations is expressed in terms of a
fixed unit of measure, the variable has which scale of measurement?
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
15. When the data have the properties of interval data and the multiplication or division of two values is meaningful, the
variable has which scale of measurement?
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
16. Which two scales of measurement can be either numeric or nonnumeric?

a. nominal and ratio
b. ordinal and interval
c. interval and ordinal
d. nominal and ordinal
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
17. Which of the following variables uses the interval scale of measurement?
a. name of stock exchange
b. time
c. SAT scores
d. social security number
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
18. Which of the following variables uses the ratio scale of measurement?
a. name of stock exchange
b. time
c. SAT scores
d. social security number
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
19. Quantitative data _____.

a. are always nonnumeric
b. may be either numeric or nonnumeric
c. are always numeric
d. are always labels
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
20. Categorical data _____.

a. are always nonnumeric
b. may be either numeric or nonnumeric
c. are always numeric
d. indicate either how much or how many
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
21. _____ analytics is the set of analytical techniques that yield a course of action.
a. Descriptive
b. Predictive
c. Prescriptive
d. Data
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Analytics
22. What organization developed the report, “Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice”?
a. Ethics Committee for Statistical Practices
b. American Statistical Association
c. International Statistical Organization
d. Federal Bureau for Ethical Practices in Statistics
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice
23. Arithmetic operations are inappropriate for _____.

a. categorical data
b. quantitative data
c. both categorical and quantitative data
d. large data sets
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
24. In a questionnaire, respondents are asked to mark their gender as Male, Female, Transgender MtoF, Transgender
FtoM, Non-binary, or Intersex. Gender is an example of a(n) _____ variable.
a. categorical
b. quantitative
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
25. In a questionnaire, respondents are asked to record their age in years. Age is an example of a _____.
a. categorical variable
b. quantitative variable
c. categorical or quantitative variable, depending on how the respondents answered the question
d. ratio variable
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
26. In an application for a credit card, potential customers are asked for their social security numbers. A social security
number is an example of a _____.
a. categorical variable
b. quantitative variable
c. categorical or quantitative variable, depending on how the respondents answered the question
d. ratio variable
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
27. Temperature is an example of which scale of measurement?

a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
28. For ease of data entry into a university database, 1 denotes the student is enrolled in an undergraduate degree program,
2 indicates the student is enrolled in a master’s degree program, and 3 indicates the student is enrolled in a doctoral degree
program. In this case, the data are which scale of measurement?
a. nominal
b. ordinal
c. interval
d. ratio
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
29. Income is an example of _____.

a. categorical data
b. either categorical or quantitative data
c. currency data
d. quantitative data
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
30. The birth weight of newborns, measured in grams, is an example of _____.

a. categorical data
b. either categorical or quantitative data
c. neither categorical nor quantitative data

ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
31. The graph below best exemplifies a _____.
(Graph courtesy of Robert Allison.)
a. bar graph
b. time series graph
c. cross-sectional graph
d. line graph
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
32. The graph below best exemplifies a _____.

a. bar graph
b. time series graph
c. cross-sectional graph
d. line graph
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
33. Data collected at the same, or approximately the same, point in time are _____ data.
a. time series
b. static
c. cross-sectional
d. one-dimensional
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
34. Data collected over several time periods are _____ data.
a. time series
b. time-controlled
c. cross-sectional
d. time dependent
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
35. Statistical studies in which researchers do not control variables of interest are _____.
a. experimental studies
b. uncontrolled experimental studies
c. not of any value
d. observational studies
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data Sources
36. Statistical studies in which researchers control variables of interest are _____ studies.
a. experimental
b. control observational
c. non-experimental
d. observational
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
37. _____ analytics encompasses the set of analytical techniques that describe what has happened in the past.
a. Descriptive
b. Predictive
c. Prescriptive
d. Data
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
38. Which of the following is NOT an example of an existing source of data?

a. the Internet
b. internal company records
c. U.S. Census Bureau
d. All of these are examples of existing sources of data.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
39. Which of the following is NOT an example of a firm that sells or leases business database services to clients?
a. Dun & Bradstreet
b. Bloomberg
c. U.S. Census Bureau
d. Dow Jones and Company
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
40. The most common type of observational study is a(n) _____.

a. experiment
b. survey
c. debate
d. statistical inference
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
41. The summaries of data, which may be tabular, graphical, or numerical, are referred to as _____.
a. inferential statistics
b. descriptive statistics
c. statistical inference
d. report generation
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
42. A Scanner Data User Survey of 50 companies found that the average amount spent on scanner data per category of
consumer goods was $387,325 (Mercer Management Consulting, Inc., April 24, 1997). The $387,325 is an example of
_____.
a. categorical data
b. quantitative data
c. a descriptive statistic
d. Both quantitative data and a descriptive statistic are correct.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
43. Statistical inference _____.

a. refers to the process of drawing inferences about the sample based on the characteristics of the population
b. is the same as descriptive statistics
c. is the process of drawing inferences about the population based on the information taken from the sample
d. is the same as a census
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Statistical Inference
44. The collection of all elements of interest in a study is _____.

a. the population
b. the sampling
d. descriptive statistics
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
45. A portion of the population selected to represent the population is called _____.
a. statistical inference
c. a census
d. a sample
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
46. Of 800 students in a university, 360, or 45%, live in the dormitories. The 800 is an example of _____.
a. a sample
b. a population
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
47. In a sample of 800 students in a university, 160, or 20%, are Business majors. Based on the above information, the
school's paper reported, "20% of all students at the university are Business majors." This report is an example of _____.
a. a sample
b. a population
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
48. Six hundred residents of a city are polled to obtain information on voting intentions in an upcoming city election. The
600 residents in this study is an example of a(n) _____.
a. census
b. sample
c. observation
d. population
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

49. A statistics professor asked students in a class their ages. Based on this information, the professor states that the
average age of students in the university is 21 years. This is an example of _____.
a. a census
c. an experiment
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
50. The owner of a factory regularly requests a graphical summary of all employees' salaries. The graphical summary of
salaries is an example of _____.
a. a sample
d. an experiment
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
51. The Department of Transportation of a city has noted that on the average there are 14 accidents per day. The average
number of accidents is an example of _____.
a. descriptive statistics
b. statistical inference
c. a sample
d. a population
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

Exhibit 1-1
In a recent study based upon an inspection of 200 homes in Daisy City, 120 were found to violate one or more city codes.
52. Refer to Exhibit 1-1. The city manager released a statement that 60% of Daisy City's 3,000 homes are in violation of
city codes. The manager's statement is an example of _____.
a. a census
b. an experiment
c. descriptive statistics
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
53. Refer to Exhibit 1-1. The Daisy City study is an example of the use of a _____.
a. census
b. sample
c. probability
d. population
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
54. Refer to Exhibit 1-1. The manager's statement that 60% of Daisy City's 3,000 homes are in violation of city codes is
_____.
a. an accurate statement
b. only an approximation, since it is based upon sample information
c. obviously wrong, since it is based upon a study of only 200 homes
d. None of the other answers is correct.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
Exhibit 1-2
In a sample of 3,200 registered voters, 1,440, or 45%, approve of the way the president is doing his job.
55. Refer to Exhibit 1-2. The 45% approval is an example of _____.
a. a sample
d. a population
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
56. Refer to Exhibit 1-2. A political pollster states, "Forty five percent of all voters approve of the president." This
statement is an example of _____.
a. a sample
d. a population
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
57. The process of analyzing sample data to draw conclusions about the characteristics of a population is called _____.
a. descriptive statistics
b. statistical inference
c. data analysis
d. data summarization
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
58. In a post office, the mailboxes are numbered from 1 to 5,000. These numbers represent _____.
a. categorical data
b. time series data
c. cross-sectional data
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
59. The average age in a sample of 90 students at City College is 20. From this sample, it can be concluded that the
average age of all the students at City College _____.
a. must be more than 20, since the population is always larger than the sample
b. must be less than 20, since the sample is only a part of the population
c. could not be 20
d. could be larger, smaller, or equal to 20
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
60. _____ analytics consists of analytical techniques that use models constructed from past data to predict the future or to
assess the impact of one variable on another.
a. Descriptive
b. Predictive
c. Prescriptive
d. Data
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
61. The term _____ is used to refer to the process of capturing, storing, and maintaining data.
a. data warehousing
b. data mining
c. data analysis
d. data collection
ANSWER: a

POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Big Data and Data Mining
62. A sample of five Fortune 500 companies showed the following revenues ($ millions): 7505.0, 2904.7, 7208.4, 6819.0,
and 19500.0. Based on this information, which of the following statements is correct?
a. An estimate of the average revenue for all Fortune 500 companies is 8787.42 ($ millions).
b. The average revenue for all Fortune 500 companies is 8787.42 ($ millions).
c. Over half of all Fortune 500 companies earn at least 7208.4 ($ millions) in revenues.
d. If five other Fortune 500 companies were chosen, the average revenue would be 8787.42 ($ millions).
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
63. A sample of five Fortune 500 companies possessed the following industry codes: banking, banking, finance, retail,
and banking. Based on this information, which of the following statements is correct?
a. Sixty percent of the sample of five companies are banking industries.
b. Sixty percent of all Fortune 500 companies are banking industries.
c. Banking is the most common type of industry among all Fortune 500 companies.
d. If five other Fortune 500 companies were chosen, 60% of them would be banking industries.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
64. The Microsoft Office package used to perform statistical analysis is _____.
a. SPSS
b. Word
c. SAS
d. Excel
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Statistical Analysis Using Microsoft Excel

65. Dr. Kurt Thearling, a leading practitioner in the field, defines data mining as “the _____ extraction of _____
information from databases."
a. thorough, insightful
b. timely, accurate
c. automated, predictive
d. intentional, useful
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
66. The major applications of data mining have been made by companies with a strong _____ focus.
a. consumer
b. manufacturing
c. exporting
d. research and development
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
67. Quantitative data that measure "how many" are ________; quantitative data that measure "how much" are ________.
a. interval; ratio
b. ratio; interval
c. continuous; discrete
d. discrete; continuous
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data

68. Flight time from Cincinnati to Atlanta is an example of a _____ variable and _____ measurement.
a. discrete; interval
b. discrete; ratio
c. continuous; interval
d. continuous; ratio
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
69. Which of the following is NOT a categorical variable?

a. your age on your last birthday
b. your cell phone area code
c. your accounting class start time
d. your high school graduation year
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
70. Categorical data use either the ______ or ______ scale of measurement.
a. nominal; ordinal
b. nominal; interval
c. ordinal; interval
d. interval; ratio
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
71. The term data warehousing is used to refer to the process of doing all of the following, except _____ the data.
a. capturing
b. storing
c. maintaining
d. mining
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
72. _____ is the process of using procedures from statistics and computer science to extract useful information from
extremely large databases.
a. Big data
b. Analytics
c. Data warehousing
d. Data mining
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
73. After the graduation ceremonies at a university, six graduates were asked whether they were in favor of (identified by
1) or against (identified by 0) abortion. Some characteristics of these graduates are shown below.
Graduate Sex Age Abortion Issue Class Rank
1 F 22 1 3
2 M 21 1 2
3 F 33 0 1
4 M 38 0 20
5 F 25 1 4
6 M 19 0 8
a. How many elements are in the data set?
b. How many variables are in the data set?
c. How many observations are in the data set?
Identify the scale of measurement for each of the above (Sex, Age, Abortion Issue, Class
d.
Rank).
e. Which of the above (Sex, Age, Abortion Issue, Class Rank) are categorical, and which are
quantitative variables?
f. Are arithmetic operations appropriate for the variable "abortion issue"?
ANSWER: a. 6
b. 4
c. 6
d. Sex: nominal
Age: ratio
Abortion Issue: nominal
Class Rank: ordinal
e. Sex: categorical
Age: quantitative
Abortion Issue: categorical
Class Rank: categorical
f. No
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
74. An issue of Fortune Magazine reported the following companies had the lowest sales per employee among the
Fortune 500 companies.
Company Sales per Employee ($ thousands) Sales Rank
Seagate Technology 42.20 285
SSMC 42.19 414
Russell 41.99 480
Maxxam 40.88 485
Dibrell Brothers 22.56 470
a. How many elements are in the above data set?
b. How many variables are in the above data set?
c. How many observations are in the above data set?
d. Name the scale of measurement for each of the variables.
e. Name the variables and indicate whether they are categorical or quantitative.
ANSWER: a. 5
b. 2
c. 5
d. Sales per Employee: ratio; Sales Rank: ordinal
e. Sales per Employee: quantitative; Sales Rank: categorical
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
75. The following shows the temperatures (high, low) and weather conditions on a given Sunday for seven world cities.
For the weather conditions, the following notations are used: c = clear; cl = cloudy; sh = showers; pc = partly cloudy.
City Hi Lo Condition
Acapulco 99 77 pc
Bangkok 92 78 pc
Mexico City 77 57 sh
Montreal 72 56 pc
Paris 77 58 c
Rome 88 68 cl
Toronto 78 61 c
a. How many elements are in this data set?
b. How many variables are in this data set?
c. How many observations are in this data set?
e. Name the variables and indicate whether they are categorical or quantitative.
f. For which variables are arithmetic operations appropriate, and for which are they not
appropriate?
ANSWER: a. 7
b. 3
c. 7
d. Hi: interval, Lo: interval, Condition: nominal
e. Hi: quantitative, Lo: quantitative, Condition: categorical
f. Hi: appropriate, Lo: appropriate, Condition: not appropriate
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
76. A magazine surveyed a sample of its subscribers. Some of the responses from the survey are shown below.
Annual Household
Subscriber ID Sex Age Income ($1000s)
0006 F 22 45
4798 M 21 53
2291 F 33 82
4988 M 38 30
a. How many elements are in the data set?

b. How many variables are in the data set?
c. How many observations are in the data set?
e. Which of the above (Sex, Age, Annual Household Income) are categorical, and which
are quantitative?
f. Are the data time series or cross-sectional?
ANSWER: a. 4
b. 3
c. 4
d. Sex: nominal, Age: ratio, Annual Household Income: ratio
e. Sex: categorical, Age: quantitative, Annual Household Income: quantitative
f. cross-sectional
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
77. A magazine surveys a sample of its subscribers every year. Some of the responses are shown below.
Percent Average Average Annual
Year Female Age Household Income ($1000s)
1996 5.8 35.2 40
1997 8.6 35.8 42
1998 7.3 33.9 41
1999 9.2 35.3 43
2000 9.8 36.6 46
a. How many variables are in the data set?
b. Name the scale of measurement for each variable.
c. Which of the above (Year, Percent Female, Average Age, Average Annual Household
Income) are categorical, and which are quantitative?
d. Are the data time series or cross-sectional?
ANSWER: a. 4
b. Year: interval, Percent Female: ratio, Average Age: ratio, Average Annual Household
Income: ratio
c. all are quantitative
d. time series
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
78. The following data show the yearly income distribution of a sample of 200 employees at MNM, Inc.
Yearly Income ($1000s) Number of Employees
20 − 24 2
25 − 29 48
30 − 34 60
35 − 39 80
40 − 44 10
a. What percentage of employees have a yearly incomes of at least $35,000?
b. Is the figure (percentage) that you computed in Part a. an example of statistical inference? If
not, what kind of statistics does it represent?
c.

Based on this sample, the president of the company said that "45% of all our employees'
yearly incomes are at least $35,000." The president's statement represents what kind of
statistics?
d. With the statement made in Part c., can we be assured that more than 45% of all employees'
yearly incomes are at least $35,000? Explain.
e. What percentage of employees of the sample have a yearly income of less than $30,000?
f. How many variables are presented in the above data set?
g. The above data set represents the results of how many observations?
ANSWER: a. 45%
b. No, it is descriptive statistics.
d. No, this is simply an inference and approximation based on the sample information.
e. 25%
f. 2
g. 200
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
79. A recent issue of a national magazine reported that in a national public opinion survey conducted among 2,000
individuals, 56% were in favor of gun control, 40% opposed gun control, and 4% had no opinion on the subject.
a. What is the sample in this survey?
b. Based on the sample, what percentage of the population would you think is in favor of gun
control?
c. Based on the sample, what percentage of the population would you think have no opinion on
the subject?
ANSWER: a. the 2,000 individuals who were approached

b. 56%
c. 4%
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
80. A pharmaceutical company is performing clinical trials on a new drug that is intended to relieve symptoms for allergy
sufferers. Twelve percent of the 300 clinical trial participants experienced dry mouth as a side effect.
a. What is the population being studied?
b. What is the sample being studied?
Based on the sample, what percentage of the population do you think would suffer from dry
c.
mouth?
ANSWER: a. all allergy sufferers
b. the 300 participants
c. 12%
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
81. A polling organization conducts a telephone poll of 850 registered voters and asks which candidate they will vote for
in the upcoming presidential election. Forty-three percent of the respondents prefer candidate A and 45% prefer candidate
B.
a. What is the population being studied?
b. What is the sample being studied?
c. Based on the sample, what percentage of the population do you think would vote for candidate
B?
ANSWER: a. all registered voters

b. the 850 registered voters who were polled
c. 45%
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
82. The following table shows the starting salaries of a sample of recent business graduates.
Income ($1000s) Number of Graduates
15 − 19 40
20 − 24 60
25 − 29 80
30 − 34 18
35 − 39 2
a. What percentage of graduates in the sample had starting salaries of at least $30,000?
b. Of the graduates in the sample, what percentage had starting salaries of less than $25,000?
Based on this sample, what percentage of all business graduates do you estimate to have
c.
starting salaries of at least $20,000?
ANSWER: a. 10%
b. 50%
c. 80%
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy

83. Michael, Inc., a manufacturer of electric guitars, is a small firm with 50 employees. The table below shows the hourly
wage distribution of the employees.
Hourly Wages (In Dollars) Number of Employees
10 − 13.99 8
14 − 17.99 12
18 − 21.99 20
22 − 25.99 10
a. How many employees receive hourly wages of at least $18?
b. What percentage of the employees has hourly wages of at least $18?
c. What percentage of the employees has hourly wages of less than $14?
ANSWER: a. 30
b. 60%
c. 16%
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
84. Laura Naples, manager of Heritage Inn, periodically collects and tabulates information about a sample of the
hotel’s overnight guests. This information aids her in planning and scheduling decisions she must make. The
table below lists data on 10 randomly selected hotel registrants, collected as the registrants checked out. The
data listed for each registrant are: number of people in the group; birth date of person registering; shuttle service
used, yes or no; total telephone charges incurred; and reason for stay, business or personal.
Number of Birth
ID of Shuttle Telephone Reason
People Date
Registrant Used Charges for Stay
in Group (mm/dd/yy)
01 1 05/07/59 yes $ 0.00 personal
02 4 11/23/48 no 12.46 business
03 2 04/30/73 no 1.20 business
04 2 12/16/71 no 2.90 business
05 1 05/09/39 yes 0.00 personal
06 3 09/14/69 yes 4.65 business
07 2 04/22/66 no 9.35 personal
08 5 10/28/54 yes 2.10 personal
09 1 11/12/49 no 1.85 business
10 2 01/30/62 no 5.80 business
a. How many elements are there in the data set?
b. How many variables are there in the data set?
c. How many observations are there in the data set?
d. What are the observations for the second element listed?
e. What is the total number of measurements in the data set?
f. Which variables are quantitative?
g. Which variables are qualitative?
h. What is the scale of measurement for each of the variables?
i. Does the data set represent cross-sectional or times series data?
j. Does the data set represent an experimental or an observational study?
ANSWER: a. 10 elements
b. 5 variables
c. 10 observations
d. 4, 11/23/48, no, 12.46, business
e. 50
f. people in group, telephone charges
g. birth date, shuttle used, reason for stay
h. people in group – ratio scale, birth date – ordinal scale, shuttle use – nominal, telephone
charge – ratio scale, reason for stay – nominal scale
i. cross-sectional
j. observational
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
85. Molly Porter owns and operates two convenience stores, one on the East side of the city and the other on the South
side. She has workforce-planning decisions to make and has collected some recent sales data that are relevant to her
decisions. Listed below are the monthly sales ($1000s) at her two stores for the past six months.
Store March April May June July August

East 102 100 103 105 109 106
South 72 74 81 86 92 93
a. Is the data set cross-sectional or time series data? Explain.
b. Comment on any apparent patterns you see in the data.
ANSWER: a. Time series data for two variables: monthly sales for East store and monthly sales for
South store.
b. Both stores have been experiencing an overall rise in sales during the past six months. The
South store’s increase in sales (as a percentage of sales) has been greater than the East store’s
increase. The increases might be temporary, due to the seasonal nature of demand. It is also
possible that the increases will continue.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
REFERENCES: Data
86. The following table shows the starting salaries of a sample of recent VoTech graduates.

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542
The period which witnessed the greatest inequality of fortunes
was the last century of the Republic and the first of the Empire.
543
It should be borne in mind that the clients of this period were
wholly different from the clients of the earlier times. The
relations of the early clients to their patrons were those of
clansmen to their chief; the relations of these later clients to
their patrons were the degrading relations of idle, needy
dependents to newly rich men without family traditions and
socially and morally wholly unfit for their elevation.
544
The History of Rome (1888), vol. ii, p. 524.
545
“The deepest feeling of Tacitus about the early Empire seems
to have been that it was fatal to character both in prince and
subject.”—Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius,
p. 29.
546
The Moral Ideal, 3d ed., p. 204.
547
History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, pp. 332 ff.
548
Ibid. 3d ed., vol. i, p. 227.
549
“Men ceased to be adventurous, patriotic, just, magnanimous;
but in exchange they became chaste, tender-hearted, loyal,
religious, and capable of infinite endurance in a good
cause.”—Seeley, Roman Imperialism (1889), p. 33.
550
551
About 40–120 a.d.
552
Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, p. 64.
553
Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, pp. 231 f.
554
Cf. Ibid. p. 232.
555
Stoicism is second only to Christianity as a moral force in
European civilization. “One of the most important expressions
of the moral sense for all time,” affirms Professor Clifford, “is
that of the Stoic philosophy, especially after its reception
among the Romans” (Lectures and Essays (1901), vol. ii, p.
108). Mahaffy declares that the Stoic philosophy, “above all the
human influences we know, purified and ennobled the world”
(The Silver Age (1906), p. 103). Denis thinks that it was
through Stoicism that Rome did most for civilization (Histoire
des théories et des idées morales dans l’antiquité (1879), t. ii,
p. 5).
556
Taken from Menander.
557
“One of the most emphatic as well as one of the earliest extant
assertions of the duty of charity to the human race occurs in
the treatise of Cicero upon duties.”—Lecky, History of
European Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 240.
558
De Off. iii. 5.
559
Ibid. iii. xi.
560
Ibid. i. 16.
561
De Finibus, v. 23.
562
Meditations, vi. 44. This and the following citations are from
Long’s translation, 2d ed.
563
Ibid. iv. 23. The moral element in the conception of the
universal city must not be overlooked. There was implied in it
the idea of universal brotherhood, of the ethical oneness of
mankind. The creation and promulgation of this conception
was one of the great services which Stoicism rendered to
civilization.
564
Ibid. iii. 4.
565
Ibid. viii. 59.
566
This subject is dealt with by Lecky, History of European
Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, pp. 295 ff.; Bryce, Studies in History and
Jurisprudence, vol. ii, essay xi, “The Law of Nature.”
567
Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence (1901), vol. ii, p.
143.
568
Sophocles, Antigone.
569
Commenting on the consequences of the inspiration of Roman
law by this doctrine of Stoicism, Lecky says: “To the Stoics and
the Roman lawyers is mainly due the clear recognition of the
existence of a law of nature above and beyond all human
enactments, which has been the basis of the best moral and of
the most influential, though most chimerical, political
speculations of later ages, and the renewed study of Roman
law was an important element in the revival that preceded the
Reformation” (History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, p.
297).
570
History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 129. Lecky
instances (vol. i, p. 292) three ways in which Stoicism worked
for good in the Empire: (1) it raised up good emperors; (2) it
led men to engage in the public service; and (3) it rendered the
law more catholic and humane.
571
Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (1904), p.
376.
572
“In the Stoic emperors ... we find probably the earliest example
of great moral principles applied to legislation on a large
scale.”—Clifford, Lectures and Essays, vol. ii, p. 108.
573
Public feeling in regard to the exercise of the patria potestas
had been slowly changing during the centuries. Seneca relates
(De Clem. i. 14) how within his memory the people furiously
assaulted in the Forum a certain knight because he had
whipped his son to death.
574
“The alleviations of slavery by the imperial law are essentially
traceable to the influence of the Greek view.”—Mommsen,
Roman Provinces (1887), vol. i, p. 296.
575
“The majority of the free population had probably either
themselves been slaves, or were descended from slaves.”—
Lecky, History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 237.
576
Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (1904), p. 3.
577
Lecky, History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 312.
578
De Clem. i. 18.
579
Tacitus, Annals, xiv. 42–45.
580
Manumissions were frequent even in Seneca’s time. Pliny the
Elder was a kind master, regarded his slaves as “humble
friends,” and manumitted many of them.
581
The client class of the imperial period was made up almost
wholly of freedmen.
582
It is surprising that while in the Stoic and other schools there
was, during these centuries, great advance in theoretical ethics
in various domains, in that of war there was no essential
modification of the views and feelings of the teachers and
leaders of moral reforms. In the whole range of Roman
literature and philosophy there are to be found scarcely any
expressions of disapproval of war. The attitude of the Roman
moralists in this matter appears to have been altogether like
that of the Greek philosophers. The right to wage war for
empire and for glory was taught even by Cicero, only such
wars, he insisted, should be waged more gently than wars to
recover property, to punish insult, or to avenge a wrong (De
Off. i. 12).
583
For the ethics of Christian persecution, see below, p. 324.
584
See on this subject Fiske, Excursions of an Evolutionist (1883),
pp. 238 ff.; Hardy, Christianity and the Roman Government
(1894), p. 17; Pollock, Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics
(1882), p. 147.
585
Besides this main motive of the persecutions there were these
minor ones: (1) The teachings and practices of the new sect
offended the prevailing spirit of luxury and sensuality; (2)
families were divided; (3) the business of many, as that of the
silversmiths of Ephesus, was threatened (Acts xix. 24–41); and
(4) fear on the part of the government of the danger from the
growth of such a strong semi-secret organization as the
Church was becoming within the Empire (Hardy, Christianity
and the Roman Government (1894), p. 165).
586
“Upon the approach of Christianity humanity took a
consciousness more alert and sensitive, and during the first
three centuries of our era all the ideas, all the sentiments
which constitute morality developed on parallel lines and with
remarkable force in the growing Church and in expiring
paganism.”—Denis, Histoire des théories et des idées morales
dans l’antiquité (1879), t. ii, p. 145.
587
De Off. i. 25.
588
Meditations, xi. 18.
589
Ibid. vii. 36.
590
Ibid. ix. 9; cf. vi. 47.
591
Ibid. vi. 6.
592
Fragments, tr. Long, lxviii; cf. lxvii.
593
Meditations, iii. 4.
594
De Prov. i. 1.
595
Meditations, x. 21.
596
Ibid. ii. 11.
597
Ibid. xii. 5.
598
Ibid. ii. 17.
599
Arrian, Epict. ii. 14; quoted by Lecky, History of European
Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 246.
600
Meditations, vii. 31.
601
Ethical Essays, v, “On those who are punished by the Deity
late.”
602
De Off. ii. 14.
603
Ibid. ii. 5.
604
Ibid. i. 7.
605
Ibid. iii. 6.
606
Ibid. iii. 4. Compare this expression of the ancient Greek and
Roman moral consciousness with that of the modern Japanese
(see p. 86).
607
Ibid. ii. 12.
608
De Clem. ii. 6. The trouble with this philosophy, as has been
said, is that if one does not feel pity for the sufferings of others
he will not be likely to help them.
609
Cicero, however, denied the right of self-destruction, and Vergil
mildly censured the act. See Æneid, vi. 434.
610
Discourses, i. 9.
611
Meditations, v. 29.
612
Ep. lxx; quoted by Lecky, History of European Morals, 3d ed.,
vol. i, p. 218.
613
De Prov. i. 2.
614
Zeno, the founder of the school, and Cato, its exemplifier in
active life, both committed suicide.
615
Compare the views on this subject of the ancient classical
peoples with those of the modern Japanese (see p. 85 and p.
86 n. 1.).
616
Glover, The Conflict of Religions in the Early Roman Empire,
3d ed. (1909), p. 67.
617
History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. i, p. 324.
618
Paulsen, A System of Ethics, tr. Thilly (1906), pp. 111 f.
619
The cult of Isis when introduced into the Western lands favored
illicit love, but by the second century of our era it had, in its
new environment, become so far transformed as to be a true
moral force in society. “Sacrament and mystery lent their aid to
fortify the worshiper [of Isis] in the face of death, but, to derive
their full virtue, he must exercise himself in temperance, abjure
the pleasures of the senses, and purify himself for the vision of
God” (Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius
(1904), p. 583).
620
On this subject see Franz Cumont, Les Mystères de Mithra
(1892); English ed., The Mysteries of Mithra, tr. McCormack.
621
“It [Mithraism] is perhaps the highest and most striking
example of the last efforts of paganism to reconcile itself to the
great moral and spiritual movement which was settling steadily,
and with growing momentum, toward purer conceptions of
God, of man’s relations to Him, and of the life to come.”—Dill,
Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius, p. 585.
622
“On peut dire que, si le christianisme eût été arrêté dans sa
croissance par quelque maladie mortelle, le monde eût été
Mithriaste.”—Renan, Marc-Aurèle, 5me ed., p. 579.
623
“Isis and Serapis and Mithra were preparing the Western world
for the religion which was to approve the long travail of
humanity by a more perfect vision of the divine.”—Dill, Roman
Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius (1904), p. 574.
624
Acts xvii. 29.
625
New to the multitude. Some of the Stoic philosophers, as we
have seen, held and taught this doctrine.
626
The Eleusinian Mysteries in Greece, and some Oriental cults,
particularly that of Mithra, imported into the Roman Empire,
made the participation in a blessed life beyond the grave
dependent upon moral purity of life on earth and through this
doctrine exercised a favorable influence upon morality (see p.
254).
627
This thought and conviction of the immortality of the individual
was, it is possible, in part the outcome of the decay of the
ancient city, whose fancied eternity had satisfied for a time the
instinct of immortality. But when some centuries had passed,
the “Romans sailed round the Mediterranean and recognized
that the cities of the past were not eternal, and with the same
waft of conviction came a compensating belief that eternity
was the heritage of every son of man. Immortality arose on the
horizon of the man, as its last glow faded from the city”
(Wedgwood, The Moral Ideal, 3d ed., p. 341). It was the same
in Judea; as immortality faded from the political horizon of
Israel, it arose on that of the individual soul.
628
Though the account of the fall of man forms the prelude of the
Hebrew Scriptures, the conception never influenced to an
appreciable degree pre-Christian ethics.
629
See Schmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth (1905), p. 322.
630
“L’humanité cherche l’idéal; mais elle veut que l’idéal soit une
personne; elle n’aime pas une abstraction.”—Renan, Marc-
Aurèle, 5me ed., p. 582.
631
History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. ii, p. 8.
632
On this subject consult Hatch, The Influence of Greek Ideas
and Usages upon the Christian Church (1888), lect. xii, “The
Transformation of the Basis of Christian Union: Doctrine in the
Place of Conduct.”
633
“After the middle of the third century, ... Christianity may be just
as truly called a Hellenic religion as an Oriental.”—Harnack,
The Expansion of Christianity (1904), vol. i, pp. 393 f.
634
The change of emphasis from moral life to correct doctrine
took place during the last half of the second and the first half of
the third century. “Under the influence of contemporary Greek
thought, the word faith came to be transferred from simple trust
in God to mean the acceptance of a series of propositions, and
these propositions, propositions in abstract metaphysics”
(Hatch, The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the
Christian Church (1888), p. 310).
635
The Athanasian Creed, which by the end of the ninth century
was in use in the churches of the West as an authoritative
symbol and exposition of the Roman Catholic faith, says,
“Whosoever will be saved, before all things, it is necessary that
he hold the Catholic faith, which faith, except every one who
do keep entire and unviolated, without doubt he shall perish
everlastingly” (Philip Schaff, Bibliotheca Symbolica Ecclesiae
Universalis, vol. ii, p. 66).
636
Lecky, History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. ii, p. 68.
637
“The virtues of the intellect, freedom and boldness of thought
and the power to doubt, the vital principle of scientific research,
are, in the eyes of primitive Christianity, worthless and
dangerous.”—Paulsen, A System of Ethics, tr. Thilly (1906), p.
68.
638
Cf. Harnack, The Expansion of Christianity (1904), vol. i, chap.
v, “The Religion of Authority and Reason.”
639
See Paulsen, System of Ethics, tr. Thilly (1906), bk. i, chap. iii.
640
The ascetic movement was a reaction not only against the
moral dissoluteness of pagan society, but also against the
moral degeneracy which, before the end of the third century,
had set in within the Christian community itself. The Church
had become to a lamentable degree conformed unto the world,
and had lost much of that moral fervor which characterized it
during the first two centuries.
641
Alban Butler, The Lives of the Saints (the Fathers, Martyrs, and
other Principal Saints, compiled from monuments and other
authentic sources), 12 vols. (1854). Orig. ed. pub. 1754–1760.
642
“If you do any good beyond what is commanded by God, you
will gain for yourself more abundant glory, and will be more
honored by God than you would otherwise be,” was the
teaching of the Church respecting the meritoriousness of
ascetic practices. Cf. Newman Smyth, Christian Ethics (1892),
p. 313.
643
The “Dialogue” is of course a purely literary creation of some
monk. Oisin was not a contemporary of St. Patrick.
644
J. H. Simpson, Poems of Oisin (1857), pp. 42 ff. We have
reproduced only a small part of the poem.
645
646
Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas
(1908), vol. ii, p. 252.
647
Cf. Dante, Inf. xiii.
648
See above, pp. 175, 215.
649
Ireland was foremost in this missionary movement because
she was so given over to the monastic spirit. See
Montalembert, The Monks of the West (1861), vol. ii, p. 397.
650
According to Westermarck (The Origin and Development of the
Moral Ideas (1906), vol. i, pp. 565–569) charity took the place
of sacrifice in the primitive cults, and for this reason became
such a prominent religious duty in all the higher faiths.
651
Montalembert, The Monks of the West (1861), vol. i, pp. 397 f.
652
Lecky, History of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. ii, pp. 86 ff.
653
654
See above, p. 245.
655
“The suppression of all religions but one by Theodosius, the
murder of Hypatia by the monks of Cyril, and the closing by
Justinian of the schools of Athens, are the three events which
mark the decisive overthrow of intellectual freedom.”—Lecky,
656
See above, p. 6.
657
Physics and Politics (1873), pp. 70 f.
658
“One may find ... the chief characteristic of the period of the
migrations in a complete uprooting of public morality, a
universal overturning of inherited conceptions of right and
wrong.”—Francke, Social Forces in German Literature, 2d
ed., p. 12.
659
Parliament of Religions (1893), vol. i, pp. 574 f.; consult also
Bryce, Studies in History and Jurisprudence (1901), vol. ii, p.
237.
660
Qur’ân, tr. Palmer (Sacred Books of the East, vols. vi, ix),
suras ii. 184–189, 212–215; iv. 90; viii. 40; ix. 5–14, 29; xlvii. 4,
and many others.
661
Ibid. suras ii. 149; iii. 151; ix. 113.
662
Sura xxiv. 33. The New Testament nowhere inculcates the
manumission of slaves, but the spirit of its teachings is
opposed to slavery, and the early Fathers of the Church
encouraged the emancipation of slaves.
663
Sura iv. 3.
664
Suras vi. 138, 141, 152; xvii. 33.
665
Suras ii. 216; v. 93.
666
R. Bosworth Smith, Mohammed and Mohammedanism (1875),
p. 204.
667
Ameer Ali, The Spirit of Islam, 2d ed., p. 283.
668
According to the principles of the Koran, though no Moslem
captive might be reduced to servitude, all non-Moslem
prisoners could, as spoils of war, be enslaved: “We make
lawful for ye ... what thy right hand possesses [slaves] out of
the booty God has granted thee” (sura xxxiii. 49).
669
“The recognition of the slave traffic by Mohammedanism has
been, and is to this day, a curse to Africa and a source of
disturbance to the world’s politics.”—Hobhouse, Morals in
Evolution (1906), vol. i, p. 307.
670
In an address. Cf. R. Bosworth Smith, Mohammed and
Mohammedanism (1875), pp. 59 ff.
671
Ameer Ali, The Spirit of Islam, 2d ed., p. 328. The author
maintains that Mohammed himself did not intend that his rules
should be binding for all time.
672
This teaching is one which does not show itself as a generally
recognized principle in the pre-Christian centuries, as does the
principle of love, or self-devotion to the common good, or
universal benevolence. “Christianity at its inception did not take
over this moral principle, ready-made, from any of the older
cults or cultures from which the Christian movement was in a
position to draw. It is not found, at least in appreciable force, in
the received Judaism; nor can it be derived from the classical
(Greco-Roman) cultures, which had none of it” (Thorstein B.
Veblen, “Christian Morals and the Competitive System,” The
International Journal of Ethics for January, 1910).
673
“Christian mores in the Western Empire were formed by
syncretism of Jewish and pagan mores. Christian mores
therefore contain war, slavery, concubinage, demonism, and
base amusements, together with some abstract ascetic
doctrines with which these things are inconsistent.”—Sumner,
Folkways (1907), p. 116.
674
For opinions of early Christian writers and the attitude of the
Church on the soldier’s profession and the rightfulness of war,
see Grotius, Rights of War and Peace, tr. Whewell, pp. 49 ff.
675
Harnack, The Expansion of Christianity (1904), vol. ii, p. 205.
676
See above, p. 277.
677
Throughout the medieval ages and down almost to our own
day these Old Testament records, misread, were used to justify
many of the cruelties of war, and other atrocities:
Plunder and pillage were supported by reference to the divinely

approved “spoiling of the Egyptians” by the Israelites. The right to
massacre unresisting enemies was based upon the command of the
Almighty to the Jews in the twentieth chapter of Deuteronomy. The
indiscriminate slaughter of whole populations was justified by a
reference to the divine command to slaughter the nations round about
Israel. Torture and mutilation of enemies was sanctioned by the
conduct of Samuel against Agag, of King David against the Philistines,
of the men of Judah against Adonibezek. Even the slaughter of babes
in arms was supported by a passage from the Psalms, “Happy shall he
be, that taketh and dasheth thy little ones against the stones.”
Treachery and assassination were supported by a reference to the
divinely approved Phinehas, Ehud, Judith, and Jael; and murdering the
ministers of unapproved religions, by Elijah’s slaughter of the priests of
Baal.—Andrew D. White, Seven Great Statesmen (1910), pp. 85 f.
678
Lecky believes this to have been the main cause of the
transformation in the Church. “The transition,” he says, “from
the almost Quaker tenets of the primitive Church to the
essentially military Christianity of the Crusades was due chiefly
... to the terror and the example of Mohammedanism” (History
of European Morals, 3d ed., vol. ii, p. 252). But, as we have
seen, the transition was already nearly complete before the
rise of Islam.
679
In a portrayal of the character of the Scandinavians, the
Church historian Schaff observes: “Their only enthusiasm was
the feeling of duty; but the direction which had been given to
this feeling was so absolutely opposed to that pointed out by
the Christian morality, that no reconciliation was possible”
(History of the Christian Church, vol. iv, p. 110). Yet in the
important domain of ethics which we are here examining this is
exactly what did happen.
680
681
Josiah Royce, The Philosophy of Loyalty (1908).
682
“So great, it is said, was the knights’ respect for an oath, a
promise, or a vow, that when they lay under any of these
restrictions, they appeared everywhere with little chains
attached to their arms or habits to show all the world they were
slaves to their word; nor were these chains taken off till their
promise had been performed, which sometimes extended to a
term of four or five years. It cannot be expected, of course, that
reality should have always come up to the ideal.”—
Westermarck, The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas
(1908), vol. ii, p. 102.
683
684
First printed in 1873, from MSS. compiled probably as early as
the twelfth or thirteenth century. There is an English translation
by Charles Swan (1877).
685
“There can be little doubt,” says Lecky, “that the Catholic
reverence for the Virgin has done much to elevate and purify
the ideal of woman and soften the manners of men” (History of
European Morals, 3d ed., vol. ii, p. 367). And so Professor
Nathaniel Schmidt: “The chivalry of the medieval knight from
which our modern treatment of woman so largely is derived
cannot be regarded as solely a product of Christianity, for it
has a deep root in the dreamy reverence for woman
characteristic of our pagan ancestors. Yet it would not have
become what it was but for the veneration accorded to the
Virgin Mary” (The Prophet of Nazareth (1905), p. 324).
686
See Curtis M. Geer, The Beginning of the Peace Movement
(1912).
687
Kluckhohn, Geschichte des Gottesfriedens (1857), p. 38.
688
This part of the week was chosen because these days had
been consecrated by Christ’s passion, burial, resurrection, and
ascension.
689
Hobhouse, Morals in Evolution (1906), vol. i, p. 314.
690
The last instance of an arrangement for ransom of prisoners
was an agreement between England and France in 1780. See
Hall, International Law, 5th ed., p. 414, n. 1.
691
One center of these reform movements was the celebrated
French monastery of Cluny. The influences which radiated
from the cloisters of this convent had a profound effect for
centuries upon the moral life of Christendom.
692
See Sabatier, Life of St. Francis of Assisi.
693
History of the Inquisition (1887), vol. i, p. 266.
694
“There was need of the exaggeration of self-sacrifice taught by
Francis to recall humanity to a sense of its obligations.... The
value of such an ideal on an age hard and cruel can scarce be
exaggerated” (Lea, History of the Inquisition (1887), vol. i, pp.
260 f.). See also Nathaniel Schmidt, The Prophet of Nazareth
(1905), p. 325.
695
See above, p. 262.
696
“Ethics on the basis of authority becomes a mere legal
casuistry.”—Hall, The History of Ethics within Organized
Christianity (1910), pp. 296, 326.
697
“But meanwhile by alternations of Hebraism and Hellenism, of
a man’s intellectual and moral impulses, of the effort to see
things as they really are, and the effort to win peace by self-
conquest, the human spirit proceeds; and each of these two
forces has its appointed hours of culmination and seasons of
rule.”—Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (1875), p.
143.
698
It must be borne in mind that the spirit of the Renaissance was
at work long before the Renaissance.
699
In this there is substantial agreement among historians of the
Inquisition: consult Lea, The Inquisition of the Middle Ages
(1887), vol. i, pp. 236 ff.; Lecky, History of European Morals, 3d
ed., vol. i, pp. 98, 395 f.; Pollock, Essays in Jurisprudence and
Ethics (1882), essay vi, “The Theory of Persecution”; Catholic
Encyclopedia, vol. viii, article on “Inquisition.”
700
“The case for theological persecution is unanswerable if we
admit the fundamental supposition that one faith is known to
be true and necessary for salvation.”—Pollock, Essays in
Jurisprudence and Ethics (1882), p. 155.
701
Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. viii, under “Inquisition.”
702
Besides the doctrine of the criminality of misbelief, Lecky finds
a secondary cause of Christian persecution in the medieval
teaching respecting hell. That vision of the awful and eternal
torments prepared for misbelievers, he says, “chilled and
deadened the sympathies and predisposed men to inflict
suffering” (Rationalism in Europe, new ed. (1890), vol. i, p.
347).
703
Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages (1887), vol. i,
p. 234. “The representatives of the Church were children of
their own age.... Theologians and canonists, the highest and
the saintliest, stood by the code of their day and sought to
explain and justify it” (Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. viii, under
“Inquisition”).
704
“It was strange that one almost swooning with pain should
have said the gentlest-hearted and truest thing about human
nature that has ever been said since the world began.”—
Gerald Stanley Lee, “Business, Goodness, and
Imagination,” Hibbert Journal for April, 1912, p. 651.
705
On Machiavellism see The Prince, and introductions to
different editions by Macaulay, Lord Acton, and Henry Morley;
Figgis, Studies of Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius
(1907), pp. 81–107; John Morley, Machiavelli (Romanes
Lecture for 1897).
706
It should be borne in mind that in Machiavelli’s age politics had
been secularized, that is, divorced from theology, and this with
the approval of most men. Machiavelli would now go farther
and separate politics and morality. This is Lord Morley’s
interpretation of The Prince. He thinks we shall best
understand Machiavelli, yet without for a moment approving
his teaching, “if we take him as following up the divorce of
politics from theology, by a divorce from ethics also. He was
laying down certain maxims of government as an art; the end
of that art is the security and permanence of the ruling power;
and the fundamental principle from which he silently started,
without shadow of doubt or misgiving as to its soundness, was
that the application of moral standards to this business is as
little to the point as it would be in the navigation of a ship. The
effect was fatal even for his own purpose, for what he put
aside, whether for the sake of argument or because he thought
them in substance irrelevant, were nothing less than the living
forces by which societies subsist and governments are strong”
(Machiavelli, Romanes Lecture for 1897).
707
“Catherine de Medici, Philip II, Alva, Des Adrets, Tilly,
Wallenstein were simply incarnations of the Machiavellian
theories which ruled this period.”—Andrew D. White, Seven
Great Statesmen (1910), pp. 86 f.
708
Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier (1903), p. 22.
709
Ibid. p. 25.
710
Special emphasis was laid upon this virtue of courtesy in the
ideal of courtliness. And rightly so, for, as has been well said,
“To be courteous is just as much a duty as to be honest, for
rudeness rouses more hatred and bitterness than good honest
cheating.”
711
In many lives of this period there was a combination of the
ideal of the courtier and that of the monk. There is a fine
portrayal of such a character in Shorthouse’s John Inglesant.
712
See above, p. 276.
713
The best authority on this subject is Lea, Superstition and
Force, 4th ed., pp. 101–247.
714
See above, p. 304.
715
The last judicial duel in England was fought in 1492, but the
practice was not abrogated in Russia till 1649.
716
Ralph Barton Perry, The Moral Economy (1909), p. 34. And so
Thomas Cuming Hall: “The glory of Protestant ethics as
founded by Luther and developed by Kant is the autonomous,
democratic, unpriestly character stamped upon it” (History of
Ethics within Organized Christianity (1910), p. 527).
717
Culture and Anarchy (1875), p. 145.
718
719
See below, p. 362.
720
On this subject see Andrew D. White, Seven Great Statesmen
(1910), chapter on Thomasius.
721
S. Alexander, Moral Order and Progress (1889), p. 391.
722
History of Rationalism in Europe (1890), vol. ii, p. 220.
723
724
The Approach to the Social Question (1909), p. 84.
725
Muirhead, The Elements of Ethics (1909), p. 232.
726
An Essay on Crimes and Punishments, tr. Voltaire (1793), p.
157.
727
See Sisson, “The State absorbing the Functions of the
Church,” International Journal of Ethics for April, 1907, p. 341.
728
“It won’t do any longer to lay the blame for poverty wholly upon
its victims. These cruel theories cannot face a growing
suspicion that poverty is somehow involved in the ethics of
distribution.”—Louis F. Post, in address; see The Public for
June 21, 1912, p. 593.
729
Lloyd, Man the Social Creator (1906), p. 135.
730
The most practicable proposal for the undoing of this ancient
and ever-augmenting wrong of private monopoly in land is that
presented with singular force and clarity by Henry George in
his epochal work, Progress and Poverty. His proposal is to
exempt from taxation industry and all forms of property save
land, and to lay upon land values, or, in other words, upon
actual or potential ground rents, a tax that would reclaim
practically the whole of these for society, and secure to the
public all future increments in land values created by
communal growth and enterprise. Since this tax is to take the
place of all other forms of taxation it has become known as
“the single tax.” Such a change in the tax system would
inevitably create a hardship in a few cases, but a hardship
almost infinitesimal as compared with that now inflicted upon
the many by the preëmption of the earth by a class. The reform
would undoubtedly, as claimed by its advocates, destroy
private monopoly in land, the root which nourishes most other
monopolies, and secure to all equal right of access to the earth
and its resources.
731
Dewey and Tufts, Ethics (1908), p. 162.
732
See Ira Woods Howerth, “Competition, Natural and Industrial,”
The International Journal of Ethics for July, 1912.
733
“We may fairly ask whether there is a single moral question of
any magnitude which intelligent and educated men would
answer to-day in precisely the same fashion as they would
have done before the publication of Darwin’s Origin of
Species” (Taylor, The Problem of Conduct (1901), pp. 57 f.).
See also Huxley, Evolution and Ethics (1899). Huxley
maintains that the “cosmic process” is nonethical and in direct
opposition to the ethical evolution going on in human society.
734
“The best is wanting when selfishness begins to be deficient”
(“The Twilight of the Gods,” The Works of Friedrich Nietzsche,

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1. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

2. Which of the following is NOT an example of descriptive statistics?

3. Which of the following is an example of categorical data?

6. The entities on which data are collected are _____.

7. The set of measurements collected for an element is called a(n) _____.

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8. A characteristic of interest for the elements is called a(n) _____.

9. All data collected in a study are referred to as the _____.

11. Which of the following is NOT a scale of measurement?

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16. Which two scales of measurement can be either numeric or nonnumeric?

19. Quantitative data _____.

20. Categorical data _____.

23. Arithmetic operations are inappropriate for _____.

27. Temperature is an example of which scale of measurement?

29. Income is an example of _____.

30. The birth weight of newborns, measured in grams, is an example of _____.

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31. The graph below best exemplifies a _____.

(Graph courtesy of Robert Allison.)

32. The graph below best exemplifies a _____.

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38. Which of the following is NOT an example of an existing source of data?

40. The most common type of observational study is a(n) _____.

43. Statistical inference _____.

44. The collection of all elements of interest in a study is _____.

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69. Which of the following is NOT a categorical variable?

a. How many elements are in the data set?

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ANSWER: a. the 2,000 individuals who were approached

ANSWER: a. all registered voters

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Store March April May June July August

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Plunder and pillage were supported by reference to the divinely

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