sustainability-15-11720

sustainability
Article
Research on the POPi Digital Model Framework for BIM
Implementation in High-Rise Megaprojects
Yuken Ying 1,2 , Jie Wu 1, *, Qilin Zhang 1 , Jin Jin 2 and Pengfei Wang 3
1 College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; yingyuken@smartbim.cn (Y.Y.);
zhangqilin@tongji.edu.cn (Q.Z.)
2 Shanghai SmartBIM Consulting Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China; jinjin@smartbim.cn
3 School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; 1980pfwang@tongji.edu.cn
* Correspondence: wwujie@tongji.edu.cn
Abstract: For more than a decade, researchers and practitioners have been working to advance
the implementation of virtual design and construction (VDC) and building information modeling
(BIM) in the construction industry. Based on the product-organization-process (POP) research model
of VDC/BIM, this paper presents the product-organization-process-infrastructure (POPi) digital
framework by adding the core element: the software and hardware infrastructure. This paper
discusses the element models and corresponding relationship of the POPi framework in terms of
practical characteristics: the diversity of BIM applications and software in high-rise megaprojects and
cross-organizational task interdependence. In addition, by combining the practices of the Suzhou
Zhongnan Center, this study analyzes the four core element models of the POPi framework and
discusses the typical applications and benefits to projects in design and the early stage of construction
based on the element models. The research results provide a theoretical framework for the BIM
application and related software development of similar projects.
Keywords: VDC; BIM; infrastructure; POPi; framework; high-rise megaproject
Citation: Ying, Y.; Wu, J.; Zhang, Q.;

Jin, J.; Wang, P. Research on the POPi
1. Introduction
Digital Model Framework for BIM Currently, the Architectural, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry still plays
Implementation in High-Rise an important role in the country’s social and economic development. The AEC sector
Megaprojects. Sustainability 2023, 15, accounts for 6.9% of China’s gross domestic product (GDP) [1]. However, the production
11720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ environment of this industry is relatively complex, and the production and management
su151511720 efficiency is low, owing to the dynamics of the construction site, weather changes, infe-
Academic Editors: Namhyuk Ham rior materials, and other issues [2–5], as well as backward production and management
and Sungkon Moon methods, differences in the abilities of participants, and information fragmentation [6,7].
In essence, a construction project is based on collaboration between entities and
Received: 28 April 2023 information and requires reliable information and cross-organizational collaboration and
Revised: 22 July 2023
communication. Recent studies on and practices in engineering projects indicate that
Accepted: 27 July 2023
the application of building information modeling (BIM) is considered a revolutionary
Published: 29 July 2023
technology in addressing information fragmentation in engineering projects [8], especially
large megaprojects with complex functions, promoting collaboration between participants
and improving management efficiency. It is widely believed that BIM can reduce project
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
costs and delivery time, improve product quality [9], and increase labor productivity
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. and enterprise competitiveness [10]. BIM has developed from 3D digital design into an
This article is an open access article integrated technology that is visualized, parameterized, and automated. The application
distributed under the terms and of BIM covers the full life-cycle of a construction project, including design, construction,
conditions of the Creative Commons and operation and maintenance phases, and includes diversified areas such as site analysis,
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// design scheme display and comparison, multidisciplinary collaboration, etc. at the design
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ stage [8,11,12]; quantity surveying, performance analysis, clash detection, construction
4.0/). scheme simulation, schedule simulation, and site planning at the construction stage [13–16];
Sustainability 2023, 15, 11720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511720 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2023, 15, 11720 2 of 21
and visual operation and maintenance, asset management, maintenance, and emergency
management at the operation management stage [17,18].
The integration in BIM is clearly manifested in the virtual design and construction
(VDC) theory proposed by the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) at Stanford
University. VDC focuses on collaboration and system integration during the design and
construction processes of engineering projects [19]. Furthermore, an operable digital
technology and method based on VDC/BIM is needed to innovate technical tools and
transform organization modes and management processes [20]. The product-organization-
process (POP) model of construction projects is prompted to be further applied in the
integrated management paradigm.
Although VDC and POP can support the integrated construction of projects theoreti-
cally, the problems of “information fragmentation” have not been solved [21]. To address
this issue, several solutions have been proposed. For instance, Anumba and Duke [22]
suggested using “Internet and local area network technology” to establish a collaborative
communication infrastructure and form a “collaborative integrated communication facility
for engineering construction”. Siountri et al. [23] and Teizer et al. [24] put forward the
concept of a “virtual project collaborative environment” and applied the IOT technology
to the construction site. No et al. [25] investigated the application of software in specific
scenarios and the suitability of information transmission. Obviously, the configuration
of infrastructure such as hardware and software will affect the application effect of BIM
in engineering projects. Li and He [26] proposed that without the development of soft-
ware and hardware infrastructure, VDC/BIM theories, standards, and applications cannot
be implemented.
This study proposes a newly formed POPi digital theoretical framework based on the
combination of the original POP model and the element of infrastructure “i” and details the
organic relationship of the four elements in the framework: product, organization, process,
and infrastructure. To verify the proposed framework, a complex high-rise megaproject is
selected as an application case, since this kind of project generally has large investment
scales, long construction periods, multiple participants, and difficulties in implementing
functions, resulting in the traditional production and management modes and information
communication methods being far from sufficient to effectively manage these projects.
Furthermore, the framework of POPi is then applied to the further development of a
software platform.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a review of
the basic connotation of VDC/BIM in engineering projects. Section 3 details the POPi
digital integration framework. Section 4 introduces the practical application of the POPi
framework in the Zhongnan Center project. Section 5 provides conclusions with the
highlights of this study and puts forward the future research directions.
2. Basic Connotation of VDC/BIM in Engineering Projects

2.1. Meaning of BIM
Some scholars, including Eastman, consider BIM a technology or method and believe
that BIM is the integrated application of a series of building model software programs.
In BIM, building can be expressed by creating data for parameterized models that are
visualized in 3D and intelligently computed and analyzed via functional software [8].
Scholars such as Succar [27] believe that BIM is a parameterized model-based management
system where participants cooperate and integrate with each other and technologies,
processes, and policies are integrated to manage data and information during the full life
cycle of buildings. Kunz and Fischer [28] further expand the meaning of BIM in the context
of engineering project management and assert that in the process of realizing VDC, in
addition to the physical model of the product, there are organizational and process models,
collectively referred to as project models.
2.2. Application Characteristics of BIM

Affected by the inherent features of the engineering project production process, the
application process of BIM shows clear practical characteristics, which are reflected in
two aspects:
(1) BIM is diverse with respect to its application, software, and hardware. Studies in China
and elsewhere have demonstrated that BIM can be applied in different stages of an
engineering project and involves the work content, application fields, and application
points of different participants. The application of BIM in Shanghai plays a leading
role nationwide. In 2017, the Shanghai BIM Guidelines were updated. They list 9 major
aspects of BIM application during the full life cycle of an engineering project, with a
total of 39 basic application points [29]. To implement these functions, different BIM
software and hardware are needed. In addition to basic model creation and analysis
and simulation software, BIM software broadly includes the following: a collaborative
project management platform, an operation and maintenance system, and quantity
calculations. These types of BIM software, together with the corresponding hardware,
constitute the infrastructure for BIM applications.
(2) The application of BIM is cross-organizational task interdependent. As a complex in-
formation interaction process, the application of BIM in engineering projects requires
different participants to cooperate with and support each other, i.e., task interde-
pendence. This arrangement is a type of cross-organizational collaboration. The
cross-organization coordination of information interaction and sharing based on BIM
in the project layer creates multipoint webbed communication with strong task inter-
dependence. The individual functions of BIM, such as model creation and collision
detection, can be completed by individuals. However, for design coordination, model
integration, and BIM-based collaborative management, multiple participants are re-
quired for cross-organizational collaboration. Dossick and Neff [30] found that unlike
the traditional management mode and information fragmentation, BIM application
requires the coordination and cooperation of all participants in the project. Differences
in cross-organizational cooperation can influence the effect of BIM application in
engineering projects.
2.3. Connotation of VDC/BIM

The CIFE of Stanford University first proposed the concept of VDC [19,31]. VDC is
the process of applying cross-professional, multidisciplinary, and integrated BIM in the
construction process of engineering projects to accurately show and control engineering
projects to better achieve project management goals. Emerging at nearly the same time,
VDC and BIM are different perspectives on the model application of project informa-
tion. BIM is more akin to the digital foundation of the integrated application of VDC.
Guanpei [32] described the relationship between BIM and VDC as follows: BIM is a subset
of VDC; it is equivalent to the product model of VDC. Through an in-depth study on VDC,
Guangbin et al. [33] from Tongji University proposed that VDC/BIM theory and methods
would be widely applied to the informatization of the building industry. For engineering
projects in China, through the integration model of VDC, the complete data and informa-
tion of project construction can be generated, and the assistance of visual design can be
realized, which greatly improves the design efficiency [34].
3. POPi Digital Integration Framework Based on BIM

3.1. Integrated POP Model
Based on BIM, VDC contains the innovative idea of integrated management in engi-
neering construction. Through years of study and application, the connotation of VDC has
been further expanded and enriched. Based on the VDC/BIM theory, Kunz and Fischer [28]
from Stanford University proposed a POP model to summarize the project models that
integrate product, organization, and process in the construction process of engineering
projects; this model is called the POP model in this study.
3.2. Software and Hardware Infrastructure of BIM

As mentioned in Section 2.2, due to the diversity of BIM applications and software,
the software and hardware infrastructures can influence the effect of BIM applications in
engineering projects and play a key role in the VDC/BIM application in particular. In this
study, the software and hardware are collectively called infrastructures. With the rapid
development of information technology, the software and hardware technologies and tools
of VDC/BIM have been greatly improved, gradually forming a complex, mutually coupled,
and data-interconnected digital ecological environment. Here, we refer to these hardware
and software infrastructure configurations collectively as BIM software and hardware
infrastructure (abbreviated as infrastructure).
Industry applications have found that the selection and configuration of different
software and hardware have a great impact on VDC/BIM applications. Related research
reveals that the entire industry is outlining the importance of implementing the right
software/hardware (or collectively referred to using different methods and tools) and pro-
viding continuous training to the BIM team as well as checking if the new process is well
integrated into the current one [35]. First, without BIM software and hardware, VDC/BIM
application is impossible. Second, different software and hardware must contend with the
data storage format of the BIM product model (such as the .rvt data format of the Revit
software and the .nwd data format of Navisworks software). The use of the .nwd data
format and interactive forms have a great influence; in addition, various BIM software and
hardware cover model creation software are suitable for designers, and model application
software are suitable for managers. The development of BIM software and hardware pro-
motes the flattening of the project organization structure (organization model); finally, the
application of the BIM collaboration platform in BIM software and hardware has greatly im-
proved the project management process (process model) and promoted cross-organization
and multi-participant collaboration. The emergence and development of advanced tech-
nologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), geographic information
systems (GIS), 5G networks, etc. [36–38] and innovative applications such as cloud storage,
virtual reality (VR), digital twins (DTs), mobile internet technology, etc. [39–42] will affect
the future development of the AEC industry. The field of construction engineering has
gradually entered the industrial Internet era, and the associated influence of infrastructure,
products, organizations, and processes in the BIM application process is also increasing.
3.3. POPi Digital Integration Framework

VDC/BIM is an innovative IT method applied in the construction process of engi-
neering projects. POPi draws on the related integration philosophy of integrated project
delivery (IPD) [43]. Through the integration of the four core elements of product, orga-
nization, process, and infrastructure, VDC/BIM can be applied to the full life cycle of
engineering projects through the multidisciplinary performance model. Despite the very
large gains, there are many obstacles in the process of VDC/BIM application. In addi-
tion to the lack of an effective communication mechanism, collaboration, mutual trust,
and interoperability, an operable implementation framework for VDC/BIM has not been
established [11,31]. This paper proposes a POPi digital integration framework based on
the models for the four core elements of VDC/BIM, as shown in Figure 1, which is a
project model describing digital application. From the POPi integration framework, the
internal interactive detailed process of any digital application task can be deconstructed.
Specifically, the POPi integration framework can be used to describe how BIM-based digital
technology implements specific project tasks. The project model structurally expresses
the digital technology application points of the actual project. For example, the role is
required to complete the digital technology application points, the workflow is followed,
the software and hardware infrastructures are required, and digital products that meet
standard requirements are created. Moreover, the digital technology application of the
entire engineering project can be expressed in these terms.
POPi integration framework can be used to describe how BIM-based digital technology
implements specific project tasks. The project model structurally expresses the digital
technology application points of the actual project. For example, the role is required to
complete the digital technology application points, the workflow is followed, the software
and hardware infrastructures are required, and digital products that meet standard re-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 11720
quirements are created. Moreover, the digital technology application of the entire 5engi-
of 21
neering project can be expressed in these terms.
Figure1.
Figure 1. POPi
POPi digital
digital integration
integration framework.
framework.
Applying the
Applying the project
project model
model overover the
the full
full life
life cycle
cycle ofof the
theproject
projectcancanbetter
betterleverage
leverage
digital
digital technology
technology to to achieve
achieve project
project goals.
goals. In In the
the beginning
beginning of of project
project development,
development, the the
owner
owner determines
determinesan an overall
overall goal
goal for
for the
the application
application of of BIM
BIM during
during project
project planning,
planning, and
and
the
the executive
executive decomposes
decomposes and and continuously
continuously refinesrefines the
the project
project during
during the the construction
construction
process (every task in each stage can generate
process (every task in each stage can generate a subgoal) a subgoal) and assesses it with some per-
formance
formance assessment methods. Subgoals can decompose the project model into element
assessment methods. Subgoals can decompose the project model into element
models
models of of POPi,
POPi, i.e.,
i.e., aa product
product model,
model, an an organizational
organizational model, model, aa process
process model,
model, and
and anan
infrastructure
infrastructuremodel.
model.
The
The product
product model
model (P) (P) contains
contains thethe BIM
BIM product,
product, BIM
BIM content,
content, and
and BIMBIM quality.
quality. The
The
BIM product refers to the models produced during task implementation,
BIM product refers to the models produced during task implementation, including 3D including 3D and
4D-nD models.
and 4D-nD The BIM
models. Thecontent is the detailed
BIM content information
is the detailed during the
information task implementation
during the task imple-
or the BIM construction process. BIM quality refers to the specifications
mentation or the BIM construction process. BIM quality refers to the specifications and requirements and
that the BIM engineer
requirements that the or BIM project mustorfollow
engineer project during task implementation
must follow or the modeling
during task implementation or
process. The product
the modeling process. model is either model
The product a model is created
either ainmodel
the middle
created of in
thetheprocess,
middle such as
of the
the process
process, integration
such modelintegration
as the process produced model duringproduced
collision detection, or the facility
during collision accepted
detection, or the
upon project completion.
facility accepted upon project completion.
The
Theorganizational
organizational model
model(O) (O)
includes the participants
includes and the and
the participants organizational flowchart
the organizational
involved in the task phase. The organizational model can accurately
flowchart involved in the task phase. The organizational model can accurately reflect the reflect the coordination
relationship
coordinationbetween personnel
relationship frompersonnel
between different unitsfromand organizations
different units and and the architecture
organizations and
of the organization and personnel so that the project manager can properly deploy person-
nel for project management. The organizational model involves all the teams or individuals
who participate in the project. The digital management system created under the digital
integration framework of POPi provides organizational support for the entire project.
The process model (P) includes integrated concurrent engineering meetings and work-
flow diagrams. By continuously integrating concurrent engineering meetings, stakeholders
keep discussing project objectives, possible problems, solutions, and result forecasts. Thus,
problems are solved by project stakeholders at meetings. Because the workflow diagram
reflects the process that must be followed to implement tasks, it can help the executive
plan the implementation of the entire project. The process model reflects the summary and
record of the project workflow in the process of implementation.
The process model (P) includes integrated concurrent engineering meetings and
workflow diagrams. By continuously integrating concurrent engineering meetings, stake-
holders keep discussing project objectives, possible problems, solutions, and result fore-
casts. Thus, problems are solved by project stakeholders at meetings. Because the work-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 11720 flow diagram reflects the process that must be followed to implement tasks, it can6 of help
21
the executive plan the implementation of the entire project. The process model reflects the
summary and record of the project workflow in the process of implementation.
Theinfrastructure
The infrastructure model
model (i) (i) is
is the
the software,
software,hardware,
hardware,orornetwork
networkfacilities
facilities used
used by
the organization to complete a product or to achieve goals during
by the organization to complete a product or to achieve goals during project construc- project construction.
Currently,
tion. therethere
Currently, are many types types
are many of software and hardware
of software for BIMfor
and hardware applications
BIM applicationsin engi-
neering projects, and the use of different software across organizations
in engineering projects, and the use of different software across organizations can result can result in the
ininteraction of achievements.
the interaction of achievements.The POPi The digital integration
POPi digital framework
integration appliesapplies
framework a unique a
functional
unique analysis
functional method
analysis to integrate
method the infrastructures
to integrate the infrastructuresoverover
the full life life
the full cycle of the
cycle of
project.
the project.
InInsummary,
summary,the thePOPi
POPiframework
frameworkisiscomposedcomposedofofthe thefollowing
followingelements:
elements:(1) (1)aaclear
clear
description of
description of the the owner and task goals; (2) measurable performance of the
task goals; (2) measurable performance of the project; (3) project; (3) the
project
the projectmodel
model(including product,
(including product, organization,
organization, process, andand
process, infrastructure
infrastructure models);
models);and
(4) (4)
and a clear description
a clear descriptionof of
thetheproject’s
project’stasktaskgoals
goals(daily,
(daily, weekly, milestone ranges).
weekly, and milestone ranges).
Accordingtotothe
According theresearch
researchofofKunz
Kunzand andFischer
Fischer[28]
[28]ininrelated
relatedfields,
fields,there
thereisisan
aninformation
information
flowand
flow andaacircular
circularrelationship
relationshipbetween
betweenthese theseelements
elementsofofthe thePOPi
POPiframework,
framework,asasshown shown
ininFigure
Figure2.2. Each
Each element
element in the POPi POPi framework
frameworkprovides
providesdata datafor
forits
itsrelated
relatedelements
elementsto
toinform
informthe the process
process and
and result
result of of
thethe task.
task. AsAsthethe project
project progresses,
progresses, thethe
data data
cancanflow flow
for-
forward
ward inin a timely
a timely manner
manner toto create
create thethe final
final consistent
consistent project
project performance
performance evaluation
evaluation in-
indicators.
dicators. In Inaddition,
addition,these
these evaluation
evaluation indicators can produce produce aa feedback
feedbackloop loopso sothat
thatthethe
executive
executiveteamteamcancanupdate
updatethethePOPi
POPiproject
projectmodel.
model.
Figure2.2.Relationship
Figure Relationshipbetween
betweenelements
elementsininthe
thePOPi
POPidigital
digitalintegration
integrationframework.
framework.
InInaddition,
addition,the
the research
research of Kunz
of Kunz andand Fischer
Fischer [28,44]
[28,44] fromfrom Stanford
Stanford University
University pro-
provides
vides analysis
analysis methods methods for further
for further deconstructing
deconstructing elements
elements of theofPOPi
the POPi framework,
framework, and
and the
the content
content of subitem
of each each subitem
of theoffour
theelement
four element
modelsmodels is expressed
is expressed and analyzed
and analyzed from
from three
aspects, i.e., F (Function), F (Form) and B (Behavior), referred to as the FFB analysis method.
3.4. Internal Mechanism of the POPi Digital Integration Framework

Modern engineering project management cannot be achieved without the support
of information tools. In practice, different stages, such as planning, design, construction,
and operation and maintenance, are supported by digital technology. BIM is applied in
many stages of the project, such as selecting planning schemes by the 3D visualization of
BIM, applying BIM’s 3D geometric properties for collaborative design, utilizing BIM data
for numerical control machining, using the simulation characteristics of BIM to simulate
the construction plan, and using BIM data to integrate Internet of Things (IoT) data for
operation and maintenance management.
Digital applications of engineering construction are based on the four core elements of
the POPi framework. In this process, digital technology and project entities are organically
combined or integrated. The product model, organizational model, process model, and
infrastructure model are the processes that define the roles, digital models, process to
be used, and BIM software and hardware tools that are employed to complete digital
applications, respectively. The POPi digital integration framework can be used for overall
digital planning and top-level design and employed to guide applications for specific
digital tasks.
According to Kunz and Fischer [28], the product model is implemented by BIM soft-
ware, the process model by a 4D information system, and the organizational model by
the organization simulation system SimVision. The product, organization, and process
are associated with the corresponding software and hardware infrastructures. From the
single-function software in the early stage to the current compound software and hard-
ware infrastructure system based on the internet, IoT, and data flow, the basic design of
software and hardware has always been the implementation tool and information carrier
for VDC/BIM applications. Therefore, BIM software and hardware infrastructures play
a key role in implementing the POPi framework. Note that the solution to the software
integration system over the full life cycle involves both tool and management applications.
The POP framework created by the product model, organizational model, and process
model in the production process can be solidified in the infrastructure model (i), as shown
in Figure 3. Therefore, the software and hardware infrastructure should be selected and
configured according to the actual demands of the product model, organizational model,
and process model. On the one hand, different software can be used to solve problems in
different specialties. For example, Revit can create architecture, structure, and MEP models,
and Tekla can create steel structure models or prefabricated concrete models. On the other
hand, different users use different types of software. For example, modelers often use
Revit
Sustainability 2023, or Tekla,
15, x FOR while project managers usually operate Navisworks or BIM lightweight 8
PEER REVIEW of 23
integrated system platforms.
Product Organization Process
Infrastructure
Figure diagram
Figure 3. Relationship 3. Relationship diagram of POPi.
of POPi.
Therefore, the integrated management of engineering projects can be achieved by

establishing a BIM-based digital full-process integration system to integrate the core data
during the whole process, including design, production, transportation, and installation,
into the system platform to effectively integrate the product data, organization permis-
sions, and work process. According to related research [45], this paper uses the practice
Therefore, the integrated management of engineering projects can be achieved by

establishing a BIM-based digital full-process integration system to integrate the core data
during the whole process, including design, production, transportation, and installation,
into the system platform to effectively integrate the product data, organization permissions,
and work process. According to related research [45], this paper uses the practice method
(a typical case) to verify the implementation effects of progressive BIM technology and the
POPi framework.
4. Practical Application of the POPi Framework in the Zhongnan Center

4.1. About the Project
4.1.1. Project Overview
The Suzhou Zhongnan Center is located in the central business district (CBD) to the
west of Jinji Lake, Suzhou, and is a complex high-rise megaproject. It is adjacent to the
Century Plaza to the north, close to the Xingzhou Street double-layer 3D transportation
system to the east, and faces high-rise residential buildings to the southeast. This project
covers 513,375 m2 of floor area, including 103 floors with 364,606 m2 of floor area above
ground and six floors with 148,769 m2 of floor area underground; the height of the main
building is 499 m. With the goals of building a green, ecological, intelligent, efficient, and
multifunctional high-rise complex, this project aims to build a modern large-scale complex
integrating sightseeing, an eight-star hotel, top-class apartments, and an international 5A
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 23
office building and world-class top-level commercial building (Figure 4). With complicated
commercial activities, this project has many specialties that necessitate subcontractors. The
building height is strictly controlled, and the underground reverse construction method
ismethod
complicated. Following
is complicated. the owner’s
Following requirements,
the owner’s this project
requirements, must meet
this project mustvery
meethigh
very
standards for project
high standards quality
for project and progress.
quality and progress.
Figure4.4.Overall
Figure Overallrendering
renderingof
ofthe
theZhongnan
ZhongnanCenter
Centerproject.
project.
4.1.2.
4.1.2.Application
Application Background
Background
The effective implementation
The effective implementation of BIM is key
of BIM is for
keythe
forZhongnan Center Center
the Zhongnan project to achieve
project to
specialized management,
achieve specialized reduce costs,
management, and shorten
reduce theshorten
costs, and construction period. The importance
the construction period. The
and challenges
importance andofchallenges
the projectofare asproject
the follows:
are as follows:
(1) There are
(1) There are many
many participating
participating parties
parties throughout
throughout the the life
life cycle
cycle of
of the
the project,
project,including
including
more than 20 major participants. Communication and coordination
more than 20 major participants. Communication and coordination are difficult, are difficult,
re-
requiring an efficient organizational process.
quiring an efficient organizational process.
(2) The design
(2) The design process
process is
is complex,
complex, and
and the
the number
number of of drawings
drawings andand other
other documents
documentsisis
immense. Determining how to improve the efficiency of design communicationand
immense. Determining how to improve the efficiency of design communication and
coordination and
coordination and ensure
ensure design
design quality
quality is
is aa great
great challenge.
challenge.
(3) The structural system is complex, and construction is difficult. The main structure is
a “mega frame-core tube structure system”. The depth of the six floors of the founda-
tion pit excavation is 33.4 m, and the reverse construction method is adopted.
(4) The owner lacks experience in the development and management of similar projects.
They must rely on modern technology and management methods, as well as the inte-
grated wisdom and experience of project consultants and contractors.
(3) The structural system is complex, and construction is difficult. The main structure is a
“mega frame-core tube structure system”. The depth of the six floors of the foundation
pit excavation is 33.4 m, and the reverse construction method is adopted.
(4) The owner lacks experience in the development and management of similar projects.
They must rely on modern technology and management methods, as well as the
integrated wisdom and experience of project consultants and contractors.
Based on these points, the Zhongnan Center project established a POPi integrated
application method based on BIM technology. It aims to improve the owner’s compre-
hensive management ability through the in-depth application of BIM technology and to
achieve the overall project goal. Aiming to address the key and difficult points, the POPi
method can manage and coordinate the data and application results through a common
data environment (CDE), solve the problems of design drawings to improve design qual-
ity through the multidisciplinary collaboration of BIM models, supply a guarantee for
the construction process of complex structural systems through construction simulation,
and provide support for owner decision-making through the real-time visual display of
the models.
The collaborative management platform and workflow established for this project
can guarantee real-time collaboration between multiple specialties in the entire process.
First, to ensure the effective flow of BIM information among the elements of the project,
the BIM Implementation Guidelines are prepared according to the design and construction
standards of the BIM applications and characteristics of this project. The POPi digital
integration framework can guide digital applications, including overall digital planning
and the application of a single task.
4.2. POPi Element Model for the Suzhou Zhongnan Center

The BIM Implementation Guidelines clearly specify the task and goal of each element
under the POPi framework and plan in detail the product technical requirements, the
organizational structure, the workflow (process), and the software and hardware configura-
tion (infrastructure) provided during the implementation of this project, which provides
a basis for the application of BIM in the project. Specifically, these requirements include
the following:
(1) Organization: The BIM consulting team is introduced to establish a BIM organizational
structure with the owner as the core and all participants working collaboratively. The
responsibilities and work responsibilities of each participant are defined.
(2) Process: According to the characteristics of the Zhongnan Center project, the BIM
application collaboration process is set at different stages, such as forming a “visual
information sharing and problem solving mechanism” through BIM at the design
phase to improve drawing quality and a “real-time comparison model and real-life
construction quality management mechanism” through BIM+ scanning and BIM
platform application to promote the owner’s ability to control the construction quality
at the construction phase.
(3) Model: To realize BIM collaboration at different stages, the overall model accuracy
requirements of LOD300, LOD350, and LOD400 are set at the design, construction
and operation, and maintenance stages separately.
(4) Infrastructure: For the entire project, the CDE and the corresponding hardware and
software platforms are set up, and the application software and versions of different
scenarios are standardized. It is required to provide unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
and laser scanning data in specific scenarios, and all software and hardware data can
be exchanged.
4.2.1. Product Model

The BIM implementation team of the Suzhou Zhongnan Center employs visual soft-
ware (e.g., Revit and Navisworks) to build a 3D product model according to the draw-
ings of different specialties, including architecture, structure, mechanical and electrical,
and laser scanning data in specific scenarios, and all software and hardware data can
be exchanged.
4.2.1. Product Model

Sustainability 2023, 15, 11720 The BIM implementation team of the Suzhou Zhongnan Center employs visual soft-10 of 21
ware (e.g., Revit and Navisworks) to build a 3D product model according to the drawings
of different specialties, including architecture, structure, mechanical and electrical, curtain
wall and steelwall
curtain structure, andstructure,
and steel modeling and
standards,
modelingas shown in Figure
standards, 5. These
as shown disciplines
in Figure 5. These
and integrated
disciplines and integrated models provide the database for BIM applicationsframe-
models provide the database for BIM applications within the POPi within the
work.POPi framework.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Figure 5. Product
Figure modelsmodels
5. Product of different specialties.
of different (a) Building
specialties. model. (b)
(a) Building Structural
model. model. (c) model.
(b) Structural Elec- (c)
tromechanical model. (d)model.
Electromechanical Large (d)
baseplate model. (e)model.
Large baseplate Steel bar
(e) model.
Steel bar model.
4.2.2. Organizational Model

The BIM application cost is provided by the owner, who hopes to create value for
managing the entire life cycle of the project. The BIM organizational structure is estab-
lished based on this goal. Therefore, considering the background of project application,
4.2.2. Organizational Model

The BIM application cost is provided by the owner, who hopes to create value for
managing the entire life cycle of the project. The BIM organizational structure is established
based on this goal. Therefore, considering the background of project application, the
owner’s general idea is to require the BIM consulting team to coordinate the design side to
carry out modeling, visual presentation, and coordination at the design stage to optimize
the design and improve design quality. At the construction stage, the BIM consulting
team coordinates the construction participants to detail the models and apply them within
various disciplinary scopes. In the construction management process, the 3D scanning
results are used for on-site review. The BIM consulting team is responsible for the review,
supplementation, and submission of the construction process and as-built models. The
whole management process is realized by each project participant under the collaborative
BIM platform of the project.
Led by the owner, the Zhongnan Center project has engaged a BIM consultant as the
general project coordinator. The architect, general contractor, specialty subcontractor, and
supplier are required to build their own BIM teams so that they can apply BIM. The BIM
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW
consultant prepares the project standards and controls measures to plan and manage 12 ofthe
23
entire BIM implementation team (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Organizational chart for the project.

Figure 6. Organizational chart for the project.
4.2.3. Process
Process Model
With the POPi
POPi framework,
framework,various
variousprocesses
processesofofthe
theproject
projectwere
were developed
developed in in detail
detail to
to guide
guide thethe development
development of of
thethe entire
entire project.
project.
The workflow
workflowprepared
preparedfor forthe
theBIM
BIM application
application in different
in different stages
stages is shown
is shown in
in Fig-
Figures
ures 7 and
7 and 8. 8.
TheThe owner’s
owner’s BIMBIM team
team is isresponsible
responsiblefor
forthe
theapplication
applicationofofBIM
BIM achieve-
achieve-
ments; the
ments; theBIM
BIMconsultant
consultantteamteamcontrols
controls andand manages
manages thethe quality,
quality, progress,
progress, andanddatadata
se-
security
curity of the
of the entire
entire BIM; BIM;
eacheach participant’s
participant’s BIM BIM
teamteam
builds builds the corresponding
the corresponding BIM
BIM prod-
product
uct modelmodel according
according to the
to the drawings
drawings and and modeling
modeling standardsand
standards andsolves
solvesthe
the problems
problems
encountered in the implementation process at each stage.
Figure 7 shows a typical BIM workflow during the design phase. Firstly, BIM models
are created based on the provided drawing information, and the generated reports verify
whether they meet the design specifications. Then, 3D collision detections and compre-
hensive pipeline optimizations are conducted until all collision points are solved. Further-
more, head clearance verifications and optimizations are carried out until all net clearance
requirements are satisfied. Finally, architectural, structural, and MEP drawings are gen-
erated directly from BIM models.
Model adjustment based on the test report
No No
Yes Clash detection Focus on solving the
Data Yes
Start Modelling 3D pipe comprehensive headroom
Preparation
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of1223
Sustainability 2023, 15, 11720 optimization complicated position of 21
Design Clash or not
requirements
satisfy or not
Cooperate Architect According to the
Modeldrawings
working adjustment based on the test report actual situation to
output adjust
No No the net height
No requirements
Yes
Cooperate Clash
structure detection Focus Vertical
on solving the
Data Yes Yes
Start Modelling 3D pipe
working drawings comprehensive headroom
headroom
Preparation End
Design output optimization Clash or not
complicated position
optimization
Net height
requirements requirement
satisfy or not Cooperate MEP meet or not
working drawings
Cooperate Architect According to the
output
working drawings actual situation to
output adjust the net height
No requirements
Cooperate structure Yes Vertical
End working drawings headroom
Design Drawings of various output Architecture Structure Optimization
optimization
drawings professions Model Net height
Model Documents
requirement
Cooperate MEP other
meet or not
working drawings MEP Model Models
output
Figure 7. Workflow (Design Phase).
Figure 8 shows a typical BIM workflow during the construction phase. Firstly, de-
Design Drawings of various Architecture Structure Optimization
drawings tailed BIM models
professionsare created based on shop drawing
Model Model models and detailed
Documents
drawings.
Then, these models are used to check 3D collisions.other Afterward, the models are applied for
schedule, quality, safety management, MEP Model
and otherModels
applications at the construction stage.
When the project moves to the indoor construction stage, 3D scanning models are needed
Figure
to 7.7.Workflow
adjust
Figure Workflow
as-built BIM (Design Phase).
models.
(Design Finally, equipment information is added to the BIM models.
Phase).
Figure 8 shows a typical BIM workflow during the construction phase. Firstly, de-
tailed BIM models are created based on shop drawing models and detailed
Deepening Design drawings.
Model handover
Start
Data Then, these models are used to check 3D collisions. Afterward, the models are applied for
Construction
Preparation Detailed Model
schedule, quality, safety management, and other applications at thequality,
schedule, construction
safety stage.
No
When the project moves to the indoor construction stage, management
3D scanning and other applications
models
in the construction stage
are needed
Detailed
to adjust as-built Clash Finally, equipment
Model BIM models. Yes information is added to the BIM models.
Optimization detection
Model
examination
Deepening Design Model handover
On-site
Data Construction construction
Start
Preparation Detailed Model
schedule, quality, safety
Focused area
No management and other applications
3D scanning
in the construction stage
Detailed Model Clash Based on 3D scanning
Yes
Equipment
End
Optimization detection model to adjust as-built
information input
Model
Model
examination
On-site
construction
Design Design Equipment Construction Focused

As-built Model Point Cloudarea
Data
Model Drawings information deepening model 3D scanning
Based on 3D scanning
Construction
Equipment
End model to adjustdeepening
as-built drawings
information input
Model
Figure8.8.Workflow
Figure Workflow (Construction
(Construction Phase).
Phase).
Figure 7 shows a typical BIM workflow during the design phase. Firstly, BIM mod-
Design Design Equipment Construction
Model Drawings
els areAs-built
created Modelbased on the provided drawing
information
information,
deepening model
Point and the generated reports
Cloud Data
verify whether they meet the design specifications. Then, 3D collision detections and
Construction
comprehensive pipeline optimizations are deepening conducted until all collision points are solved.
drawings
Furthermore, head clearance verifications and optimizations are carried out until all net
Figure 8. Workflow
clearance requirements(Construction Phase).Finally, architectural, structural, and MEP drawings
are satisfied.
are generated directly from BIM models.
Figure 8 shows a typical BIM workflow during the construction phase. Firstly, detailed
BIM models are created based on shop drawing models and detailed drawings. Then, these
models are used to check 3D collisions. Afterward, the models are applied for schedule,
quality, safety management, and other applications at the construction stage. When the

project moves to the indoor construction stage, 3D scanning models are needed to adjust
as-built BIM models. Finally, equipment information is added to the BIM models.
4.2.4.Infrastructure
4.2.4. InfrastructureModel
Model
Softwareand
Software and hardware
hardware facilities
facilities are
areessential
essentialfactors
factorsinin
thethe
BIM implementation
BIM implementation pro-
cess. On
process. On the
theone
onehand,
hand,these
thesefacilities
facilitiesare
areequipped
equipped according
according to BIMBIM task
taskrequirements;
requirements;
ononthe
theother
other hand,
hand, the development
developmentof ofthethefacilities
facilitieshas
hasalso changed
also changed thethe
efficiency of BIM
efficiency of
tasks.
BIM tasks.
InInthe
theBIM
BIMplanning
planningofofthetheZhongnan
ZhongnanCenter Centerproject,
project,detailed
detailedsoftware
softwareandandhardware
hardware
infrastructures
infrastructuresfor fordifferent
differentimplementation
implementationstages stagesbased
basedononthetheBIM
BIMtask
taskimplementation
implementation
requirements
requirementsofofdifferent
differentparticipants
participantsare aredetermined.
determined.InInaddition,
addition,whenwhensoftware
softwareand and
hardware infrastructures for BIM applications are built, factors such
hardware infrastructures for BIM applications are built, factors such as the application as the application
requirements
requirementsof ofdifferent
different specialties, advantages,
advantages,and anddisadvantages
disadvantages of of software,
software, andand
uni-
uniform standards
form standards forfor
thethe interfaces
interfaces between
between different
different software
software areare considered,
considered, including
including the
the software
software configuration
configuration of systems
of systems (core(core modeling,
modeling, animation
animation production,
production, andand project
project plat-
platform management)
form management) andandthethe corresponding
corresponding hardware
hardware configuration
configuration (Figure
(Figure 9).9).
Item Configuration Amount Function
CPU Intel Xeon E5 1620V3

RAM DDR4 2400 64G As FTP server, domain
Server 1 control server, desktop
Hard disk Raid 2 （2*2T 7.2K RPM SATA 3.5’） delivery controller
GPU Nvidia Qudro K4000
CPU Intel Core（TM） i7-6700
Desktop RAM DDR4 2400 16G
2 Daily Modeling terminal
workstation Hard disk 128G SSD+1T 7.2K RPM SATA 3.5’
GPU Nvidia Qudro K2200
CPU Intel Xeon E3 1505M 2.8G-3.7G
RAM DDR4 2133 16G Local Modeling as
Laptop 2 emergency supplement;
Hard disk 1TB SSD PCIE On-site work
GPU Nvidia Qudro M2000M 4G
On-site real-time inspection,

Pad
64G A8X M8 motion coprocessor，10.1-inch screen WLAN+Cellular 2 installed pipeline and
—Huawei M3
reserved hole inspection
Figure9.9.Software
Figure Softwareand
andhardware
hardwareinfrastructures
infrastructures(basic).
(basic).
4.3.BIM
4.3. BIM Application
Application
4.3.1. BIM
4.3.1. BIM Collaborative
Collaborative Platform
Notably, the common
Notably, commondata dataenvironment
environment (CDE)
(CDE) provides
providesinformation
informationintegration ca-
integration
pabilities for
capabilities fororganizations
organizationsand andprocesses
processesininthe
thePOPi
POPiframework
frameworkand andisisexpected
expectedtotoplay
play
anincreasingly
an increasingly important
important role
role in
in BIM
BIM project management.
Inthe
In the Zhongnan
Zhongnan Center project, aa BIM BIMcollaborative
collaborativeplatform
platformtitled
titled“Jindouyun2018”
“Jindouyun2018”
was established for
was established for data data management according
according to the owner’s requirements(Figure
to the owner’s requirements (Figure10).
10).
The platform functions are designed
The platform functions are designed following following the POPi framework. For example,the
framework. For example, the
platformprovides
platform providesthe thedisplay
displayand
andmanagement
managementofofBIM BIMproduct
productmodels
modelsbothbothon
oncomputers
comput-
ers and
and on mobile
on mobile phones.
phones. Allorganizational
All organizationalparticipants
participants are
are given specific
specific permission
permission
settings. The
settings. The process
process realizes
realizes the collaborative
collaborative working
working scenario
scenarioof ofmultiple
multipleparticipants
participants
of the
of the project. TheTherelated
relatedauthoring
authoring software
software Autodesk
Autodesk Revit can transfer
Revit BIM model
can transfer data
BIM model
into into
data the platform,
the platform,which alsoalso
which contains other
contains othertypes
typesof of
data such
data suchasasCAD
CADdrawings
drawingsandand
officedocuments.
office documents.
Figure 10. Software and hardware infrastructures (collaborative).
Figure 10. Software and hardwareVirtual design and

infrastructures construction are realized through the integrated application of
(collaborative).
the collaborative platform and virtual reality technologies. The collaborative platform
realizes secure cloud data storage based on the cloud end, which allows the viewing, navi-
gating, and accessing of uploaded model information from multiple platforms. Through
Virtual design
the application andcollaborative
of the construction are realizedmanagement
platform, through the integrated
problems application
are properlyof clas-
the
collaborative platform and virtual reality technologies. The collaborative platform
sified and organized to be identified and followed up, and management efficiency is realizes
secure cloud improved.
substantially data storage based on the cloud end, which allows the viewing, navigating,
and accessing of uploaded model information from multiple platforms. Through the ap-
plication
4.3.2. of theDetection
Collision collaborative platform, management problems are properly classified and
organized
Figureto11beshows
identified and followed
the pipeline layoutup,in and management
the basement andefficiency
collision is substantially
detection. This
improved.
task must be completed through collaboration between different specialties, engineers,
and digital teams. When executing collision detection, the designer and model creator
4.3.2. Collision Detection
(Organization) cooperate with each other on the building model (Product) according to
Figure
drawings and11modeling
shows thestandards.
pipeline layout
Then,inthey
the basement and collision
look for collision detection.
points, submit aThis task
collision
must be
report andcompleted
optimizationthrough collaboration
achievement, between
and solve different
problems specialties,
by following engineers,
specific and
workflows
digital teams.
(Process). When
During theexecuting collisionthe
entire process, detection,
software theand
designer and model
hardware creator (Organ-
(infrastructure) in the
ization) cooperate
working environmentwithmust
eachbe
other on the building
standardized model (Product)
and implemented. according
The to drawings
relationship between
the software and hardware and the process of POPi subitems for the entire taskreport
and modeling standards. Then, they look for collision points, submit a collision and
are shown
optimization
in Figure 11. achievement, and solve problems by following specific workflows (Process).
During
Thethe entire process,
workflow thecategorizing
requires software andproblems
hardwarebefore
(infrastructure) in the As
solving them. working
shown en-in
vironment
Figure must
11, at the be
shopstandardized and implemented.
drawing phase, a total of 386 The relationship
problems on thebetween the soft-
drawings have
wareidentified
been and hardware andcollision
through the process of POPi
checks of the subitems
basement.forThese
the entire task can
problems are be
shown in
divided
Figure
into 11.
drawing problems, collision problems, special problems, and net height problems.
The significance of the classification is that it helps to identify problems and facilitates
communication among various professional participants in the organizational team easily.
Among them, the 48 drawing problems are relatively easy to modify; the 70 conflict
problems and the 95 special problems are the top concerns of designers, while the 173 net
height problems are the top concerns of owners, as head height relates to the functional
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 o
needs of different spaces. After this classification, the communication and coordination
works are substantially optimized.
Four categories Problems (386)
Drawing Problem Collision Problem Special Problem Net height Problem
48 70 95 173
Drawing Problem Collision Problem Special Problem Net height Problem
• Inconsistency of plane • Door & beam collision • Ramp, Stair • Business, Logistics area
drawing and section • Insufficient tube well space • Rolling shutter/Fire • Driveway, Parking Space
view • Water supply and drainage door • Unloading area, Equipment
• Unclear drawing pipes pass through the • Beam embed casing transportation route
Electricity distribution room inspection • Lobby, Lift Hall
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW • Insufficient space for beam- • Ring beam 17 of 23
slab overlap
Figure 11. Pipeline

Figurelayout in the layout
11. Pipeline basement andbasement
in the collision and
detection.
collision detection.
4.3.3. Head Clearance Optimization
4.3.3. Head Clearance Optimization
In the contextThe of workflow
the spatial requires
layoutcategorizing
being satisfied,problems beforewith
combined solving
thethem. As shown in F
pipeline
In the context
ure 11, of
at the
the spatial
shop layout being
drawing phase, satisfied,
a total combined
of 386 with the
problems onpipeline
the main- have b
drawings
maintenance conditions, the spatial layout of the pipeline is rationally arranged. The head
tenance conditions,
identifiedthe spatialcollision
through layout of the pipeline
checks of 12. is rationally
theAlthough
basement. arranged. The
These head
clearance optimization results are shown in Figure the headproblems
clearancecan be divided i
opti-
clearance optimization
drawing results
problems, are shown
collision in Figure
problems, 12. Although
special the
problems, head
and clearance
net heightopti-
mization
mizationofofcertain
certainparts
parts isisnot
notthe
the final
final design,
design, the optimized
the optimizedmodels
modelsstill
stillprovide helpproblems.
providehelp for
T
fortimely
timelyand significance
andrapid designof
rapiddesign the classification
adjustment, isreduces
that it errors,
whichreduces helps to identify problems
omissions, and facilitates co
anddeficiencies
deficiencies
munication adjustment,
among variouswhich
professional errors, omissions,
participants in and
the organizational inteam eas
inthe
theprocess
processdesign,
design,improves
improvesdesigndesignefficiency,
efficiency,andandensures
ensuresproject
projectconstructability.
constructability.
Among them, the 48 drawing problems are relatively easy to modify; the 70 conflict pr
lems and the 95 special problems are the top concerns of designers, while the 173
height problems are the top concerns of owners, as head height relates to the functio
needs of different spaces. After this classification, the communication and coordinat
works are substantially optimized.
Figure 12. Head clearance optimization comparison. The MEP system in the original design was
complex
Figure and messy,
12. Head withoptimization
clearance a net height of 1300 mm. After
comparison. optimization,
The MEP system inthe
theposition
originalofdesign
the range
washood
complex andbeen
pipes has messy, with aand
changed, net the
height
fire of 1300above
pipes mm. After
DN100optimization,
is changed tothe positionthrough
penetrate of the range
the beams
hood
andpipes has
the net been is
height changed,
raised toand themm.
2400 fire pipes above DN100 is changed to penetrate through the
beams and the net height is raised to 2400 mm.
Head clearance optimization provides the owner with faster and better design options
Head clearance
and optimizes optimization
the project designprovides
results. Itthe owner
also withmore
provides fastersolutions
and better
fordesign op-
subsequent
tions and optimizes
decoration design. the project design results. It also provides more solutions for subse-
quent decoration design.
4.3.4. Transportation Analysis

There are six floors in the basement, five of which are parking garages, with three car
complex and messy, with a net height of 1300 mm. After optimization, the position of the range
hood pipes has been changed, and the fire pipes above DN100 is changed to penetrate through the
beams and the net height is raised to 2400 mm.
Head clearance optimization provides the owner with faster and better design op-
Sustainability 2023, 15, 11720 tions and optimizes the project design results. It also provides more solutions for 16 of 21
subse-
quent decoration design.
4.3.4.Transportation
4.3.4. TransportationAnalysis
Analysis
Thereare
There aresix
six floors in the
the basement,
basement,fivefiveofofwhich
whichare areparking
parkinggarages, with
garages, withthree car
three
ramps
car rampsforfor
floor conversion.
floor conversion.Therefore, there
Therefore, are are
there different kinds
different of in-out
kinds choices
of in-out choicesin the
in
basement,
the basement, which
whichhave high
have requirements
high requirements forfor
automobile
automobile streamlined
streamlineddesign. Through
design. Through the
three-dimensional
the three-dimensional visualization simulation
visualization of the
simulation of car
theramp entrance,
car ramp the flow
entrance, line of
the flow park-
line of
parking on each
ing on each floor,floor, the important
the important parkingparking
area ofarea
each offloor,
each the
floor, the streamlining
streamlining of the
of the person-
personnel entering
nel entering the elevator
the elevator hall ofhall
the of the lobby,
lobby, etc. toetc.
helptothe
help the design
design team optimize
team optimize the
the traffic
traffic streamline and the VIP parking space, etc., BIM transportation analysis
streamline and the VIP parking space, etc., BIM transportation analysis is shown in Figure is shown
in13.
Figure 13.
Figure13.
Figure 13.BIM
BIMtransportation
transportationanalysis.
analysis.
Through the analysis of underground transportation, the project maximizes saleable

Through the analysis of underground transportation, the project maximizes saleable
parking spaces and utilization efficiency.
parking spaces and utilization efficiency.
4.3.5. Template
4.3.5. Template Modularization
Modularization
The rebar and steel structure
The rebar and steel structure joints
joints of
of the
the basement
basement structure are complex,
structure are complex, and
and there
there
are many embedded pipelines. The optimized model still encounters many
are many embedded pipelines. The optimized model still encounters many difficulties difficulties
when ititisisconstructed.
when constructed.Template
Template modularization
modularization design
design is adopted,
is adopted, and three-dimen-
and three-dimensional
sional construction
visual visual construction disclosure
disclosure is carried
is carried out,helps
out, which whichinhelps in the and
the review review and optimi-
optimization of
zation of constructability. The details are shown
constructability. The details are shown in Figure 14. in Figure 14.
Figure
Figure 14. Template modularization
14. Template modularization design.
design.
Through
Through the
the modular
modular template
template design,
design, the
the project
project achieves
achieves the
the constructability
constructability of
of
shop drawings, reducing construction errors and reworks. Thus, the construction
shop drawings, reducing construction errors and reworks. Thus, the construction effi-efficiency
is improved,
ciency and theand
is improved, target
theconstruction period period
target construction is reduced.
is reduced.
4.3.6. Automatic Monitoring of Foundation Pit

Through the smart visualization platform, dynamic monitoring of the complex situ-
ation of the foundation pit is carried out by real-time data exchange between the 3D mod-
4.3.6. Automatic Monitoring of Foundation Pit

Through the smart visualization platform, dynamic monitoring of the complex sit-
uation of the foundation pit is carried out by real-time data exchange between the 3D
models and on-site construction. The monitoring data-driven model is used to visualize the
monitoring conclusions, and the deformation risk points of the foundation pit engineering
are grasped intuitively and accurately. Based on the risk management scheme, online
disposal and offline inspection can save considerable time in terms of analyzing reports.
Timely monitoring and early prevention are closely combined with safe and civilized
construction. There are 440 settlement monitoring points, 400 axial force monitoring points,
300
Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER precipitation monitoring points, 31 displacement monitoring points, 55 inclination
REVIEW 19 of 23
ainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 23
monitoring points, and 408 plate stress monitoring points in the foundation pit of the
project. The platform is shown in Figure 15.
Figure 15. The Figure

smart 15. The smart
visualization visualization platform.
platform.
Figure 15. The smart visualization platform.
Through
Through theThrough thethe
automatic automatic
automatic
monitoring monitoring
monitoring
platform, platform,
platform,
the projectthe the project
project
can can automatically
can automatically
automatically transfer
transfer transfer the
the real-time
real-time data data collected
collected on-site on-site
to to
realize realize automatic
automatic analysis.
analysis. When When
the
the real-time data collected on-site to realize automatic analysis. When the data are abnor- the
data data
are are abnor-
abnormal,
themal,
mal, the platform the platform
platform
automatically automatically
automatically
alarms alarms alarms and through
andthrough
and tracks tracks tracks
modelthrough
model model positioning,
positioning,
positioning, improving improving
improving the
the efficiency the efficiency
efficiency of maintenance
of maintenance
of maintenance work
work planning
work planning planning
and the and and the
the execution
execution execution
process.process.process.
4.3.7.
4.3.7. Indoor4.3.7. Indoor
Indoor Three-Dimensional
Three-Dimensional
Three-Dimensional Scanning ScanningScanning
AsAs
As the detailing the the detailing
detailing
design designand
design
and construction anddefect
construction
construction defect
control defect
are thecontrol are
arethe
key points the
of key
key
the points
con-pointsofof
thethe
con-
trol
control of
ofsuper
super high-rise
high-rise projects,
projects,BIM
BIM and
and three-dimensional
three-dimensional
trol of super high-rise projects, BIM and three-dimensional laser scanning technology are laser
laser scanning
scanning technology
technology are
arecombined
combined to
to compare
compare and analyze
analyze structural
structural construction
construction
combined to compare and analyze structural construction deviation and send the point deviation
deviation andand send
send thethe point
point
cloud modelcloudcloud
data to model
model
the datadatato to
responsible thethe responsible
responsible
parties. parties.
parties.
For positions ForFor positions
positions
with with
with large
large
large deviations, deviations,
deviations,
judgment, judgment,
judgment,
adjustment,
adjustment, and optimization
and are
optimization performed
are performedin advance
in to
advance eliminate
adjustment, and optimization are performed in advance to eliminate the deviation influ- to the
eliminate deviation
the influence
deviation influ-
to avoid
ence torework
avoid and demolition
rework and causedcaused
demolition by on-site
by construction
on-site defects.
construction The application
defects. The applica-
ence to avoid rework and demolition caused by on-site construction defects. The applica-
results results
are shown are in Figure 16.
tion results aretion
shown in Figure shown
16. in Figure 16.
Figure
Figure
Figure 16. Scan to 16. 16.
BIM in Scan
Scan
the to to BIM
BIM in the
in the
basement. basement.
basement.
The project The The project

project
optimizes optimizes
optimizes
and adjusts andand
the adjusts
adjusts
model thethe model
model
through through
thethrough thethe
comparison ofcomparison
an on-siteof of
comparison an an on-site
on-site
accurate
accurate model
model andand
thethe original
original digital
digital model.
model. It It helps
helps digital
digital construction
construction
accurate model and the original digital model. It helps digital construction interference interference
interference
checksverification
checks and accuracy and accuracy andverification
improves and improvesand
the accuracy theefficiency
accuracy and efficiency of completion
of completion
and delivery
and delivery verification verification
due due toresolutions.
to faster defect faster defect resolutions.
4.4. Summary 4.4. Summary

In the
In summary, as summary,
project as the project
progresses, theprogresses, the BIM
BIM application application
process processofis a process of
is a process
checks and accuracy verification and improves the accuracy and efficiency of completion
and delivery verification due to faster defect resolutions.
4.4. Summary
In summary, as the project progresses, the BIM application process is a process of
information and data flow. The information and data flow from the owner’s task goal to the
element model and finally to the performance evaluation of the project. The evaluation re-
sults are then circulated to other related element models so that the executive in the process
can further optimize and adjust the element models. These evaluation and optimization
The application
processes may be eitherof the POPi
phase or theoretical framework
final processes, hasinachieved
as shown satisfactory
Figure 17. effects,
Phase evaluation
proving that
results are the framework
more can also the
effective in helping provide
owner beneficial experienceaccurately
and the executive and reference
obtainforthe
other
key
similar projects.
information aboutThe development
problems of theduring
generated collaborative
the BIMplatform also applies
implementation theengineering
of the basic con-
cept of POPi,
project, and organization,
i.e., time, its functions are more targeted,
or process, which
to identify has effectively
problems guided
and to adjust thethe suc-
project
cessful
modelsdevelopment and implementation
of the POPi framework in a timelyofmanner.
the platform.
Figure
Figure 17.
17. POPi
POPi subitem
subitem relationship
relationship and
and flow
flow chart.
chart. The
The solid
solid arrows represent the
arrows represent the direction
direction of
of the
the workflow and the dashed arrows represent the direction of the information and data flow
workflow and the dashed arrows represent the direction of the information and data flow.
5. Conclusions and Prospects

The application of the POPi theoretical framework has achieved satisfactory effects,
proving that thetechnologies
VDC/BIM framework can also provide
are useful beneficial
management experience
processes andand reference fortoother
methodologies en-
similar projects. The development of the collaborative platform
hance project communication and coordination. VDC/BIM can fully integrate technical also applies the basic
concept
and of POPi, and
management its functions
problems are more
in application targeted,
scenarios whichthe
during hasconstruction
effectively guided
processtheof
successful development
engineering projects. Forand more implementation
than a decade, ofresearchers
the platform. and practitioners have made
efforts to promote the adoption of VDC/BIM in the AEC industry. However, currently, the
5. Conclusions
promotion and Prospects
and adoption of VDC/BIM are relatively slow in China. This paper focuses on
VDC/BIM
developing technologies
an approach to driveare the
useful management
adoption processes
of VDC/BIM through andcooperation
methodologiesamong to
enhance project communication and coordination. VDC/BIM can fully
project stakeholders and proposing a method of collaboration and integration through a integrate technical
and study.
case management
However, problems
with the in rapid
application scenarios
development during
of IT, the construction
the task process of
goals and participants’
engineering projects.
requirements continueFor more than
to increase, anda decade, researchers
BIM-related and practitioners
new technical have made
tools are increasingly
efforts to promote the adoption of VDC/BIM in the AEC industry. However,
being adopted and applied. Engineering projects, especially large-scale projects with com- currently, the
promotion and adoption of VDC/BIM are relatively slow in China.
plex functions, need an integration framework to guide implementation. This paper was This paper focuses on
developing an approach to drive the adoption of VDC/BIM through
written to benchmark the status of VDC/BIM applications in China from an owner’s per- cooperation among
project stakeholders
spective. The case studyandwasproposing
conducted a method of collaboration
with various and integration
project participants through
throughout thea
case study.
organization. However, with the rapid development of IT, the task goals and participants’
requirements
The POP continue
model of to VDCincrease, and BIM-related
also covers management new technical tools
organization andare increasingly
process issues.
beingpaper
This adopted and applied.
incorporated Engineering
an important projects,
factor, especially
infrastructure, large-scale
into projectsBased
the POP model. with
complex functions, need an integration framework to guide implementation. This paper
on the analysis results, a POPi digital integration framework is proposed to increase the
adoption of VDC/BIM. There are four core elements involved in the POPi framework:
product, organization, process, and infrastructure. These four elements play different
roles in this framework, but they do not function independently. Instead, they are linked
together closely, and they affect others. So, they have a causal relationship, influencing
was written to benchmark the status of VDC/BIM applications in China from an owner’s
perspective. The case study was conducted with various project participants throughout
the organization.
The POP model of VDC also covers management organization and process issues.
This paper incorporated an important factor, infrastructure, into the POP model. Based
on the analysis results, a POPi digital integration framework is proposed to increase the
adoption of VDC/BIM. There are four core elements involved in the POPi framework:
product, organization, process, and infrastructure. These four elements play different
roles in this framework, but they do not function independently. Instead, they are linked
together closely, and they affect others. So, they have a causal relationship, influencing
and supplementing each other and forming a circular beneficial pattern of development.
Based on the framework, this research can provide a general understanding of VDC/ BIM
adoption in projects and areas of improvement in transitioning to more digital working
in a project management environment. In addition, using BIM application scenarios in
high-rise megaprojects, which have practical characteristics of cross-organizational task
interdependence and diverse BIM applications and software, we discussed the element
models and corresponding relationships of the POPi framework. Based on a practical case,
the Zhongnan Center project, the typical applications are presented: BIM collaborative
platform, collision detection, head clearance optimization, transportation analysis, template
modularization, indoor three-dimensional scanning et al. At the same time, the resulting
project benefits have also been verified, such as improving management efficiency, reducing
design errors, improving change management, faster and better design options, reducing
construction errors and rework, improving the accuracy and efficiency of completion
and delivery verification, and so on. This paper also provided a clear paradigm for the
practice of the POPi framework and laid a foundation for the subsequent circulation of
implementation and assessment optimization of the POPi framework.
In conclusion, there are three main contributions through this study. Firstly, the
element of infrastructure “i” has been identified and added to extend the original POP
framework, which makes the role of hardware and software infrastructure more important.
Through organically combining the element “i” with POP, a new theoretical POPi frame-
work is proposed. Secondly, the POPi digital framework is applied to a typical high-rise
megaproject case (i.e., the Zhongnan Center project) for the practical test. Through case
implementation, the value of the POPi framework is empirically verified. Thirdly, the frame-
work of POPi is applied to develop a new BIM collaborative platform “Jindouyun2018”,
which can provide a theoretical reference for the development of the platform functions.
The POPi framework is proposed for the first time and the present study can be
expanded in the future in the following aspects. On one hand, the interrelationships
between the four elements (i.e., product, organization, process and infrastructure) of the
framework need be further studied. On the other hand, the Zhongnan Center project
is currently in the design completion and early construction stages, and some of the
project participants have not yet got involved in the project implementation processes.
As such, there are still shortcomings in the deep and comprehensive verification of the
POPi framework throughout a project lifecycle. As the project continues to progress until
the completion and delivery phase, we will continue to analyze, assess and optimize the
proposed POPi framework accordingly.
Author Contributions: Y.Y., Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Writing—Original Draft Prepa-

ration; J.W., Conceptualization, Writing—Review and Editing, Supervision; Q.Z., Methodology,
Supervision; J.J., Visualization, Original Draft Preparation; P.W., Validation, Writing—Review and
Editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was supported by Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute under grant No. SYXF0120020109.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement: No new data were created or analyzed in this study.
Acknowledgments: We thank the Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute (Project No. SYXF0120020109).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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sustainability

Keywords: VDC; BIM; infrastructure; POPi; framework; high-rise megaproject

Citation: Ying, Y.; Wu, J.; Zhang, Q.;

Sustainability 2023, 15, 11720. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511720 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

2. Basic Connotation of VDC/BIM in Engineering Projects

2.2. Application Characteristics of BIM

2.3. Connotation of VDC/BIM

3. POPi Digital Integration Framework Based on BIM

3.2. Software and Hardware Infrastructure of BIM

3.3. POPi Digital Integration Framework

neering project can be expressed in these terms.

3.4. Internal Mechanism of the POPi Digital Integration Framework

Product Organization Process

Therefore, the integrated management of engineering projects can be achieved by

Therefore, the integrated management of engineering projects can be achieved by

4. Practical Application of the POPi Framework in the Zhongnan Center

4.2. POPi Element Model for the Suzhou Zhongnan Center

4.2.1. Product Model

4.2.1. Product Model

Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 23

4.2.2. Organizational Model

4.2.2. Organizational Model

Figure 6. Organizational chart for the project.

Design Design Equipment Construction Focused

Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 23

Item Configuration Amount Function

CPU Intel Xeon E5 1620V3

On-site real-time inspection,

Figure 10. Software and hardware infrastructures (collaborative).

Figure 10. Software and hardwareVirtual design and

Four categories Problems (386)

Drawing Problem Collision Problem Special Problem Net height Problem

Figure 11. Pipeline

4.3.4. Transportation Analysis

Sustainability 2023, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 23

Through the analysis of underground transportation, the project maximizes saleable

4.3.6. Automatic Monitoring of Foundation Pit

4.3.6. Automatic Monitoring of Foundation Pit

Figure 15. The Figure

The project The The project

4.4. Summary 4.4. Summary

5. Conclusions and Prospects

Author Contributions: Y.Y., Methodology, Validation, Investigation, Writing—Original Draft Prepa-

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