M. N. Yuniarto et al.

: Modeling, Simulation, and Validation of Electric Scooter Energy Consumption Model

FIGURE 1. Electric scooter energy flows model architecture.

to [24] are as follows:

EBatt
ECons = (1)
d
where, ECons is the estimated energy consumption per unit
distance (kWh/km), EBatt is the total energy output from the
battery (kWh), and d is the total distance covered by the
electric scooter (km).
According to the conservation energy laws, the total energy
input is equal to the total energy output and energy loss,
hence:
EBatt = ETraction + ELoad + ELoss ERegen (2)
where, ETraction is the total energy required for moving the FIGURE 2. Electric scooter dynamics longitudinal free body diagram.
vehicle; ELoad is the total energy to power up any accessories
found in the vehicle; ELoss is the total energy loss due to
inefficiency in the vehicle energy conversion and ERegen is supply all the power required to drive the machine (overcome
defined as the total energy generated during vehicle regener- all of the resistive forces (RTotal ) and losses in its power
ative braking events, respectively. transmission (⌘PowerTrain ) system) at a specified velocity
According to [24], it is defined that ETraction +ELoad +ELoss (VElectricScooter ). PBatt_in is the total energy. recovered by the
is equivalent to the total energy drawn from the battery and it traction battery during regenerative braking. It is specified by
is denoted as EBatt_out . Therefore, (2) can be rewritten as: and PRegen is the percentage of the braking energy recovery
(0 < < 1) while PRegen is the regenerative power from the
EBatt = EBatt_out ERegen (3) electric scooter during braking, respectively.
Or in terms of the power required, it can be expressed as: The total resistive force of the scooter when moving can
✓Z Z ◆ be derived from its dynamic equation of motion. This was
EBatt = PBatt_out (t) dt determined
PBatt_in (t) dt work:
energy
using the longitudinal model shown in Fig. 2.
Traction Regen In Fig. 2, the total resistive forces for a moving electric
1 power: work done/time crate work done
scooter in an inclination road angle of ↵ (using the longitudi-
of

⇥ (4)
3600 Spowerdt total work done
=

nal model) can be derived as follows.

RTotal · VElectricScooter
PBatt_out = (5) RTotal = FTraction (Resistance) (7)
⌘PowerTrain
PBatt_in = ⇥ PRegen (6) PWheel = FTraction · VElectricScooter (Power of wheel)(8)
where, PBatt_out is the total power (including loss) to propel F Traction = FDrag + FRollingResistance + FGrade
the electric scooter. The traction battery should be able to of
Force traction + FInertia (9)

48512 VOLUME 10, 2022