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 Test Bank for Ethics and Issues in Contemporary
Nursing, 4th Edition, Margaret A. Burkhardt, Alvita
Nathaniel
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Description
Today's nurses face a multitude of legal and ethical dilemmas that
fall outside the scope of clinical and medical training. Practical
and thought provoking, ETHICS & ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY
NURSING, 4th Edition examines the latest trends, principles,
theories, and models in patient care to help you make ethically
sound decisions in complex and often controversial situations.
Acknowledging an ever-expanding global society, compelling
examples are presented from national and international headlines
that invite readers to explore the cases in light of socio-cultural
influences, personal values, and professional ethics. Historical
examples demonstrate how to think critically through various
problems while upholding moral and professional standards, as
well as the law. Key topics include patient advocacy and rights,
diversity, medication error prevention, health care information
management, portability and accountability, and health care
reform. In addition to in-book learning features like analysis
problems, review questions, sample forms, and appendices,
ETHICS & ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY NURSING, 4th Edition
offers supplemental, interactive tools to challenge you further, and
prepare you for morally sound behavior in any health care setting.
Table of Contents

PART I: GUIDES FOR PRINCIPLED BEHAVIOR.

1. Social, Philosophical, and Other Historical Forces
Influencing the Development of Nursing.
2. Ethical Theory.
3. Ethical Principles
PART II: DEVELOPING PRINCIPLED BEHAVIOR.
4. Values Clarification.
5. Values Development.
6. Nursing Codes of Ethics, Standards, and Ideals (Old Ch 8–
renamed).
7. Ethical Decision Making (Old Chapter 6).
PART III: PRINCIPLED BEHAVIOR IN THE PROFESSIONAL
DOMAIN.
8. Legal Issues (Old Chapter 7).
9. Professional Relationship Issues.
10. Practice Issues Related to Technology.
11. Practice Issues Related to Patient Self-Determination.
12. Scholarship Issues.
PART IV: GLOBAL ISSUES THAT IMPINGE ON NURSING
PRACTICE.
13. Global Consciousness in the 21st Century.
14. Health Policy Issues.
15. Economic Issues.
16. Social Issues.
17. Gender Issues.
18. Transcultural and Spiritual Issues.
PART V: THE POWER TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE.
19. Empowerment for Nurses.
20. Enabling Patient Empowerment.
Another random document with
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 ¹⁰And Cush begat Nimrod: he began to be a
mighty one in the earth.
10. And Cush begat Nimrod] From the parallel passages in
Genesis (x. 10, 11) it is apparent that Nimrod is the name of an
individual, the traditional founder of the Babylonian-Assyrian Empire.
As Cush is here called the father of Nimrod and in verse 8 is the son
of Ham, Hebrew tradition would appear to have regarded Hamites as
the founders of the Babylonian power. Possibly the Redactor of
Genesis who combined these verses which belong to the tradition of
J with verses 5‒9 which are from “P” may have thought so. But in the
independent “J” narrative it is very probable that Cush, father of
Nimrod, represents the third or Kassite dynasty (Κοσσαῖοι) which
held sway in Babylon from about 1750‒1200 b.c. Even so, the
identification of Nimrod himself remains a puzzle, and it is not yet
possible to say whether he is a legendary or an historical character,
or partly both.

began to be a mighty one in the earth] i.e. was the first grand
monarch (for the idiom, compare Genesis ix. 20). In Genesis x. 9, he
is further and quaintly described as “a mighty hunter before the
Lord.”

¹¹And Mizraim begat Ludim, and Anamim, and

Lehabim, and Naphtuhim,
11. Ludim] reckoned in Jeremiah xlvi. 9 and Ezekiel xxx. 5
(Revised Version “Lud”) among the auxiliary troops of Egypt
(Mizraim). Probably not the Lydians of Asia Minor are meant, but a
people of north Africa not yet known. Both this word and Lehabim
may be variants for the Libyans, tribes west of Cyrene (compare 2
Chronicles xii. 3, xvi. 8). See also verse 17, note on Lud. Of the
Anamim, Naphtuhim, nothing is certainly known.

¹²and Pathrusim, and Casluhim (from whence

came the Philistines ¹), and Caphtorim.
 ¹ Hebrew Pelishtim.

12. Pathrusim] the inhabitants of Pathros (Isaiah xi. 11), i.e.

Upper Egypt.

Casluhim] not identified.

from whence came the Philistines] Elsewhere (Jeremiah xlvii. 4;

Amos ix. 7; compare Deuteronomy ii. 23) the Philistines are said to
have come from Caphtor. It is natural therefore to think that an
accidental transposition has taken place, and that this clause,
whence ... Philistines, originally followed Caphtorim. Note, however,
that the same order is found in Genesis x. 14.

Caphtorim] i.e. the inhabitants of Caphtor, which has usually

been taken to mean the island of Crete, but is also plausibly
identified with “Keftiu,” the south-west coastlands of Asia Minor.
Compare Macalister, The Philistines, pp. 4 ff.

¹³And Canaan begat Zidon his firstborn, and

Heth;
13. Canaan begat] Of the four sons of Ham—viz. Cush, Mizraim,
Put, Canaan—note that the sons of Put are omitted. After the sons of
Cush (verse 9), and of Mizraim (verse 11), we here pass to the sons
of Canaan.

Zidon his firstborn] From the time of David downwards Tyre takes
precedence of Zidon in any mention of the Phoenician cities in the
Old Testament, but Zidon was the older of the two cities, as is here
implied and as the Roman historian Justin (xviii. 3) asserts. So we
find the Phoenicians in the earlier books of the Old Testament called
Zidonians, not Tyrians (e.g. Judges iii. 3; 1 Kings v. 6). Homer also
refers not to Tyre but to Zidon.
 Heth] i.e. the Hittites, a northern non-Semitic race, who from
about 1800‒700 b.c. were a great power, extending over part of Asia
Minor and northern Syria from the Orontes to the Euphrates. The
references to them in the Old Testament make it probable that Hittite
settlements were to be found in various parts of Palestine. This fact
and their dominant influence, circa 1300 b.c., throughout Canaan
and Phoenicia probably accounts for their inclusion as a “son” of
Canaan.

¹⁴and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, and the

Girgashite;
14. the Jebusite] the ancient population of Jerusalem, compare
Judges i. 21; 2 Samuel v. 6.

the Amorite] compare Numbers xiii. 29, xxi. 21; Judges i. 35. The
name (probably a racial one) was frequently used of the pre-
Israelitish inhabitants of Canaan (“Canaanites” being the
geographical description). In a more restricted sense it was used to
denote the people of Sihon, east of the Jordan.

¹⁵and the Hivite, and the Arkite, and the Sinite;

¹⁶and the Arvadite, and the Zemarite, and the
Hamathite.
15. the Hivite] In Joshua xi. 3, the Hivites are placed in the
extreme north of the land, “the Hivite under Hermon,” but the word
may be an error for Hittite (see above verse 13). In Joshua ix. 7 and
Genesis xxxiv. 2 they are located at Gibeon and Shechem. The
Arkite and Sinite lived in Lebanon, the Arvadite (compare Ezekiel
xxvii. 8) on the sea-coast north of Gebal (Byblus), the Zemarite a
little to the south of the Arvadite, and the Hamathite furthest to the
north on the Orontes.

17 (= Genesis x. 22, 23).

The Sons of Shem.
 ¹⁷The sons of Shem; Elam, and Asshur, and
Arpachshad, and Lud, and Aram, and Uz, and
Hul, and Gether, and Meshech ¹.
¹ In Genesis x. 23, Mash.

17. The sons of Shem] These occupied the middle geographical

“zone.”

Elam] is the name of a land and nation north of the Persian Gulf
and east of Babylonia, and is often referred to in the Old Testament.
Though settled by Semites at a very early date, it was subsequently,
circa 2280 b.c., possessed by a non-Semitic race, who even
extended their power over Babylonia itself. The inclusion of Elam
among the Semites is doubtless due to its proximity to Asshur, and,
though not strictly correct, is very natural.

Asshur] The Assyrians, who are so frequently referred to in the

Old Testament, were mainly, if not entirely Semitic: a martial and
ruthless people whose conquests in the 14th‒7th centuries have
made them world-famous.

Arpachshad] a somewhat obscure name. In the last part (chshad)

the same consonants occur as in the name “Chasdim,” the
“Chaldees” of the Old Testament. Possibly two names have been run
together, the second being that of the Chaldees or Chaldeans, a
Semitic race who from circa 900 b.c. dominated Babylonia,
assimilating with the earlier Semitic inhabitants. This conjecture has
some support in the surprising fact that the Chaldeans are not
otherwise mentioned in the table; it is opposed by the fact that
Arpachshad occurs elsewhere, verse 24; Genesis x. 24, xi. 10 ff.

Lud] the name suggests the Lydians, but how this non-Semitic
people situated on the west coast of Asia Minor comes to be
included with Asshur and Aram as a son of Shem is a mystery.
Possibly therefore a Semitic region, called Lubdu, between Tigris
and Euphrates is meant.

Aram] the “Syrians” of the Authorized Version; better called

Arameans. They were widely settled in the lands to the north and
north-east of Palestine, with important centres in Damascus (Syria
proper) and the north of the Euphrates valley (the Aram-Naharaim of
the Old Testament). So great and lasting was their influence on
Israel that the Aramean dialect eventually superseded Hebrew and
was the ordinary language of Palestine in the time of Christ.

Uz] From Genesis x. 23 it appears that in Chronicles the words

“And the children of Aram ¹” have dropped out, so that “Uz” etc.
appear as the immediate descendants of Shem.

¹ The Alexandrine MS. (A) of the LXX. has the words.

Neither Uz nor the three following names have been satisfactorily

identified. For “Meshech” Genesis x. 23 (Hebrew but not LXX.) reads
“Mash.”

18‒23 (= Genesis x. 24‒29).

Appendix to the Sons of Shem.
South Arabian Tribes.

¹⁸And Arpachshad begat Shelah, and Shelah

begat Eber.
18. Eber] The Hebrew word usually means “the land beyond” and
may have originated as a personification of the population beyond
the Euphrates. It is further possible that Eber is an eponym, not
merely of the Hebrews, but of the Habiri, a much wider stock of
Semitic nomads, of whom the Hebrews formed an element, and who
overran and harassed the settled peoples of Palestine in the fifteenth
century b.c.
 ¹⁹And unto Eber were born two sons: the
name of the one was Peleg; for in his days the
earth was divided; and his brother’s name was
Joktan.
19. two sons] one (Peleg) representing, roughly speaking, the
northern or Mesopotamian Semites; the other (Joktan), the south
Arabian tribes.

Peleg] see below on verse 25.

²⁰And Joktan begat Almodad, and Sheleph,

and Hazarmaveth, and Jerah; ²¹and Hadoram,
and Uzal, and Diklah; ²²and Ebal ¹, and
Abimael, and Sheba; ²³and Ophir, and
Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the sons of
Joktan.
¹ In Genesis x. 28, Obal.

20. Joktan begat Almodad] All the names of the sons of Joktan
here given, so far as they have been identified, represent peoples
situated in south Arabia or on the west coast of the Red Sea lying
over against south Arabia. The only familiar name is that of the
unidentified Ophir, which possibly but not certainly may be the “El
Dorado” to which Solomon sent his fleet for gold.

24‒27.
The Descent of Abraham from Shem.

These verses are compressed within the smallest limits from

Genesis xi. 10‒26. For another example of this extreme abbreviation
compare verses 1‒4 (= Genesis v. 3‒32).
 ²⁴Shem, Arpachshad, Shelah; ²⁵Eber,
Peleg, Reu; ²⁶Serug, Nahor, Terah; ²⁷Abram
(the same is Abraham).
25. Peleg] the name perhaps signifies “Division” (see verse 19),
and may refer to some great period of migration among the Semitic
tribes.

28‒31 (= Genesis xxv. 12‒16).

The Descent of the Ishmaelite Tribes from Abraham

²⁸The sons of Abraham; Isaac, and Ishmael.

²⁹These are their generations: the firstborn
of Ishmael, Nebaioth; then Kedar, and Adbeel,
and Mibsam,
29. Nebaioth] Compare Isaiah lx. 7.

Kedar] Isaiah xxi. 13‒17.

³⁰Mishma, and Dumah, Massa; Hadad, and

Tema,
30. Dumah] Isaiah xxi. 11.

Massa] Proverbs xxxi. 1 (Revised Version margin).

Hadad] The name begins with the Hebrew letter Ḥēth and
therefore differs from the Hadad of verse 46 and of verse 50 and of 2
Chronicles xvi. 2 in which the first letter is Hē, a softer guttural than
Ḥeth.

Tema] Isaiah xxi. 14.

 ³¹Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These are the
sons of Ishmael.
31. Jetur, Naphish] compare v. 18‒22.

32, 33 (= Genesis xxv. 1‒4).

The Descent of Arabian Tribes from Abraham through
Keturah

³²And the sons of Keturah, Abraham’s

concubine: she bare Zimran, and Jokshan,
and Medan, and Midian, and Ishbak, and
Shuah. And the sons of Jokshan; Sheba, and
Dedan.
32. Keturah] called a wife of Abraham in Genesis xxv. 1. The
Chronicler by calling her a concubine may imply that he considered
that the tribes descended from her were not so closely akin to Israel
as the Ishmaelites, or possibly he held that Sarah ought to be the
only wife of Abraham, and “corrects” his source accordingly.

Medan, Midian] Kindred tribes often bore names only slightly

differing in form.

Midian] In Judges viii. 14 the Midianites are reckoned as

Ishmaelites.

Sheba, and Dedan] Sheba and Dedan in verse 9 (which belongs

to the same source P) are included among the Hamitic peoples.
Doubtless the names in the present passage, which comes from J,
refer to the same tribes; but J follows a different tradition as to their
origin. Possibly there is truth in both views, and the people of Sheba
were of mixed African and Arabian descent.
 ³³And the sons of Midian; Ephah, and Epher,
and Hanoch, and Abida, and Eldaah. All these
were the sons of Keturah.
33. Ephah] Isaiah lx. 6.

Hanoch] as Genesis xxv. 4. Compare verse 3.

34‒37 (compare Genesis xxxvi. 10‒14).

The Descent of the Tribes of Edom from Abraham.

³⁴And Abraham begat Isaac. The sons of

Isaac; Esau, and Israel.
³⁵The sons of Esau; Eliphaz, Reuel, and
Jeush, and Jalam, and Korah.
34. Esau] “Esau is Edom,” Genesis xxxvi. 1, 8.

³⁶The sons of Eliphaz; Teman, and Omar,

Zephi ¹, and Gatam, Kenaz, and Timna, and
Amalek. ³⁷The sons of Reuel; Nahath, Zerah,
Shammah, and Mizzah.
¹ In Genesis xxxvi. 11, Zepho.

36. Teman] Amos i. 11, 12; Habakkuk iii. 13. The word means
South, and is applied in the first passage to Edom itself, in the
second to the wilderness of Edom, both being south of Canaan.

Kenaz] Other references (Judges i. 13, iii. 9, 11) show a close

connection with Caleb, which in turn implies that the Calebites were
closely related to the Edomites (compare iv. 13).
 Amalek] the eponymous ancestor of the Amalekites who lived in
the south and south-east of Palestine, see iv. 42 f.

38‒42 (compare Genesis xxxvi. 20‒28).

The Genealogy of the Horite Inhabitants of Seir.

³⁸And the sons of Seir; Lotan and Shobal and

Zibeon and Anah, and Dishon and Ezer and
Dishan. ³⁹And the sons of Lotan; Hori and
Homam ¹: and Timna was Lotan’s sister.
¹ In Genesis xxxvi. 22, Hemam.

38. The sons of Seir] Chronicles omits the further description

given in Genesis “the Horite, the inhabitants of the land,” words
which show clearly that these “sons of Seir” were not descendants of
Esau, but aboriginal inhabitants of the land.

Lotan] perhaps to be connected with Lot, a name anciently

associated with the land or people dwelling east of the Jordan
(compare Genesis xix. 30).

⁴⁰The sons of Shobal; Alian ¹ and Manahath

and Ebal, Shephi ² and Onam. And the sons of
Zibeon; Aiah and Anah. ⁴¹The sons of Anah;
Dishon. And the sons of Dishon; Hamran ³ and
Eshban and Ithran and Cheran. ⁴²The sons of
Ezer; Bilhan and Zaavan, Jaakan ⁴. The sons
of Dishan; Uz and Aran.
¹ In Genesis xxxvi. 23, Alvan.

² In Genesis xxxvi. 23, Shepho.

 ³ In Genesis xxxvi. 26, Hemdan.

⁴ In Genesis xxxvi. 27, and Akan.

40. Aiah and Anah] See Genesis xxxvi. 24.

43‒51a (compare Genesis xxxvi. 31‒39).

The early Kings of Edom.

⁴³Now these are the kings that reigned in the

land of Edom, before there reigned any king
over the children of Israel: Bela the son of
Beor; and the name of his city was Dinhabah.
⁴⁴And Bela died, and Jobab the son of Zerah
of Bozrah reigned in his stead. ⁴⁵And Jobab
died, and Husham of the land of the
Temanites reigned in his stead.
43. kings] Note that the kings are of different families and
localities. They may be compared with the “judges” of early Israel.

in the land of Edom] In early times the mountainous region of

Seir, extending from the south-east of the Dead Sea to the Gulf of
Akaba, but the precise territory of the Edomites is uncertain and of
course must have varied from time to time. In the post-exilic period
Edomites (Idumeans) pressed up into the south of Judah (compare
ii. 42), and Edom (Idumea) continued to play an important and often
sinister part in the history of Israel till long after the Chronicler’s
lifetime. See (e.g.) 1 Maccabees v. 65; 2 Maccabees x. 14‒17. The
Herods were of Edomite descent.

before ... Israel] i.e. before Saul; or possibly “before David,” if the
phrase means before the reign of the first Israelitish king over Edom.
For the use made of this statement in the discussion of the date of
the Hexateuch, see Chapman, Introduction to the Pentateuch, p. 40,
in this series.

Bela the son of Beor] possibly the same as the familiar Balaam
son of Beor, the consonants of the names differing in Hebrew only by
the final m. See, however, Gray, Numbers (International Critical
Commentary), pp. 315, 324.

⁴⁶And Husham died, and Hadad the son of

Bedad, which smote Midian in the field of
Moab, reigned in his stead: and the name of
his city was Avith. ⁴⁷And Hadad died, and
Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead.
46. smote Midian in the field of Moab] An isolated historical
notice, interesting as showing the power of Edom at some period.
The Midianites centred round the lands east of the Gulf of Akaba, but
bands of them were constantly pushing northwards and harassing
the territories of Edom, Moab, and Israel (compare Numbers xxii. 4;
Judges vi.; etc.).

⁴⁸And Samlah died, and Shaul of Rehoboth by

the River reigned in his stead. ⁴⁹And Shaul
died, and Baal-hanan the son of Achbor
reigned in his stead.
48. Rehoboth by the River] not “the River,” par excellence (i.e.
the Euphrates), as the Revised Version translators supposed; but
either the Wady el-Arish, the stream on the boundary of Egypt or
Palestine; or else a river in north Edom, Rehoboth being
distinguished from other places of the same name by being the city
on its banks.
 ⁵⁰And Baal-hanan died, and Hadad ¹ reigned in
his stead; and the name of his city was Pai ²:
and his wife’s name was Mehetabel, the
daughter of Matred, the daughter of Me-
zahab.
¹ In Genesis xxxvi. 39, Hadar.

² In Genesis xxxvi. 39, Pau.

50. Hadad] As in verse 46; in Genesis xxxvi. 39, “Hadar.”

Possibly the king whom David overthrew, 2 Samuel viii. 14, compare
1 Kings xi. 14 (perhaps a son of this Hadad).

⁵¹And Hadad died.

51a. And Hadad died] repeated by a copyist’s error from verse
47; the words are not found in Genesis.

51b‒54 (compare Genesis xxxvi. 40‒43).

The “Dukes” of Edom.

And the dukes of Edom were; duke Timna,

duke Aliah ¹, duke Jetheth; ⁵²duke Oholibamah,
duke Elah, duke Pinon; ⁵³duke Kenaz, duke
Teman, duke Mibzar; ⁵⁴duke Magdiel, duke
Iram. These are the dukes of Edom.
¹ In Genesis xxxvi. 40, Alvah.

51b. dukes] The word means “leader of a thousand.” The list

which follows is probably topographical, not chronological. It seems
to give the names of the districts into which Edom was divided at the
time when the list was drawn up.

duke Timna, etc.] Render, the duke of Timna, etc.

Aliah] In Genesis xxxvi. 40, “Alvah.”

 Chapters II.‒VIII.
The Genealogies of the Tribes of Israel.
Attention is now narrowed down to those in the true line of
descent, from Abraham through Isaac (“in Isaac shall thy seed be
called,” Genesis xxi. 12) and from Isaac through Jacob = Israel,
Genesis xxxii. 28 (compare Genesis xxvi. 2‒4).

The Chronicler deals very unequally with the tribes in their

genealogies; as the following table shows:

ii. 1‒iv. 23. Judah (102 verses).

iv. 24‒43. Simeon (20 verses).

v. 1‒26. Reuben, Gad, and Eastern Manasseh (26 verses).

vi. 1‒81. Levi (81 verses).

vii. 1‒40. Issachar, Zebulun, and Dan (according to a

correction of the text, vii. 6‒11, and 12), Naphtali,
Eastern Manasseh (again), Ephraim, and Asher (40
verses).

viii. 1‒40. Benjamin (40 verses).

It may easily be seen that the tribes in which the Chronicler is

really interested are the three southern tribes, Judah, Simeon, and
Benjamin, together with the priestly tribe, Levi.

The order in which the tribes are mentioned is geographical,

Judah and Simeon the southern tribes first, then the eastern tribes,
Reuben, Gad, Manasseh; then (conveniently) Levi, and then the
northern tribes of western Palestine, ending with Benjamin (viii., ix.
35‒44) and the list of inhabitants of Jerusalem (in ix. 1‒34).

Chapter II.
1, 2 (compare Genesis xxxv. 22b‒26).
The Sons of Israel.

¹These are the sons of Israel; Reuben,

Simeon, Levi, and Judah, Issachar and
Zebulun; ²Dan, Joseph and Benjamin,
Naphtali, Gad and Asher.
II. 3‒IV. 23.
Genealogies of Judah.

3‒17.
Descendants of Judah to the Sons of Jesse.

³The sons of Judah; Er, and Onan, and

Shelah: which three were born unto him of
Bath-shua the Canaanitess. And Er, Judah’s
firstborn, was wicked in the sight of the Lord;
and he slew him. ⁴And Tamar his daughter in
law bare him Perez and Zerah. All the sons of
Judah were five. ⁵The sons of Perez; Hezron
and Hamul.
 5. The sons of Perez; Hezron and Hamul] So Genesis xlvi. 12.
The only reference in the Old Testament to Hamulites is Numbers
xxvi. 21. On the other hand Hezron, a south Judean tribe (Joshua xv.
3), is a clan of the first importance in the genealogies. From Hezron
are descended not only the family of David (verse 15), but also the
great Calebite and Jerahmeelite clans (verses 18‒24, 25‒33, etc.).
The name Hezron might bear the significance “an enclosed place” as
opposed to movable encampments, and Atarah (verse 26) who is
said to be the mother of certain Jerahmeelite families has much the
same meaning. Both names therefore may not be eponymous either
of individuals or places, but may originate in the desire to preserve
the fact that the families named as their sons were nomads who had
abandoned wandering for settled life. If so, it might help to explain
the fact that Hezron (compare Carmi, ii. 7, iv. 1, v. 3) is also
mentioned as a son of Reuben (v. 3; Genesis xlvi. 9, etc.).

⁶And the sons of Zerah; Zimri ¹, and Ethan, and

Heman, and Calcol, and Dara ²: five of them in
all.
¹ In Joshua vii. 1, Zabdi.

² Many ancient authorities read, Darda. See 1 Kings iv. 31.

6. the sons of Zerah] This genealogy appears only in Chronicles.

Zimri] LXX. (B) Ζαμβρεί (β being merely euphonic) here and also
Joshua vii. 1 where Hebrew has “Zabdi.” LXX. is probably right in
identifying the two. Either form might arise from the other by easy
textual corruption.

Ethan ... Dara] Read, Darda with Vulgate, Targum, Peshitṭa The
same four names in the same order occur 1 Kings iv. 31 as the
names of wise men whom Solomon surpassed in wisdom. They are
there called sons of “Mahol” who may have been either a nearer or
remoter ancestor than Zerah. Ethan however is there called the
Ezrahite (= probably “son of Zerah”). [Psalms lxxxviii., lxxxix. bear
respectively the names “Heman the Ezrahite,” “Ethan the Ezrahite,”
but these (it seems) were Levites (compare xv. 17, 19, where see
note).]

⁷And the sons of Carmi; Achar ¹, the troubler of

Israel, who committed a trespass in the
devoted thing. ⁸And the sons of Ethan;
Azariah.
¹ In Joshua vii. 1, Achan.

7. the sons of Carmi] Carmi is probably to be taken as the son of

Zimri (= Zabdi, Joshua vii. 1). Targum however has “Carmi who is
Zimri.” See note on Zimri, verse 6.

Achar] This form of the name (instead of “Achan,” Joshua vii. 1)

is used by the Chronicler to bring out better the play on the Hebrew
word for “troubler.” The Hebrew runs, “Achar ocher Israel.”

⁹The sons also of Hezron, that were born unto

him; Jerahmeel, and Ram, and Chelubai.
9. Jerahmeel] For his descendants see verses 25‒41. The
descendants of his younger brother Ram are given first. They
purport to be the ancestry of David and his family.

Chelubai] Another form of “Caleb”; see note on verse 42.

¹⁰And Ram begat Amminadab; and

Amminadab begat Nahshon, prince of the
children of Judah; ¹¹and Nahshon begat
Salma, and Salma begat Boaz; ¹²and Boaz
begat Obed, and Obed begat Jesse;
 10. Ram] The descent of David from Judah is given also in Ruth
iv. 18‒22 and Matthew i. 3‒6. Ram as a clan parallel with the great
clans of Caleb and Jerahmeel is strange; for it is not known
otherwise in the Old Testament Further, as the descendants of Ram
given in verses 10‒12 are the family tree of David (contrast the clans
and cities in the lines of Caleb and Jerahmeel) it may be supposed
that Ram owes his position here simply to the Chronicler’s desire to
incorporate Ruth iv. 19, where also this pedigree of David is given.
Note also that in verse 25 a Ram is mentioned as a son of
Jerahmeel and grandson of Hezron.

Nahshon, prince, etc.] See Numbers i. 4, 7, ii. 3.

¹³and Jesse begat his firstborn Eliab, and

Abinadab the second, and Shimea the third;
13. Shimea] so also xx. 7; but “Shammah” 1 Samuel xvi. 9.

¹⁴Nethanel the fourth, Raddai the fifth;

14. Nethanel] the same name as Nathanael (John i. 45). The
fourth, fifth and sixth brothers are not elsewhere named.

¹⁵Ozem the sixth, David the seventh:

15. David the seventh] Jesse had eight sons (1 Samuel xvii. 12;
compare xvi. 10, 11). Here one seems deliberately passed over,
perhaps because he had no children. (The Elihu “one of David’s
brethren” of 1 Chronicles xxvii. 18 is probably to be identified with
Eliab and not to be regarded as an eighth brother.)

¹⁶and their sisters were Zeruiah and Abigail.

And the sons of Zeruiah; Abishai ¹, and Joab,
and Asahel, three.
 ¹ Hebrew Abshai.

16. sons of Zeruiah] Joab and his brothers are always thus
named after their mother; perhaps their father died while they were
young, or we may have a relic here of the ancient method of tracing
kinship through the mother.

¹⁷And Abigail bare Amasa: and the father of

Amasa was Jether the Ishmaelite.
17. the Ishmaelite] 2 Samuel xvii. 25, “the Israelite,” an error
yielding no satisfactory sense.

18‒24 (compare verses 42‒55.)

Descendants of Caleb.

¹⁸And Caleb the son of Hezron begat children

of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth: and these
were her sons; Jesher, and Shobab, and
Ardon. ¹⁹And Azubah died, and Caleb took
unto him Ephrath, which bare him Hur.
18. Caleb] a clan dwelling in southern Judea, and probably
distinct from Judah in the time of David (1 Samuel xxv. 3, xxx. 14).
Other references to them or rather their reputed founder Caleb ben
Jephunneh the Kenizzite (Numbers xxxii. 12; Joshua xiv. 6, 14; 1
Chronicles i. 36, where see note on Kenaz) point to an original
connection with the Edomites. Their importance in these lists is
explained by the fact that they were incorporated in Judah, and, after
the exile, occupied townships close to Jerusalem (verses 50‒55)
“forming possibly the bulk of the tribe in post-exilic Judah, since the
Chronicler knows so few other families” (Curtis, Chronicles p. 89).
See also W. R. Smith, Old Testament in the Jewish Church, p. 279
ad fin.