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Biology: The Core (Simon)

Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life
Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The chemical name for table salt is sodium chloride, or simply NaCl. What type of chemical is
NaCl?
A) Compound
B) Element
C) Molecule
D) Ion
Answer: A
Topic: 2.1
Skill: Knowledge/Comprehension
Learning Outcome: 2.1
2) Identify the reactants in the following chemical reaction: C10H8 + 12 O2 → 10 CO2 + 4 H2O
A) C10H8 and 10 CO2
B) 12 O2 and 4 H2O
C) C10H8 and 12 O2
D) 10 CO2 and 4 H2O
Answer: C
Topic: 2.1
3) How many HCl molecules are required to balance the following reaction?
Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Answer: B
Topic: 2.1
1
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Skill: Synthesis/Evaluation
4) What is a trace element?

A) An element that is very rare
B) An element that is evenly distributed on the planet
C) An element that is required in miniscule amounts for life
D) An element that is used to identify the location of other elements
Answer: C
Topic: 2.2
2
5) What is the most common element in your body?
A) Oxygen
B) Water
C) Carbon
D) Sugar
Answer: A
Topic: 2.2
6) Which is not one of the four atoms that make up the bulk of living organisms?
A) Oxygen
B) Nitrogen
C) Calcium
D) Carbon
Answer: C
Topic: 2.2
7) The majority of the elements essential to life are found in what part of the periodic table?
A) The top third
B) The middle third
C) The bottom third
D) Evenly distributed throughout the periodic table
Answer: A
Topic: 2.2
Skill: Application/Analysis
3
8) The typical carbon atom is described in the periodic table by the accompanying box. How
many protons are in a typical carbon atom?
A) 6
B) 12
C) 18
D) Not enough information given
Answer: A
Topic: 2.2
9) How many neutrons are in a typical carbon atom?
A) 6
B) 12
C) 18
Answer: A
Topic: 2.2
Global Learning: G4
4
10) Which number represents the atomic weight of carbon?
A) 6
B) 12
C) 18
Answer: B
Topic: 2.2
11) How many neutrons in a carbon-14 atom?

A) 6
B) 7
C) 8
D) 14
Answer: C
Topic: 2.3
Global Learning: G4
12) If the number of protons in an atom does not match the number of electrons, the atom is
specifically called an .
A) element
B) isotope
C) isomer
D) ion
Answer: D
Topic: 2.3
5
13) The 2+ in Cu2+ tells us that this atom .
A) has two more neutrons than protons
B) has two more protons than electrons
C) has two more electrons than neutrons
D) has two more electrons than protons
Answer: B
Topic: 2.3
14) Identify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical reactivity of the atom.
A) The number of shells
B) The number of protons
C) The number of neutrons
D) The number of electrons
Answer: D
Topic: 2.3
15) In chemical bonding, when the bonded atoms share electrons, it is specifically called
.
A) an ionic bond
B) a covalent bond
C) a hydrogen bond
D) a polar bond
Answer: B
Topic: 2.4
16) What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit into the innermost shell of an atom?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 8
D) 16
Answer: B
Topic: 2.4
6
17) While the maximum number of electrons required to fill the outermost shell of an atom
varies depending on the size of the atom, almost all of the smaller atoms (atomic numbers 2-20)
are considered stable (nonreactive) when they contain electron(s) in the outermost
shell.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 8
D) 16
Answer: C
Topic: 2.4
18) What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other
elements?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Answer: D
Topic: 2.4
Global Learning: G4
19) Individual water molecules are held to one another by relatively weak bonds.
A) covalent
B) hydrogen
C) ionic
D) nonpolar
Answer: B
Topic: 2.4
7
20) The electronegativity of an atom is determined by how strongly outermost electrons are
pulled toward the nucleus. Somewhat like gravity, the electronegativity will be stronger in atoms
with larger nuclei and closer outermost electrons. Which element has the strongest
electronegativity?
A) Boron
B) Carbon
C) Nitrogen
D) Oxygen
Answer: D
Topic: 2.4
21) Why is one side of a water molecule partially negative while the other side is partially
positive?
A) Uneven sharing of electron pairs occurs due to the strong pull of hydrogen.
B) Uneven sharing of electron pairs occurs due to the strong pull of oxygen.
C) Oxygen donates its electrons to hydrogen.
D) Hydrogen donates its electrons to oxygen.
Answer: B
Topic: 2.4
22) Water is the lightest (least dense) when it .

A) freezes
B) is just above freezing
C) is at room temperature
D) is just below boiling
Answer: A
Topic: 2.5
8
23) A needle can be made to "float" on the surface tension of water. What causes this surface
tension to form?
A) The adhesion of water molecules to the needle
B) The cohesion of water molecules to each other
C) The solubility of water
D) The heat capacity of water
Answer: B
Topic: 2.5
Global Learning: G5
24) Water "beads up" on synthetic fabric like polyester but binds to cotton. What is the most
likely explanation for this?
A) Polyester is not a naturally occurring substance, whereas cotton is a naturally occurring
substance.
B) Polyester is more flexible than cotton.
C) Polyester fibers are thinner than cotton fibers.
D) Polyester is nonpolar, whereas cotton is polar.
Answer: D
Topic: 2.5
Global Learning: G5
25) Select the most complete explanation of what the pH scale actually measures.
A) The acidity of a solvent
B) The alkalinity of a solvent
C) The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
D) The concentration of hydroxide ions in a solute
Answer: C
Topic: 2.6
26) The difference in pH units between two acidic solutions is three. How much more acidic is
the stronger acid than the weaker acid?
A) 3 times more acidic
B) 30 times more acidic
C) 100 times more acidic
D) 1,000 times more acidic
Answer: D
Topic: 2.6
Global Learning: G4
9
27) Something with a pH of 5 would be .
A) acidic
B) basic C)
neutral D)
alkaline
Answer: A
Topic: 2.6
28) How do buffers minimize change in the pH of biological systems?

A) By absorbing H+ ions when there is an excess
B) By donating H+ ions when there is a shortage
C) Both of these
D) Neither of these
Answer: C
Topic: 2.6
29) The functional group -NH2 is called the group.

A) methyl
B) alcohol
C) amino
D) carboxyl
Answer: C
Topic: 2.7
30) If you remove all of the functional groups from an organic molecule such that it contains
only carbon and hydrogen atoms, the molecule is called .
A) a carbohydrate
B) an inorganic molecule
C) a hydrocarbon
D) polar
Answer: C
Topic: 2.7
10
31) Which of the following large organic molecules includes table sugar?
A) Carbohydrates
B) Lipids
C) Proteins
D) Nucleic acids
Answer: A
Topic: 2.7, 2.9
32) The breaking of a large organic molecule into smaller individual subunits involves multiple
.
A) hydrolysis reactions
B) osmotic reactions
C) dehydration synthesis reactions
D) hydrosynthetic reactions
Answer: A
Topic: 2.8
33) What are the monomers of proteins?

A) Hydrochloric acids
B) Nucleic acids
C) Carboxylic acids
D) Amino acids
Answer: D
Topic: 2.8, 2.12
34) What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called?
A) Catabolism
B) Anabolism
C) Embolism
D) Metabolism
Answer: D
Topic: 2.8
11
35) What is another name for the polymers of carbohydrates?
A) Triglycerides
B) Polysaccharides
C) Polypeptides
D) Nucleotides
Answer: B
Topic: 2.9
36) Which of the following is not made from long chains of glucose?
A) Starch
B) Glycerol
C) Glycogen
D) Cellulose
Answer: B
Topic: 2.9
37) Based on the suffix, a molecule of "maltose" is most likely what type of macromolecule?
A) Carbohydrate
B) Lipid
C) Protein
D) Nucleic acid
Answer: A
Topic: 2.9
Global Learning: G2
38) Which polysaccharide consists of many long straight chains of glucose with bonds joining
the chains?
A) Starch
B) Cellulose
C) Glycogen
D) This does not describe a polysaccharide.
Answer: B
Topic: 2.9
12
39) Which polysaccharide consists of individual long, twisted, unbranched chains of glucose?
A) Starch
B) Cellulose
C) Glycogen
D) This does not describe a polysaccharide.
Answer: A
Topic: 2.9
40) Lipids are all .

A) hydrophonic
B) hydrophilic
C) hydrophobic
D) hydrolytic
Answer: C
Topic: 2.10
41) Which combination describes the plasma membrane?

A) Hydrophilic interior, hydrophobic exterior
B) Hydrophilic interior and exterior
C) Hydrophobic interior, hydrophilic exterior
D) Hydrophobic interior and exterior
Answer: C
Topic: 2.10
42) What is the basic structure of most lipids?

A) A glycerol head and up to three fatty acid tails
B) A linear chain of individual monomers
C) A branched chain of individual monomers
D) A ring with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
Answer: A
Topic: 2.10
13
43) Which of the following dietary fats is considered to be the most healthy?
A) Saturated fat
B) Unsaturated fat
C) Trans fat
D) Cholesterol
Answer: B
Topic: 2.11
Global Learning: G5
44) Oil hydrogenation can produce a product, such as vegetable shortening or margarine, that is
spreadable at room temperature. What is the name of this category of lipid?
A) Saturated fat
B) Unsaturated fat
C) Trans fat
D) Cholesterol
Answer: C
Topic: 2.11
Global Learning: G5
45) Which would have the highest concentration of C-H bonds?

A) Saturated fat
B) Unsaturated fat
C) Trans fat
D) Cholesterol
Answer: A
Topic: 2.11
46) What gives an amino acid its unique chemical properties?

A) The different amino groups
B) The sequence of amino acids in a chain
C) The bond that forms between amino acids
D) The side group
Answer: D
Topic: 2.12
14
47) To a large extent, a protein's function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a
protein's shape?
A) The location of the active site
B) The sequence of amino acids
C) The concentration of carbon-to-hydrogen single bonds
D) The number of carbon-to-carbon double bonds
Answer: B
Topic: 2.12
48) Proteins are diverse molecules that perform a wide variety of functions. Which of the
following is not a typical function of proteins?
A) Defense
B) Catalyze reactions
C) Movement
D) Energy storage
Answer: D
Topic: 2.12
49) What might lead to a protein that does not function properly?
A) Incorrect folding of the amino acid chain
B) The active site becoming blocked
C) The active site becoming distorted
D) All of these
Answer: D
Topic: 2.12, 2.13
50) Organic molecules that end in the suffix "-ase" often function as molecules.
A) structural
B) enzymatic
C) transport
D) storage
Answer: B
Topic: 2.13
15
51) Identify the substrate in the following reaction: Sucrose → Fructose + Glucose
A) Sucrose
B) Fructose
C) Glucose
D) Fructose and glucose
Answer: A
Topic: 2.13
52) What will be accomplished by lowering the activation energy of a reaction?

A) The reaction will proceed more slowly.
B) The reaction will proceed more quickly.
C) The reaction will stop completely.
D) The reaction will reverse.
Answer: B
Topic: 2.13
Global Learning: G2
Short-Answer Questions
53) An old home remedy for anemia was to drink from a jug of water into which was added a
handful of iron nails. Why might this have been effective at treating certain forms of anemia?
Answer: Possible Answer: Iron is an essential nutrient and the water would have contained iron.
If the anemia was the result of an iron deficiency, drinking from the nail water could have added
the essential element to the diet.
Topic: 2.2
Global Learning: G2, G5
54) Which of the three gasses is the easiest to break apart, nitrogen gas (N2), oxygen gas (O2), or
hydrogen gas (H2)? Which is the most difficult to break apart? What accounts for the
differences?
Answer: Possible Answer: Hydrogen gas, with a single covalent bond, is the easiest to break
apart. Nitrogen gas, with a triple covalent bond, is the most difficult. Oxygen gas has a double
covalent bond which is intermediate in strength to the weaker single and stronger triple.
Topic: 2.4
Global Learning: G2
16
55) Why does sweating cool your skin on a hot, dry day but makes you feel warmer on a hot,
humid day?
Answer: Possible Answer: The evaporative cooling of sweat cools the skin as the water and the
heat it has absorbed move from the skin to the drier air. Sweat does not evaporate as well on a
humid day, tending instead to build up on the skin, insulating the body rather than cooling it.
Topic: 2.5
Global Learning: G2
56) Individual amino acids have unique chemical qualities but these do not directly determine the
function of an enzyme. What then is the role of the individual amino acid's unique chemical
qualities and what then directly determines the function of an enzyme?
Answer: Possible Answer: The side groups of an amino acid are what give the amino acid its
unique chemical qualities. These allow specific amino acids in the polypeptide chain to bind to
other specific amino acids, which fold and twist the polypeptide into a specific three-dimensional
shape. The shape may include an indentation called the active site that directly functions as the
binding site for the substrate. Active sites often include cofactors and coenzymes that improve its
functionality. They will not function without these factors even if the amino acid sequence and
folding pattern are correct.
Topic: 2.12, 2.13
Global Learning: G2
57) Penicillin is a competitive inhibitor produced by a fungus in order to kill invading bacteria. It
does this by mimicking the substrate required by the bacterium to build and repair its cell wall.
Describe how mimicking the substrate would result in the death of the bacterium.
Answer: Possible Answer: As a competitive inhibitor, it must bind to the active site of the
bacterial enzyme where the correct substrate typically binds. Binding to the active site blocks the
correct substrate from binding and prevents the correct products from being formed. Without
these products, the bacterium cannot repair its cell wall and will die.
Topic: 2.13
Global Learning: G5
17
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Forbidden flight
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Forbidden flight
Author: Chester Cohen
Release date: March 11, 2024 [eBook #73146]
Language: English
Original publication: New York, NY: Columbia Publications, Inc, 1941
Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORBIDDEN

FLIGHT ***
FORBIDDEN FLIGHT
By Chester B. Conant
A Future Fiction Brief
[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Future combined with Science Fiction October 1941.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
But for the internal sounds of the ship hurtling through space the
silence was complete. It was not long since they had left Earth on
their perilously romantic expedition. In the enforced inactivity aboard
ship, the half-dozen members of the crew were reliving the events of
the past few months, particularly that final meeting of the Junior
Rocketeers, an organization of younger space pilots, most of them
still in their twenties. The society had been organized late in the 21st
Century by the Board of Interuniversal Transportation, Youth
Commission, to interest the space-conscious youth of the World in
"the furthering of scientific expeditions to planets yet unexplored to
extend the knowledge of man." Into this organization had poured
young men and women from all walks of life interested in making
their hobby of rocketing important as an aid to scientific
advancement.
Its success was attested by the fact that the Tellurian Army of
Maintenance consistently recruited officers from its membership to
be trained as assistant commanders of its extraplanetary forces.
"I am here, Friends, to plead the cause of sanity," Dr. Henry Neist
began. Hurt eyes stared at the speaker with disappointment and
astonishment. The doctor paused. For a moment, he had the feeling
that they hadn't heard, so stunning was the silence. The members of
the Junior Rocketeers were thinking, trying to understand, since Dr.
Neist was their last hope of official sanction. This same Dr. Neist had
been their greatest supporter before and during their many previous
expeditions, had helped them, lending his time and patience, even
when all others had forsaken them. He had stood as a bulwark for
them against the sneering disapproval of the World, the only
member of the Board of Interuniversal Transportation who had aided
them, fighting with them and for them to the last.
Now he was standing there on the platform with the others—against
them. Small wonder it was difficult for them to follow his words, to
comprehend his meaning. He fully realized their disappointment and
it was only painfully that he continued.
"In the past I have worked with you side by side against a world of
doubters and scoffers." He was reading their thoughts. "But I cannot
support you in this endeavor. I wish I could...." Dr. Neist paused
resignedly. "I'm not thinking of myself, Friends, believe me. The
thought of exile to the barren Anos does not frighten me as it hasn't
in the past. Twelve of your associates have disappeared—perished
—in flights of exploration to Uranus. Yes, surely perished, for if they
were alive we should most certainly have heard from them. We are
no longer living in the experimental era of the 21st Century. Space
travel is an accomplished fact. We have almost completely
conquered space. But for a few unexplored, outlying planets, we
should have complete knowledge of what was once a great,
mysterious universe.
"With such knowledge, Friends, with interuniversal communications
perfected, can you still believe that twelve young people could
become so lost in space that it were impossible for them to phone
us? Think! They had two complete auxiliary sets of uniphones with
which they could contact any planet in our universe. The sets were in
perfect condition, had been checked and rechecked. Could there
have been an accident so inconceivable as to have ruined their
phones and left their ship damaged beyond repair? The Staluminum
hulls must have been crushed—destroyed—before their instruments
could even be touched.
"The two previous expeditions to Uranus have failed horribly, as
never before in this century of enlightenment and research. The
second expedition should never have been allowed, yet you ask for
a third. It's sheer suicide, Friends—sheer suicide. Don't you see
that?... I cannot give you my sanction." The last with a definite
finality, almost fatalistic in tone. The lines in Dr. Neist's face
deepened; he looked like a tired old man as he sank into his seat.
He felt their disappointment keenly; perhaps as much as they did
themselves.
But the Junior Rocketeers did not realize this at the time. Neist's
decision meant the abandonment of an expedition of months of
planning, during which they had hardly slept, working night and day
to bring their venture to a successful conclusion.
Disconsolately, they trouped out of the hall, hardly speaking. One
boy, Reggie Bowan, much younger than his fellows, who had joined
the organization hardly a month previously, wiped tears from his
eyes as he walked. He expressed the feelings of his dry-eyed but as
fully affected seniors.
That night they met in their spacious quarters which were at once
laboratory, hangar and factory, wherein they had planned and built
the ships which had carried their members to glory on the many
expeditions since the inception of their organization only a quarter-
century before.
"Are all the entrances being carefully watched?" asked Jason Day.
"You haven't forgotten the East Office? The Doctor usually enters
from there. We can't trust anyone now."
"The East Office also, Friend Jason—Rita's guarding it." Jason Day
was local president of the society. Without turning his long dark face,
he assented, "Good. We must work fast, now, and with all possible
caution. The Quest has been checked a hundred times; almost
everything is ready. I assume you've all had your quota for the
evening meal. Dinner is the last meal you'll get on Earth. We'll
breakfast on the ship."
Little more than an hour later, the great roar of the Starterocket tubes
announced the beginning of the outlawed excursion. Having
succeeded in catapulting their burden into space, the incipient
rockets now settled down, smouldering, to rest. A thick, black smoke
hid them from view.
"Starterockets cleared, Friend Jason," announced young Bowan. No
tears now. The lad's face was beaming with a mixture of happiness
and perspiration as he awaited further instructions. Jason threw the
switch that started the ship's rocket engines almost before the boy's
words were finished.
Blanche Holm, the pretty co-pilot, bustled about getting things in
readiness for the long, forbidden journey. Humming happily, she set
gears and levers in preparation for her turn at the controls. Rita
Balter, the only other girl aboard ship, was unpacking and re-packing
tools and gear while others were similarly occupied in the after-
compartments of the Quest.
In his observatory, where he had paced the floor ceaselessly all

night, Dr. Neist watched with deep emotion as the Rocketeers sped
into the infinite. Painted along the ship's side in ragged blue he had
read: URANUS OR BUST. He smiled sadly at their youthful
exuberance. The young fools.... He knew they'd do it. Those old
fossils on the Board must have been mad to think they were going to
give up the idea after these exhaustive weeks of careful planning. He
wished they had. Jason Day was his favorite protege: brilliant,
ambitious—they were all a lot of fine kids. He shrugged his
shoulders wearily....
A gleaming bronze bullet sped smoothly through space, seeming to

nose into the very stars. Inside the bullet Jason was getting ready to
take his turn at the controls. He found Blanche weary yet cheerful,
looking forward to a rest in the sleeping quarters.
"Look at the indicator, Blanche!" he cried. The needle was quivering
madly. "We're nearing it!"
"I know," she replied. "I've been watching it all night. It's been
motionless until now. We must just have entered the range of its
magnetic field."
"I'll take over," Jason said, excitedly. "You'd better get some sleep."
"I can't sleep now. Let me have a stimulette, will you? I've used all
mine."
"Sure ... here." He handed her a capsule. "Blanche—?"
"Yes?"
"I'm thinking it wasn't far from here—"
"Yes, Jay, I know. We'll find out soon enough."
"Perhaps too soon. Blanche, you know how I feel about you."
"Of course."
"Maybe we should have married before we left."
"Why so pessimistic, darling? This isn't like you."
"I don't know." He forced a laugh. "Maybe it's the atmosphere."
It was at that moment, peering through the obsoglass in front of him,
that he saw it.
"Blanche! Look at that!"
In front of them and a few short miles above them stretched a high
fuzzy blanket of haze. Beyond it the torn and twisted remains of the
ships of the two previous expeditions, a gruesome chaos of almost
unrecognizable wreckage. All this could be seen but dimly through
the yellow film.
A moment more and they would pierce the blanket. A feeling of
impending doom seized them. Horror-stricken, they huddled
together, the instruments and dials now forgotten. The indicator
which warned them of their approach had long since burst into
fragments, the magnetic pull on the great needle too much even for
the duraglass shield to withstand.
The Quest pierced the yellow haze. There was a terrific explosion.
Great forces, like unseen hands, tore at the ship, rending the strong
Staluminum hull to fragments as though it were an eggshell. When
the last fragments had come to rest there was nothing to be seen of
the former occupants but a few crimson splotches here and there,
scattered about the wreckage.
Only one huge Staluminum plate which had been thrown clear of the
ship at the beginning of the explosion remained recognizable. Still
legible on one side of the bronze-hued plate were two words:—OR
BUST.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FORBIDDEN
FLIGHT ***
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