Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture

Module 5 – Sustainable Food Systems

ISRAEL 2020
Dana Efrati Philip
Agrostudies
Sustainability and Climate Change
SDGs
 Sustainability
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmQby7adocM •
Agriculture and the SDGs
SDG 2 – End hunger
The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World
2020
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64KLuGzGxEQ •
How to Feed 9 Billion People Sustainably?

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116097108
Planetary Boundaries
Planetary Boundaries
• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Loss of biosphere integrity
(biodiversity loss and
extinctions)
• Chemical pollution and the
release of novel entities
• Climate change
• Ocean acidification
• Land system change
• Nitrogen and phosphorus flows
to the biosphere and oceans
• Atmospheric aerosol loading
Climate Change and Carbon Footprint
(Greenhouse Gas) GHG Emissions
GDP and GHG Emissions
Greenhouse Effect – Rising Temperature
Greenhouse Gas Effect
CO2 Levels by Region
CO2 Trade
GHGes Emissions by Sector
Methane emissions
Greenhouse Effect – Rising Temperature
Precipitation
• Current climate models indicate that rising
temperatures will intensify the Earth’s water
cycle, increasing evaporation.
• Increased evaporation will result in more
frequent and intense storms, but will also
contribute to drying over some land areas.
• As a result, storm-affected areas are likely to
experience increases in precipitation and
increased risk of flooding, while areas located
far away from storm tracks are likely to
experience less precipitation and increased risk
of drought.
Precipitation
 Ice Melt
Antartica Greenland
Sea Level Rise
 Extreme Events - Floods
Flooding occurs in a
number of ways, and
each may be affected
by climate change:
• Surface water flooding
• River flooding
• Coastal flooding
 Extreme Events - Heatwaves
• Heatwaves are among the most dangerous of
natural hazards
• From 1998-2017, more than 166 000 people died
due to heatwaves
• Globally, extreme temperature events are
observed to be increasing in their frequency,
duration, and magnitude
https://maps.esri.com/globalriskofdeadlyheat/
Extreme Events - Droughts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNKljWAQcOY
Soil Moisture
Extreme Events
Land system change
Deforestation

Forests cleared for palm oil cultivation. Agribusiness giant Olam is being accused of deforestation for palm oil in Gabon, •
an allegation the Gabonese government denies. Image: change.org
Deforestation and Agriculture
Agricultural expansion continues to be the
main driver of deforestation and forest
degradation and the associated loss of
forest biodiversity.
Large-scale commercial agriculture
(primarily cattle ranching and cultivation
of soya bean and oil palm) accounted for 40
percent of tropical deforestation between
2000 and 2010, and local subsistence
agriculture for another 33 percent.
 Soil Degradation
• About a quarter of the Earth’s ice-free land area is
subject to human-induced degradation.
• Soil erosion from agricultural fields is estimated to be
currently 10 to 20 times (no tillage) to more than 100
times (conventional tillage) higher than the soil
formation rate
• Climate change exacerbates land degradation,
particularly in low-lying coastal areas, river deltas,
drylands and in permafrost areas
Desertification

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=invUp0SX49g
 Desertification
Desertification is land degradation in arid, •
semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas,
collectively known as drylands, resulting
from many factors, including human activities
and climatic variations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9RxnuBiFbg •
Fresh water consumption and the global hydrological cycle
Ground Water Depletion
State of G.R.A.C.E
Salinity
Wildfires
Wildfires Frequency

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a
xPTBCHSjG4#action=share
Marine Heatwaves and the El-Niño
 Coral Bleaching

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fA6mpexcyN4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=171&v=m-DDSdAUtos&feature=emb_logo
 Extreme Events - Storms
• A warming ocean creates
a perfect cauldron for
brewing tempests.
• Hurricanes are fueled by
heat in the top layers of
the ocean and require sea
surface temperatures
greater than 26oC to form
and thrive
 Storms
• Since 1995 there have been
17 above-normal Atlantic
hurricane seasons, the
largest stretch of above-
normal seasons on record
• Based on current climate
model projections, the
researchers concluded that
extreme storms may
increase 60 percent by the
year 2100.
 World Climate Politics
• Paris agreement
• NDCs
• IPCC
• SR15 (The 1.5 ºC report)
• Special Report on Land Use
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rVjp3TO_juI
Achieving Below 2oC
Achieving Below 1.5oC
 Climate Change
Secretary-General António Guterres calls for •
global action on climate change
https://youtu.be/VNe-jBVij-g

Greta Thunberg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TMrtLsQbaok
Loss of biosphere integrity (biodiversity loss and extinction)
Biodiversity Loss and Extinction
Fisheries
Fisheries by Sector
The Green Revolution
Green Revolution and Fertilizers Application
 Eutrophication
• The process in which a water body becomes overly
enriched with nutrients, leading to plentiful growth of
simple plant life.
• Indicated by excessive growth (or bloom) of algae and
plankton
• Often results in the deterioration of water quality and the
depletion of dissolved oxygen in water bodies.
• Eutrophic waters can eventually become “dead zones”
that are incapable of supporting life.
 Nitrogen and phosphorus flows to the biosphere and
oceans

https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=144&v=rK_mEHqx7rw&feature=emb_logo
 Pesticides Application
• Benefit to yield and food security
• Damage to health and ecosystem biodiversity
• Water sources residues and infection
• Products accumulate within the body
• Damage to bees colonies
• Enables monoculture
 Pesticides Effect on Health

Cause congenital defects, fetus poisoning, benign and

malignant tumors, damage to fertility as well as nerve
and hormonal systems, respiratory infections and
allergies.
 Climate Change and Agriculture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0K9sD0vGus •
The impact of human
activities measured in
terms of the area of
biologically productive
land and water
required to produce
the goods consumed
and to assimilate the
wastes generated.
 Earth Overshoot Day
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgbY79Opn34&f •
eature=youtu.be
Emissions by Sector
Emissions from Agriculture Sector
Food System Emissions
• Accounts for 24%-37% of global emissions
including land use, storage, transport,
packaging, processing, retail, and
consumption
• 31% of food emissions are accounted
for by the livestock sector
Food Carbon Footprint (GHG Emissions)
Land for feed
Land Footprint
Water Footprint
Diet efficiency
Diet efficiency - Protein
The EAT-Lancet Diet – The planetary diet

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIc42oIU0Ik
Planetary Diet for Developed and
Developing Countries
• Red meat consumption in developed
industrialized countries is off the chart.
• Developing countries with low meat
consumption are suffering from
micronutrient deficiencies.
• Meat consumption in these countries
should increase just enough to meet
nutrient requirements
Eat-Lancet Diet Affordability
• The most affordable EAT–Lancet diets cost a
global median of US$2·84 per day (IQR 2·41–
3·16) in 2011
• This diet costs a small fraction of average
incomes in high-income countries but is not
affordable for the world’s poor.
• Estimated cost of an EAT–Lancet diet
exceeded household per capita income for at
least 1·58 billion people.
 Mitigation and Adaptation
Responding to climate change involves two
possible approaches:
Mitigation: reducing and stabilizing the levels of
heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
Adaptation: adapting to the climate change
already in the pipeline.
 Mitigation in Agriculture - Livestock
• Reduce meat and dairy consumption, especially in
higher-income countries.
• Promote lower-carbon meat and dairy production.
• Increased net primary production and soil carbon
stocks
• Improved manure management
• Higher-quality feed.
 Mitigation in Agriculture - Crops
• Reductions in N2O emissions from fertilisers,
• Reductions in CH4 emissions from paddy rice, and
• Bridging of yield gaps.
• Better grazing land management, with Improve crop
yields.
• Reduce food waste.
• Promote carbon sequestration practices.
Carbon Sinks and Sequestration
Food Waste
LOCUST
• Locust proliferation may caused
by climate changes.
• Happened also in 2020 in East –
Africa. The locust
• Swarm destroyed the whole crop-
HUNGER.
• In Addition huge amounts of
insecticide-POISION
 Food Waste Facts
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7QbHlWNoyp4
 Adaptation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIGeHzuwFSQ&fe
ature=youtu.be
 Adaptation in Agriculture
• Maintenance, a broad genetic base for crops and
development and distribution of more drought-
tolerant crop varieties and livestock breeds;
• Breeding for greater tolerance of crops, livestock
and fish to higher temperatures;
• Development of salt-tolerant varieties of wheat,
rice and oil crops;
 Continued
• Improving the resilience of agricultural ecosystems
by promoting NT/CA and practices such as
agroforestry that utilize and maintain biological
diversity;
• Raising the efficiency of rainwater use and
groundwater recharge by conservation agriculture,
etc. and that of irrigation water by appropriate pricing
policies, management systems and technologies;
 Continued
• Supporting pastoral and other livestock production systems,
many of which are already food insecure. Activities should be
centred on maintaining livestock mobility and providing
location-specific investment in supplementary feed production,
veterinary services and water supply (Sandford, 1995), and on
improving the marketing of livestock during droughts and
making it easier to restock after droughts or floods;
• Developing improved sea defense and flood management
systems in sea level rise and storm surge situations, where
these are economically viable.
 What Can We Do As Farmers?
• Wise use of resources
• Maximize yield per land and water
• Be mindful of nutritional values
• Diverse crops and biodiversity friendly practices
• Balance domestic consumption and export
• Carbon sequestration and soil preservation
• Fight food loss
 What Can We Do As People?
• Change our diets
• Change our habits
• Make sure to be resilient by adapting to future
climate events
• Empower women to take major part in agriculture
and in society
• Fight food waste
Tipping Point
 Group Work
• Choose one topic relating to sustainability/climate
change and agriculture/nutrition:
• Write down the problem and possible solutions you
would like to apply in your work
• Which policies would help you to achieve these
goals?