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Full download Solution Manual for General Chemistry: Atoms First, 2/E 2nd Edition : 032180483X file pdf free all chapter
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Solution Manual for General Chemistry: Atoms
First, 2/E 2nd Edition : 032180483X
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Experiment 1:
Conservation of Matter
Setup:
Preparation:
3.0 M HCl –
To prepare 6 L of 3.0 M HCl: Fill a carboy with approximately 3 L of water. Add 1.49 L of
concentrated HCl (in the hood). Then dilute to 6 L with D.I. water. (Supply for 10 classes
sections @ 24 students) Mix well.
The Conservation of Matter experiment was originally developed for our non-majors course. For
that course we prepare the copper (II) sulfate solution for the students. When we adapted it for
the majors we decided to have them prepare their own solution and introduce the use of
volumetric glassware. If you feel your students are not ready to mix their own solution, this is an
easy change that both shortens and simplifies the experiment. The experiment is very visual as
both the color of the solution changes dramatically in a short period of time and the balloon is
inflated to a large size. This leaves no doubt that a reaction has taken place.
Points to stress:
Students are working with 3.0 M HCl. This is strong acid and it should be stressed repeatedly
that all safety precautions must be taken to avoid burns. All spills of any size should be cleaned
up by lab personnel, not the students. I provide my teaching assistants with baking soda and
gloves to handle the clean-up.
When the students are preparing the solution, they should weigh the CuSO4 in a weigh boat and
then use a small amount of HCl to assist in the transfer of the salt to the volumetric flask. CuSO4
is a “sticky, wet” salt and thus clumps, making dry transfer difficult (the neck of the 50 mL
volumetric flask is small). You can also use paper funnels but the “stickiness” of the salt may
cause a loss of mass there as well. We have found that using the HCl to aid in the transfer
reduces the loss of mass best and also keeps the lab benches much cleaner.
Potential Problems:
As mentioned above, the necks of the volumetric flasks are fairly small so students should be
shown the proper way to transfer the salt so that they don’t make a huge mess on the bench tops
and, more importantly, don’t lose mass of salt.
The only other problem that sometimes occurs is a hole in a balloon or a balloon that is not
securely fastened to the side-arm of the flask. Have your students blow the balloon up once
before attaching it to the side-arm. This will allow them to determine if the balloon is air tight
and it also stretches the balloon so that the resistance is lowered when the reaction starts to fill it
with hydrogen gas.
You might note tweezers in the list of items needed for this lab. Because our lab balances are
only capable of weighing up to ~100g of material, at the end of the lab we have to remove the
pellets from the solution and weigh them separately using a tared weigh boat. If you have the
same difficulty, tweezers work well as long as the students are gentle. The removal and separate
measurement also reinforces the notion that the total mass of the products is what is important;
not that they all remain in the same state or container.
Experiment 1
Pre-Laboratory Assignment
Name: Date:
Instructor: Sec. #:
This answer will vary based on the student’s interpretation of the reason
for the experiment but should contain a reference to both the concepts of
conservation of matter and also the techniques that will be employed to
explore the concepts.
0.023 mol
200 mL
You have a 0.75 M solution of ZnSO4 · 7H2O. What volume of the solution (in
mL) must you measure in order to have 32.5 grams of the salt?
249.684 g/mol
0.010 mol
1.56 g
d. You will add the salt to a weighing boat, which you determine has a mass of
1.9785 g. What will be the reading on the balance when you have put
sufficient CuSO4·5H2O in the boat?
3.54 g
Name: Date:
Instructor: Sec. #:
The answer here will depend on the student’s results. If they have a high value
of recovery they should indicate that the Conservation of Mass does apply. If
they get a lower value of recovery it will most likely lead them to assume that the
conservation of mass is not upheld.
2) If the balloon had expanded more how would the mass of H2 and the mass
percent recovered have changed?
Both the mass obtained and the percent recovery would increase.
3) How would increasing the molar concentration of CuSO4 have affected this
reaction?
Assuming that there was an excess of zinc, the increase in copper sulfate
concentration would lead to a higher product amount but the conservation of
mass should stay relatively constant.
4) Zinc metal reacts with acid solution to produce hydrogen gas and zinc ion as
follows:
You add 6.825 grams of Zn metal to 29.0 mL of 1.70 M HCl and set up the flask to
0.1044 mol
0.0493 mol
How many moles of Zn will have reacted with the H+ when the reaction is
complete?
0.02465 mol
0.07975 mol
5.214 g
0.02465 mol
0.04969 g
0.5423 L
BY JOHN H. HASWELL
HE art of transmitting information by means of
writings designed to be understood only by the
persons who have especially agreed upon the
significance of the characters employed was
known and practised by the ancients long before
the Christian era. It has many high-sounding
names, among which will be found cryptography, cryptology,
polygraphy, stenganography, cipher, etc. The first is what might be
styled its scientific name; the latter the one commonly used by the
foreign offices.
The oldest example of secret writing is the Spartan scytale.
According to Plutarch, the Lacedæmonians had a method which has
been called the scytale, from the staff employed in constructing and
deciphering the message. When the Spartan ephors, who, in the
fourth century B.C., were the supreme power of the state, controlling
alike its civil and military administration, wished to forward their
orders to their commanders abroad, they wound slantwise a narrow
strip of parchment upon a staff so that the edges met close together,
and the message was then written in such a way that the center of
the line of writing was on the edges of the parchment. The
parchment was then unwound and sent to the general, who, by
winding it upon a similar staff, was enabled to read the message.
Various other devices of secret writing were practised by the old
Greeks and Romans. All served their purpose, and some of them
were remarkably ingenious. One, by reason of its being not only very
ingenious, but at the same time highly ludicrous, seems worthy of
mention. It was the one which Histiæus, while at the Persian court,
employed to advise Aristagoras, who was in Greece, to revolt. As the
roads were well guarded, there seemed to Histiæus only one safe
way of making his wishes known. He chose one of his most faithful
slaves, and, having shaved his head, tattooed it with his advices;
then keeping him till the hair had grown again, Histiæus despatched
him to Aristagoras with this message: “Shave my head and look
thereon.”
Among the Greeks many systems of cipher were employed to
transmit messages during war-times. To illustrate one, let us
suppose that the English alphabet, by omitting the letter j, consists of
twenty-five letters; then arrange these thus:
1 2 3 4 5
a f l q v 1
b g m r w 2
c h n s x 3
d i o t y 4
e k p u z 5
Represent every letter by two figures, by the intersection of a vertical
with a horizontal row. Thus we find that 11 represents a; 34, o; 52, w;
14, d; and so on.
During the Middle Ages secret systems were employed in the
operation of telegraphic, military, and naval signals. Torches placed
in particular positions at night, flags held in position by day, guns
fired at particular intervals, drums beaten in a prearranged way,
musical sounds to represent letters, lamps covered by different-
colored glass, square holes diversely closed by shutters, levers
projecting at different angles from a vertical post—all these were
adopted as signals; but secret writing was in most cases a
transposition of alphabetical letters.
Schemes of cryptography are endless in their variety. Bacon lays
down the following as the “virtues” to be looked for in them: “that
they be not laborious to write and read; that they be impossible to
decipher; and, in some cases, that they be without suspicion.” Bacon
remarks that though ciphers were commonly in letters and
alphabets, yet they might be in words. Upon this basis codes have
been constructed, classified words taken from dictionaries being
made to represent complete ideas. In recent years such codes have
been adopted by governments, merchants, and others to
communicate by telegraph, and have served the purpose not only of
keeping business affairs private, but also of reducing the excessive
cost of telegraphic messages to distant points. Obviously this class
of ciphers presents greater difficulties to the skill of the decipherer.
Figures and other characters have been also used as letters, and
with them ranges of numerals have been combined as the
representatives of syllables, parts of words, words themselves, and
complete phrases. Shorthand marks and other arbitrary characters
have also been largely imported into cryptographic systems to
represent both letters and words. Complications have been
introduced into ciphers by the employment of “dummy” letters or
words. Other devices have been introduced to perplex the
decipherer, such as spelling words backward, making false divisions
between words, etc. The greatest security against the decipherers
has been found in the use of what might be called a double code.
One of the double-code methods is that after the message has been
put into, say, a figure code, to recode it in one in which only words or
consonants appear.
Variety is also of great importance. All the world might know the
principle upon which a cipher is constructed, and yet the changes
may be so numerous as, like those of the Yale lock, to be almost
infinite. No cipher can ever be perfect where the same letter, figure,
or character is always represented in the same manner; some mode
must be adopted by which an endless variety may be secured.
During the time of the Great Commoner, Sir John Trevanion, a
distinguished cavalier, was made prisoner, and locked up in
Colchester Castle. Sir Charles Lucas and Sir George Lisle had just
been made examples of as a warning to “malignants,” and Trevanion
had every reason for expecting a similar bloody end. As he awaited
his doom, indulging in a hearty curse in round cavalier terms at the
canting, crop-eared scoundrels who held him in durance vile, and
muttering a wish that he had fallen sword in hand facing the foe, he
was startled by the entrance of the jailer, who handed him a letter:
“May’t do thee good,” growled the fellow; “it has been well looked
to before it was permitted to come to thee.”
Sir John took the letter and the jailer left him his lamp by which to
read it: