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CHAPTER 3
CONSTITUTIONS, STATUTES, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, AND

COURT RULES—RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
Lecture Plan/Chapter Outline
I. INTRODU CTION
Laws passed by Congress or state legislatures are generally called acts or statutes. This body
of law is commonly referred to as statutory law. Ordinances are laws usually passed by local
governing bodies, such as city councils and county commissions. Administrative agencies, under
the authority granted by legislative bodies, adopt rules and regulations that have the force of
law.
Statutory analysis is the process of determining if a statute applies, how it applies, and
the effect of that application.
II. ANATOMY OF A STATUTE

Understanding the structure of statutory law is essential to effective statutory analysis. A
researcher must be able to identify whether the statutory scheme (organizational structure of
the statutory law) assists in determining if a particular statute is applicable to a set of facts or
whether other sources need to be consulted to determine the applicability of the law.
A. Numbers
© 2018 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly
accessible
website, in whole or in part.
Each statute has numbers assigned for each section of the statute.
Most laws are divided into broad categories, each of which is assigned a number.
Those broad categories are divided into topics or smaller categories that are also assigned
numbers. The topics are further divided into subtopics, each of which is assigned a number,
and so on.
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B. Short Title
The short title is the name by which the statute is known.
C. Purpose Clause
The purpose clause includes the purpose the legislative body intended to accomplish when
drafting the statute.
D. Scope
Some statutes have sections that state specifically what is and is not covered by the statute.
These are called scope sections.
E. Definitions
Some statutes have definitions sections that define terms used in the statute.
F. Substantive Provisions
The substantive sections set forth the substance of the law. They establish the rights and
duties of those governed by the statute: that which is required, prohibited, or allowed.
The substantive sections may include sections that provide remedies, such as fines or
imprisonment in criminal cases. There may be sections governing procedure, such as which
court has jurisdiction over the matters covered by the statute.
G. Annotations/Referenc e Information
Following each section of a statute is reference information, usually referred to as
annotations, which includes:
▪ The history of the section, including dates of amendment. It may also include
summaries of the amendments and previous statutory numbers if the section number
has changed due to a recodification
▪ Historical and statutory notes
▪ Official comments on the section
▪ Cross-references to other related statutes
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▪ Library references/research guides—references to other sources that may be useful
when analyzing the statute, such as books, digest key numbers, law review and other
articles, ALR cites, and legal encyclopedia cites that discuss the section (C.J.S., Am. Jur.
2d, etc.)
▪ Notes to decisions—the name, citation, and summaries of key court decisions that
have discussed, analyzed, or interpreted the statute
Annotations are sources of information and are not part of the statute. They are not the
law and do not have legal authority.
III. STATUTORY RESEARCH—LOCATING STATUTES

Statutory research is the process of finding the statutory law that applies to a problem. The U.S.
Constitution is included with the United States Code Annotated and the United States Code
Service, the main research sources for federal law, and most state constitutions are included
with the state statutes.
A. Federal Law
1. Publication
The full text of each law is published separately by the U.S. Government Printing Office and is
referred to as a slip law. At the end of each session of Congress, the slip laws are placed in
chronological order (organized according to the date the law was passed) and published in
volumes titled the United States Statutes at Large.
In the United States Code, the laws contained in the United States Statutes at Large are
organized (codified) by subject into 50 categories called titles. The United States Code is the
official code of the laws of the United States. A publication of a code of laws is considered an
official code when the government itself publishes the code or arranges for or directs a
commercial publisher to publish the code.
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2. United States Code Annotated
The United States Code Annotated (USCA) is not an official code, as it is published by West Group
(and is available on Westlaw). The USCA consists of approximately 200 volumes. The first
volumes contain the U.S. Constitution with annotations. Subsequent volumes include the
entire text of the 50 titles of the United States Code. The USCA includes:
a. General Index
b. Pocket Parts and Supplementary Pamphlets
c. Popular Name Table—a list of the popular names of statutes, such as the
Americans with Disabilities Act and the Freedom of Information Act
d. Conversion Tables—can be used to find where the law is classified in the USCA
3. United States Code Service
The United States Code Service (USCS) is not an official code, as it is published by LexisNexis. The
USCS consists of approximately 150 volumes and contains the wording of the federal
statutes published in the Statutes at Large.
Similarities between the USCA and USCS are that both sets:
1. Are organized in the same way

2. Have general indexes, popular name tables, and conversion tables
3. Are annotated
4. Are similarly updated
Differences between the USCA and USCS:
1. The USCA includes more court decisions in the “Notes of Decisions” section of the
annotations. The USCS tends to be more selective and references the more
significant cases.
2. The “Research Guide” section of USCS annotations is more comprehensive than
the “Library Reference” section of the USCA in that it includes more references to
research sources.
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3. The supplements to the USCS, called the Cumulative Later Case and Statutory
Service, are cumulative.
4. In the USCA, the topics covered in the “Notes to the Decisions” are arranged
alphabetically; in the USCS, the “Interpretive Notes and Decisions” are arranged
according to topic.
B. State Statutory Law and Codes

The enactment and publication of state legislation varies in detail from state to state, but
most state codes are similar to the USCA and USCS in the following ways:
▪ Each set has a general index, and some sets have a separate index following each title.
▪ Some statutes have popular name tables and conversion tables that can be used to
locate statutes that have been renumbered or repealed.
▪ The statutes are organized by subject, with each subject title being subdivided into
chapters, and so on.
▪ The state constitution with annotations is included in the code.
▪ State codes are usually updated annually by some form of supplement. These may be
pocket parts inserted in the statutory volume or separate pamphlets.
▪ State statutes are annotated. The annotations include the history of the
section, cross-references to other statutes, research guides, and notes to
court decisions.
C. The Research Process—Techniques and Strategies

1. Locate the Statute
The beginning step of all research, including statutory research, is to identify what you are
looking for as precisely and narrowly as possible. After you have defined your search as
concisely as possible, there are three main ways to approach locating a statute:
a. General Index
b. Title Table of Contents
c. Popular Name
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2. Update Your Research
After you locate a statute, check the pocket parts and supplementary pamphlets to ensure
that the statute published in the main volume has not been amended or repealed. Check also
the annotations to locate new case law that may affect the interpretation of the statute.
D. Ethics—Competenc e and Diligence

There are considerations of ethics to keep in mind when conducting any kind of research.
Rule 1.1 of the American Bar Association’s Model Rules of Professional Conduct requires that
a client be provided competent representation. Rule 1.3 provides that a client be represented
with diligence and promptness.
IV. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

The body of law that results from the rules and regulations and the court opinions
interpreting them is called administrative law.
A. Federal Administrativ e Law

1. Publication
Administrative regulations are published in two sources:
a. Federal Register. The Federal Register is a daily publication of the federal government
that publishes:
• Presidential documents such as executive orders
• Rules and regulations
• Proposed rules and regulations, including summaries of proposed rules and notices
of hearings, persons to contact, and others
b. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). The regulations of administrative agencies are
codified in this multivolume, softbound set of books.
1. Researching Federal Administrativ e Law
The following guides focus on researching the CFR.
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a. Indexes and table of contents
b. Other sources for locating rules and regulations—secondary sources, such as law review
articles and ALR annotations
c. Federal Register
d. Computer-aided research
e. Court and administrative decisions—may be available through the Government Printing
Office and through commercial publishers, such as CCH and BNA (discussed in this
chapter); administrative and court decisions can also be accessed through Westlaw and
LexisNexis
f. Updating administrative law research—the Code of Federal Regulations is updated by
consulting the List of CFR Sections Affected (LSA)
B. State Administrativ e Law

The publication of state rules and regulations varies from state to state. The publication and
research of state administrative law often follows in varying degrees that of federal
administrative law.
V. COURT RULES
Court rules regulate the conduct of matters brought before the court. The Federal Rules of
Civil and Criminal Procedure are included in the United States Code.
The state and federal rules are available on Westlaw and LexisNexis, through
http://www.findlaw.com and the state or individual court website.
Local rules are specific to the court and generally govern administrative matters such as
the size of papers accepted, the number of copies of pleadings that must be filed with the
original, and how to file by facsimile transmission.
VI. ANALYSIS—THE PROCESS

The analysis of enacted law and court rules is a process of determining if a law applies, how it
applies, and the effect of that application to a specific fact situation. When analyzing a legal
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problem or addressing an issue governed by a constitutional, statutory, or administrative law
provision, or a court rule, it is helpful to have an approach—an analysis process. A three-step
approach is recommended.
A. Step 1: Determine If the Statute Applies

1. Locate all applicable statutes.
2. Determine which statutes apply by asking does the general area of law covered by
this statute apply to the issue raised by the facts of my client’s case?
▪ Reference to case law may be necessary to determine if a statute governs a
situation.
▪ It may be that two laws govern a legal question. In this event, two causes of
action may be available.
▪ Always check the effective date of the statute to be sure that the statute is in
effect.
▪ Always check the supplements to the statute to make sure that the statute you
are researching is the latest version.
B. Step 2: Analyze the Statute

Carefully read and analyze the statute to determine how it applies. Some statutes are lengthy
and difficult to understand. Step 2 involves two parts:
1. Read the Statute

a. Read the statute carefully several times.
b. Does the statute set a standard or merely provide factors that must be considered?
c. Does the statute provide more than one rule or test? Are other rules or tests available?
Are there exceptions to the rule or test?
d. All the words and punctuation have meaning. Always check the definitions section for
the meaning of a term.
e. Review the entire statute (all sections) to determine if other sections in some way affect
or relate to the section you are researching.
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f. Certain common terminology must be understood. Be aware of the meaning of
commonly used terms such as shall, may, and, and/or. Shall makes the duty imposed
mandatory. It must be done. May leaves the duty optional. If and is used, all the
conditions or listed items are required. If the term or is used, only one of the conditions
or listed items is required.
g. Keep in mind the cannon of constructions when reading.
2. Identify the Statutory Elements
What does the statute specifically declare, require, or prohibit? Ask yourself, what specific
requirements must be met for the statute to apply? What are the elements? For a statute to
apply, certain conditions established by the statute must be met. These conditions or
components of the statute are called statutory elements. After the elements are identified,
you can determine how the statute applies.
Identify the elements or requirements of the statute by reading the entire statute,
analyzing each sentence word by word, and listing everything that is required.
C. Step 3: Apply the Statute to the Legal Problem or Issue
This entails applying or matching the facts of the client’s case to the elements of the statute.
Match the client’s facts with the required elements of the statute.
1. Chart Format
Utilize a chart that lists the elements of the statute.
2. Narrative Summar y
Use a narrative summary of the elements and how the facts of the case match or establish
the elements.
VII. GENERAL CONSIDERATI ONS

Always keep in mind two major considerations and guidelines when engaged in statutory
analysis:
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1. Legislative history
2. Canons of construction
The plain meaning rule mandates that a statute will be interpreted according to its plain
meaning. Words will be interpreted according to their common meanings. The court will render
an interpretation that reflects the plain meaning of the language and is consistent with the
meaning of all other sections of the act.
A. Legislativ e History
Legislative history is the record of the legislation during the enactment process before it
became law. It is composed of committee reports, transcripts of hearings, statements of
legislators concerning the legislation, and any other material published for legislative use in
regard to the legislation.
B. Canons of Construction
Canons of construction are rules and guidelines the courts use when interpreting statutes.
The plain meaning rule governs when the canons of construction apply. If the meaning of the
statute is clear on its face, then there is no room for interpretation and a court will not apply
the canons of construction.
1. Expressio Unius
The entire Latin phrase is expressio unius est exclusio alterius, which translates as “the
expression of one excludes all others.” If the statute contains a list of what is covered,
everything else is excluded.
2. Ejusdem Generis
The Latin term ejusdem generis means “of the same genus or class.” Whenever a statute
contains a specific list followed by a general term, the general term is interpreted to be
limited to other things of the same class or kind as those in the list.
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3. Pari Materia
The Latin phrase pari materia translates as “on the same subject matter.” Statutes dealing
with the same subject should be interpreted consistently.
4. Last Antecedent Rule
Qualifying words and phrases apply to the words or phrase immediately preceding and do
not extend to other more remote words or phrases.
5. Intended Remedy
Statutes are to be interpreted in a manner that furthers the intended legislative remedy.
6. Entire Context
The words, phrases, and subsections of a statute are to be interpreted in the context of the
entire statute.
7. Constitutionality
Statutes are assumed to be constitutional and should be construed in a manner that

preserves their constitutionality, if possible.
8. Criminal Statutes
Criminal statutes are to be narrowly interpreted.
VIII. CITING CONSTITUTIONS, STATUTES,

ADMI NISTRATIV E LAW, AND COURT RULES
A. Citing Constitutions
The citation format for constitutions is in Bluepages B11 and Rule 11 of the Bluebook and
Rule 13 of the ALWD Guide.
B. Citing Statutes
The citation format for statutes can be found in Bluepages B12 and Rule 12 of the
Bluebook and Rule 14 of the ALWD Guide.
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1. General Rules When Citing Statutes
a. Official versus Unofficial Codes.
The official code should be cited when a statute is found therein. Citing to unofficial
codes is permissible but requires that the name of the publisher, editor, or compiler
be included in the parenthetical with the year of the code.
b. Print versus Electronic Databases
When citing a print source be mindful of whether material is taken from main
volumes or supplemental volumes.
c. Section Symbol and Multiple Sections
The section symbol is used to indicate a section of a statute.
d. Short Citation Format
Once citation to a statute has been presented in a document in the full format,
subsequent cites may be in short citation format.
2. Session Laws and Slip Laws

If a citation is not available in the official or unofficial codes, then it is appropriate to cite
the session law.
C. Citing Administrativ e Law

The citation format for administrative law can be found in Bluepages B14 ad Rule 14 of the
Bluebook and Rule 19 of the ALDW Guide.
D. Citing Court Rules

The citation format for court rules can be found in Bluepages B12 and Rule 12 of the
Bluebook and Rule 17 of the ALWD Guide.
E. Sections and Paragraphs
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Teaching Tips
Emphasize that knowing the anatomy of a statute (the statutory sections, such as the
definition section, scope, and substantive provisions) is important and that the entire statute
should be reviewed, not just a substantive provision. For example, students may tend to read
only the substantive statute they have looked up and fail to read the definition section or
other sections of the statute that may affect the application of the section they have located.
Also, emphasize the value of the reference information following the statutory provision.
Emphasize that, when analyzing a statute, it is important to identify all the requirements
(elements) of the statute and that there must be facts that meet each element for the statute
to apply.
Suggested Assignments
1. Refer to Assignment 7 of the Chapter Exercises. Have students refer to the statutes
and answer the following questions.
▪ How is murder in the first degree defined?
▪ Does your state recognize nuncupative wills—and, if so, what is required?
▪ Does your state allow holographic wills—and if so, what is required?
▪ What is the citation of the Statute of Frauds section of the State Commercial Code?
▪ Does your state have a statute protecting privileged communications between
spouses? If so, what is the citation and what communications are privileged?
2. Have students locate your state law governing nuncupative wills and complete
Assignment 12A–D using that law rather than the law presented in this assignment.
3. Have students locate the statute of frauds section of your state’s commercial code
and complete the assignment using that law rather than the law presented in
Assignment 13A–C.
4. Have students locate your state law governing privileged spousal communications
and complete Assignment 14A–C using that law rather than the law presented in
Assignment 14.
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Text Assignments: Answers
ASSIGNMENT 1
Answers will vary depending on the state.
ASSIGNMENT 2
The Fair Housing Act, 42 U.S.C. §3601 et. seq. The easiest way to find this is by consulting the
popular name table under “Fair Housing Act.” Whether the state has a law depends on the
state.
ASSIGNMENT 3
17 U.S.C.A. §1001, under COPYRIGHTS—Digital audio recording device in USCA index. Section
1001(3):
A “digital audio recording device” is any machine or device of a

type commonly distributed to individuals for use by individuals,
whether or not included with or as part of some other machine or
device, the digital recording function of which is designed or
marketed for the primary purpose of, and that is capable of,
making a digital audio copied recording for private use except
for—
(A) Professional model products, and

(B) Dictation machines, answering machines, and other
audio recording equipment that is designed and
marketed primarily for the creation of sound recordings
resulting from the fixation of nonmusical sounds.
Answers will vary regarding what Internet source was used.
Answer should be Yes if checking the currentness of the section was allowed.
In June 2017 answer is Current through P.L. 115-40. Answer will vary with each passing
legislative session.
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ASSIGNMENT 4
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, 12 U.S.C. §4520. Under MINORITY BUSINESS
ENTERPRISE—Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.
12 U.S.C.A. §1833e in print was last updated March 2014, but if a school library does not keep
their U.S.C.A. updated, answers may vary.
Answers will vary regarding what Internet source was used.
Answer should be Yes if checking the currentness of the section was allowed.
In June 2017 answer is Current through P.L. 115-40. Answer will vary with each passing
legislative session.
ASSIGNMENT 5
18 U.S.C.A. §175, the authorized term of imprisonment for possession of biological weapons by
a restricted person is “fined as provided in this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or
both, but the prohibition contained in this section shall not apply with respect to any duly
authorized United States governmental activity.” This is Title 18 Section 175(b). The current print
edition is the 2012 edition started shipping in 2013, the volume containing this statute is dated
2013. Answers will vary regarding Internet source. Answer should always be Yes regarding checking
the currentness of the section. In June 2017 answer is Current through P.L. 115-40. Answer will vary
with each passing legislative session.
ASSIGNMENT 6
Fifth Amendment, headnote 18—Juveniles. Application of In Re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, 87 S.Ct.
1428, 18 L.Ed. 2d 527 (1967).
ASSIGNMENT 7
Answers will vary for each part of this assignment.
Pages: 63115–63117
Effective Date: October 19, 2015
ASSIGNMENT 8A
The elements of arson are the following:
1. A person . . . knowingly [that is, intentionally]
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2. sets fire to, burns, causes to be burned, or by use of any explosive, damages or
destroys, or causes to be damaged or destroyed, any property of another without his
consent.
ASSIGNMENT 8B
Tom has committed arson because all of the elements are met.
1. He acted knowingly—he did not accidentally blow up the barn.

2. By use of an explosive, he destroyed the barn.
3. He destroyed property—a barn is property.
4. The property belonged to another—a neighbor.
5. He acted without consent—assuming that the neighbor did not consent (there are no
facts given concerning consent).
ASSIGNMENT 8C
1. If the statute is strictly construed, Lois has probably not committed arson because she
did not “knowingly” set fire to the house. She accidentally set fire to the house. Case law
should be consulted because the courts may have ruled that certain conduct, such as
lighting a match to locate a safe after breaking into a house, is acting “knowingly” within
the meaning of the statute. If that is the case, then Lois has committed arson because
the remaining four elements are present.
2. She set fire to the house.
3. She set fire to property—a house is property.
4. The property belonged to another—assuming that Lois did not break into her own
house.
5. She acted without consent—assuming that the owner did not consent (there are no
facts given concerning consent).
ASSIGNMENT 8D
Dai has committed arson because all of the elements are met.
1. She acted knowingly—she did not accidentally set the building on fire.
2. She set the building on fire.
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3. She set fire to property—the diner is property.
4. The property belonged to another—the property did not belong entirely to Dai
because she owned the building with Steve. Steve owned an interest in the building.
When Dai set fire to it, she set fire to the property of “another”—Steve’s property
interest in the building.
5. She acted without consent—assuming that Steve did not consent (there are no facts
given concerning consent).
ASSIGNMENT 9
Answers will be similar to the answers to Assignment 8A–D, but they may vary according to
state law.
ASSIGNMENT 10
40 C.F.R. 8. C.F.R. Index under Environmental Impact Statements—Environmental Protection
Statements—Antarctica, nongovernmental activities, environmental impact assessment.
ASSIGNMENT 11
Page 63115. Federal Register Index Vol. 80, No. 201. The final rule is effective October 19,
2015.
ASSIGNMENT 12A
The statute applies to nuncupative wills. A nuncupative will is an oral will, a will that is not
written.
Instructor’s Note: You may want to require students to answer this question with a legal
dictionary definition of nuncupative.
ASSIGNMENT 12B
The elements of the statute are as follows:
1. The testator must be in imminent peril of death.

2. The testator must have died as a result of the impending peril.
3. The testator must have declared the will to be his last will.
4. The testator must have made the declaration before two disinterested witnesses.
5. The will must be reduced to writing by or under the direction of one of the witnesses.
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6. The reduction to writing must take place within 30 days after the declaration.
7. The will must be submitted for probate within six months after the death of the
testator.
ASSIGNMENT 12C
The statute does not apply to this situation. The statute applies to nuncupative (oral) wills. It
does not apply to written wills. The facts in Assignment 12C involve a will written by the testator.
Mr. Lang’s will would be governed by the statutes dealing with holographic wills, wills written by
the testator, usually handwritten.
ASSIGNMENT 12D PART 1
There is insufficient information provided in the problem to determine if the will is valid under
the statute. The following information is necessary.
1. It must be determined if Larry (the testator) was in imminent peril of death when he
made the declaration. The statute requires that the testator be “in imminent peril of
death.” Even though Larry was on his deathbed, the facts do not state that he was in
imminent peril of death (although this probably can be assumed).
2. It must be determined if Larry died of the imminent peril. The statute requires that
the testator must die “as a result of the impending peril.” The facts do not state that
Larry died as a result of the impending peril. Although the facts state that Larry was
on his deathbed, and one would tend to assume that he died as a result of the peril,
there is no direct statement to this effect in the facts. One must determine if Larry
indeed died of the peril and not assume that this is the case.
Instructor’s Note: Students should be advised to beware of making assumptions. A

good rule to follow is to not assume anything; rather, be sure. If necessary, gather
more information or conduct additional research.
3. It must be determined if Larry’s sister Mary and his neighbor Tom are “disinterested
witnesses” within the meaning of the statute. The statute requires that the testator’s
declaration be made before two disinterested witnesses. Beth is an interested witness
because Larry leaves all his property to her. The other two witnesses are Tom and
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Mary. If Mary or Tom is determined to be an interested witness, then there are not
two disinterested witnesses. The requirement that the declaration be witnessed by
two disinterested witnesses would not be met, and the will would not be valid.
Even though Mary does not inherit under the declaration of the terms of the
nuncupative will, she might still inherit a portion of Larry’s property pursuant to the
provisions of Subsection C of the statute. Therefore, she may be considered an

interested party. The relevant statutory and case law must be researched to
determine what constitutes an interested witness and if Mary is an interested
witness.
It must also be determined if Tom, Larry’s next-door neighbor, is an interested
witness. Larry may have a written will in which Tom is named as a beneficiary. Under the
provisions of Subsection C of the statute, it is possible that Tom could inherit a portion
of Larry’s property and therefore be considered an interested witness. As in Mary’s case,
the relevant statutory and case law must be researched to determine if Tom is an
interested witness.
4. It must be determined if the declaration by Larry was made “before two disinterested
witnesses.” The question is what constitutes “before.” Tom heard the declaration, but
he was not in the same room as Larry when the declaration was made. It must be
determined if the statute requires that the witness be physically present in the same
room as the testator when the declaration is made.
In order to answer this question, it will probably be necessary to research case law
to determine what constitutes “before two disinterested witnesses.” Although it is
possible that another section of the Probate Code sets forth what constitutes proper
witnessing, it is more likely that this question has been addressed by the courts.
According to Subsection C of the statute, the nuncupative will does not revoke an existing
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written will. Under Subsection C, the nuncupative will only change the written will to the
extent necessary to give effect to the nuncupative will. Subsection B further limits the effect of
the nuncupative will. It provides that a nuncupative will may only dispose of personal property
in an aggregate value not exceeding $1,000.
The combined effect of these two sections is that Larry’s nuncupative will disposes of Larry’s
personal property in an amount not exceeding $1,000. His written will is affected only to this
extent.
ASSIGNMENT 13A
Section 2-201 provides that a contract for the “sale of goods . . . is not enforceable . . . unless
there is some writing.” The statute does not refer to the lease of goods and therefore does not
appear to apply to the lease of goods. Research should be conducted, however, to determine
if the “sale of goods” is interpreted to include the lease of goods. There may be a definition
section of the Commercial Code Sales Act that defines “sale of goods.” Also, there may be a
court opinion that interprets what constitutes the “sale of goods.”
ASSIGNMENT 13B
The required elements for a contract for the sale of goods of $500 or more to be enforceable
are the following:
1. The contract must be in writing.

2. The writing must be sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made
between the parties.
3. The contract must be signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought, that
is, the party being sued or that party’s authorized agent or broker.
ASSIGNMENT 13C PART 1
The statute does not limit who can enforce the contract. It does, however, provide limits
against whom enforcement may be sought. The statute limits enforcement to those contracts
“signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought.” In other words, a contract may
only be enforced against a party who signed it. Since neither party signed the contract, it is not
enforceable against either party.
accessible
The statute provides that a contract is not enforceable unless it is “signed by the party against
whom enforcement is sought.” If Mary is the only party who signed the contract, under the
provisions of the statute, the contract can only be enforced against her. Therefore, only the
seller can enforce the contract.
It must be assumed in Assignment 13C, Parts 3 and 4, that the written contract is “sufficient to
indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the parties.” Since the contract was
signed by both parties, under the provisions of the statute, it is enforceable against both
parties. The fact that the contract incorrectly provides for the sale of nine tires, rather than
the 10 tires the parties orally agreed on, does not render the contract unenforceable. The statute
provides that a “writing is not insufficient because it omits or incorrectly states a term agreed
upon.”
When, however, the contract incorrectly states a term, the statute provides that the
contract is not enforceable “beyond” the quantity shown in the contract. In this case, the
contract provides for the sale of nine tires. Therefore, in light of the provisions of the statute,
the contract is enforceable for the sale of up to nine tires.
The answers to Assignment 13C, Parts 3 and 4, are very similar. Because the contract was
signed by both parties, under the provisions of the statute, it is enforceable against both
parties. The fact that the contract incorrectly provides for the sale of 15 tires rather than the
10 tires the parties orally agreed on does not render the contract unenforceable. As noted in the
answer to Assignment 13C, Part 3, the statute provides that a “writing is not insufficient
because it omits or incorrectly states a term agreed upon.”
As noted in the answer to Assignment 13C, Part 3, when a contract incorrectly states a
term, the statute provides that the contract is not enforceable beyond the quantity shown in
the contract. In this case, the contract provides for the sale of 15 tires. Therefore, in light of
the provisions of the statute, the contract should be enforceable for the sale of up to 15 tires.
accessible
The statute, however, does not address a question that is implied in this assignment.
The statute only provides that the contract is not enforceable “beyond the quantity” stated in
the contract. What if the written contract incorrectly states a quantity in excess of the
amount orally agreed upon by the parties and a party wants the contract enforced only in the
amount of the oral agreement?
In this case, the oral agreement was for 10 tires and the written contract provides for
the sale of 15 tires. Is the contract enforceable for a quantity in excess of the amount orally
agreed upon? A literal reading of the statute would indicate, yes; it is enforceable for a quantity
of up to 15 tires, even though the parties orally agreed only to 10 tires. In this situation, it is
advisable to research case law to determine if the courts have interpreted the statute to limit
the enforcement of the quantity to the amount orally agreed upon by the parties—in this
case, 10 tires.
There is an enforceable contract under the provisions of the statute if the slip of paper is
“sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the parties.” The
statute does not provide any guidance as to what is sufficient; therefore, research would be
necessary to determine if any other statute defines “sufficient” or if the courts have
interpreted what constitutes a sufficient writing under the statute.
If research indicates that the writing is sufficient, then additional research would be
necessary to determine to what extent the contract is enforceable. Because the writing does
not include any of the terms of the agreement, such as quantity or price, the statute is of
little guidance. Court cases involving similar fact situations would have to be researched to
determine how and to what extent the courts have enforced similar contracts.
ASSIGNMENT 14
Instructor’s Note: The statutory section in this assignment involves privileged communications
between spouses. Often, there are other state statutes that limit this privilege. For example,
some states have statutes that provide that the privilege does not apply in cases involving
accessible
child neglect and abuse. Therefore, students should be advised that they should always
conduct thorough research into all related statutes.
ASSIGNMENT 14A
The statutory elements of Section 35-1-4 are as follows:
1. A husband and wife may testify for or against each other in all actions with the
following exception:
2. A husband and wife may not testify
a. as to any communication or admission
b. made by either of them to the other
c. during the marriage.
This prohibition does not apply in actions:
a. between such husband and wife, and

b. where the custody, support, health, or welfare of their children or children in
either spouse’s custody or control is directly in issue.
ASSIGNMENT 14B
As indicated in Assignment 14A, a husband and wife may testify for or against each other in all
actions unless the testimony involves “any communication or admission” made by them to
each other during the marriage. In addition, they may testify for or against each other concerning
communications or admissions made during the marriage when the action is between the
husband and wife, and directly in issue is the custody . . . of their children or children in
either spouse’s custody or control.
Except in the situation mentioned in the previous paragraph, a husband and wife are
prohibited from testifying either for or against each other in all actions in regard to
communications or admissions made to each other during the marriage.
It is assumed that the husband and wife were married when the husband admitted he knew
that he ran the stop sign because he was drunk. Since the conversation took place during the
accessible
marriage, and the lawsuit does not involve an action between the husband and wife, the wife
cannot be compelled to testify concerning her husband’s admission. The statute provides that
“neither may testify” concerning such conversations made during the marriage. There is no
provision in the statute that allows a spouse to be compelled to testify in this situation.
The answer to this question is essentially the same as the answer to the question in
Assignment 14C, Part 1. Since the conversation took place during the marriage, and the
lawsuit does not involve an action between the husband and wife, the wife cannot voluntarily
testify concerning her husband’s admission. The statute provides that “neither may testify”
concerning such conversations. There is no provision in the statute that allows one spouse to
waive the privilege.
This question can be interpreted in two ways. Can the wife voluntarily testify concerning the
conversation if the husband and wife are legally separated at the time the testimony is
offered? The answer to this question is addressed in the answer to Assignment 14C, Part 4,
below.
This question can also be interpreted as follows: Can the wife voluntarily testify concerning
the conversation if the husband and wife are legally separated at the time the conversation took
place? The answer to this question depends on how “during the marriage” is interpreted. The
statute provides that neither may testify as to any communication made “during the marriage.”
If the conversation took place while the parties were legally separated, was it made “during
the marriage” within the meaning of the statute? Does a legal separation terminate the
privilege? Are the parties no longer married for the purposes of this statute when they are
legally separated?
The statutes must be reviewed to determine if there is a definition or other section that
defines “during the marriage.” In the absence of an applicable statutory section, the case law
must be researched for a court opinion that discusses whether a conversation that takes
place between a husband and wife while they are legally separated is made “during the
accessible
marriage” and therefore privileged under Section 35-1-4. In the absence of statutory or case
law, it would be necessary to refer to secondary authority, such as a legal encyclopedia.
It is assumed that the conversation took place during the marriage. The question, then, is
whether the statute only applies while the parties are married. In other words, if the parties
are no longer married, may they testify about conversations that took place during the
marriage?
The statute states that neither party may testify as to conversations between them “during
the marriage.” The statute does not have a section that provides that the privilege only
applies while the parties are married; the statute does not specifically require that the parties
be married at the time the testimony takes place. Therefore, the privilege probably applies
even when the parties are no longer married.
It is, however, possible that the statute has been interpreted differently. Therefore,
research should be conducted to determine if the legislature or the courts have interpreted
the statute differently.
The answer to this question depends upon what constitutes a marriage in the state. The
statute prohibits testimony as to communications or admissions made “during the marriage.”
If state law recognizes common law marriages, and the husband and wife having lived
together for 20 years constitutes a valid common law marriage, then they are married and the
statute applies. It would be necessary to determine the answer to the following questions.
1. Does the state recognize common law marriages?

2. What is required for a common law marriage?
3. In addition to living together as husband and wife, have the parties met all the
requirements for a valid common law marriage?
More information is needed to answer this question. The statute provides that a husband or
accessible
wife may testify concerning conversations made during the marriage in actions between the
husband and wife “where the custody, support, health, or welfare of their children or children
in either spouse’s custody or control is directly in issue.” Therefore, it is necessary to
determine what is in issue in the divorce action in order to answer this question. If the custody
and other matters of the children is directly in issue, then the conversation is admissible.
ASSIGNMENT 15A
18 U.S.C. §117 (2013)—Note: Instructors should determine if any updates have occurred and
are
included via pocket parts.
ASSIGNMENT 15B
Penalty: “shall be fined under this title, imprisoned for a term of not more than 5 years, or
both, except that if substantial bodily injury results from violation under this section, the
offender shall be imprisoned for a term of not more than 10 years.”
ASSIGNMENT 15C
In this section, the term ‘‘domestic assault’’ means an assault committed by a current or former
spouse, parent, child, or guardian of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a child
in common, by a person who is cohabitating with or has cohabitated with the victim as a
spouse, parent, child, or guardian, or by a person similarly situated to a spouse, parent, child, or
guardian of the victim.
ASSIGNMENT 16A
§212.52 Public involvement.
ASSIGNMENT 16B
The public shall be allowed to participate in the designation of National Forest System roads,
National Forest System trails, and areas on National Forest System lands and revising those
designations pursuant to this subpart. Advance notice shall be given to allow for public
comment, consistent with agency procedures under the National Environmental Policy Act, on
proposed designations and revisions. Public notice with no further public involvement is sufficient
if a National Forest or Ranger District has made previous administrative decisions, under other
authorities and including public involvement, which restrict motor vehicle use over
accessible
the entire National Forest or Ranger District to designated routes and areas, and no change is
proposed to these previous decisions and designations.
ASSIGNMENT 16C
Absence of public involvement in temporary, emergency closures—
(1) General. Nothing in this section shall alter or limit the authority to implement temporary,
emergency closures pursuant to 36 CFR part 261, subpart B, without advance public notice to
provide short-term resource protection or to protect public health and safety.
(2) Temporary, emergency closures based on a determination of considerable adverse effects.

If the responsible official determines that motor vehicle use on a National Forest System road
or National Forest System trail or in an area on National Forest System lands is directly
causing or will directly cause considerable adverse effects on public safety or soil, vegetation,
wildlife, wildlife habitat, or cultural resources associated with that road, trail, or area, the
responsible official shall immediately close that road, trail, or area to motor vehicle use until
the official determines that such adverse effects have been mitigated or eliminated and that
measures have been implemented to prevent future recurrence. The responsible official shall
provide public notice of the closure pursuant to 36 CFR 261.51, including reasons for the
closure and the estimated duration of the closure, as soon as practicable following
the closure.
MindTap Supplementary Exercises: Answers
ASSIGNMENT 1
The answer to this assignment will depend on state law.
ASSIGNMENT 2
The Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C.A. §1601 et seq.
ASSIGNMENT 3
20 U.S.C.A. §1070D-31 et seq. Found in the USCA Index under COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES—
Robert C. Byrd Honors Scholarship Program.
accessible
ASSIGNMENT 4
18 U.S.C.A. §3584 establishes limitations on consecutive sentences. Found in the USCA Index
under CRIMES AND OFFENSES—Consecutive sentences, limitations.
ASSIGNMENT 5
Instructor’s Note: In order to properly complete this assignment, students should look up the
term holographic in a law dictionary.
ASSIGNMENT 5A
The statute applies to written wills, including holographic wills, which are wills handwritten by
testators.
ASSIGNMENT 5B
The witnessing requirements are set forth in §15-11-502(1)(c). This section provides that two
individuals must sign the will prior to or after the testator’s death. They must sign within a
reasonable time after they witness, in the conscious presence of the testator, either the
signing of the will or the testator’s acknowledgment of his signature or acknowledgment of
the will. Section 15-11-1-502(2) provides that a holographic will does not have to be
witnessed.
ASSIGNMENT 5C
A holographic will is valid if the signature and material portions of the will are in the testator’s
handwriting.
In order to determine if the will is valid under Subsection (1) of the statute, additional
information is necessary. Subsection (1)(c) provides that the witnesses must sign within a
reasonable time after they witnessed, in the conscious presence of the testator, either the
testator signing the will or the testator’s acknowledgment of that signature or
acknowledgment of the will. The witnesses did not see Joan sign the will; they witnessed it the
next day. However, the testator may have acknowledged her signature or acknowledged the
will the next day when the witnesses saw it. If this occurred, then under Subsection (1)(c), the
will would have been validly witnessed. Therefore, this additional information is necessary to
determine whether the will is valid.
accessible
Additional facts are needed to answer this question. The facts state that Joan wrote and
signed the will. Did she handwrite it or type it? A holographic will is a will written by the
testator in his or her own hand. Assuming the signature and material portions of the will are
written in Joan’s handwriting, then the will is valid under Subsection (2) of the statute and
does not require witnessing.
ASSIGNMENT 6
The answer to this assignment will depend on state law.
ASSIGNMENT 7A
Section 18-732, Burglary—Elements
1. A person knowingly (that is, intentionally)
2. enters unlawfully or remains unlawfully after a lawful or unlawful entry
3. in a building or occupied structure
4. with intent to commit a crime in the building or structure
5. against another person or property.
Section 18-760, Robbery—Elements

1. A person knowingly (that is, intentionally),
2. takes anything of value
3. from the person or presence of another
4. by use of force, threats, or intimidation.
Section 18-773, Larceny—Elements

1. A person wrongfully takes, obtains, or withholds, by any means,
2. from the possession of the owner or any other person
3. money, personal property, or article of value of any kind,
4. with intent permanently to deprive another person of the use and benefit of the
property.
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Guagua.—Según Pichardo y Bachiller y Morales es de origen
indígena. Los cronistas no la traen. En el idioma quechua hay el
vocablo huá-huá, hijo. Tal vez proceda de ahí, dada la significación
que hoy tiene entre nosotros, equivalente á de balde, por aquello de
que los hijos no pagan á sus padres. Tenemos los modismos de vivir
de guagua, y leer de guagua.
Guajiro.—El vocablo pasó de Costa Firme á Cuba. Hoy se aplica á
los campesinos cubanos. En Venezuela había la nación goajira; y aún
perdura el nombre en la península goajira, donde viven sus
descendientes. Debemos al presbítero Celedón el padre nuestro en
lengua goajira.
Guajoti.—Pichardo la trae como equivalente á usted. Las Casas (t.
v. p. 484) anota guaoxerí.
Guaitiao.—Amigo. Herrera escribe equivocadamente datihao.
Guainabo.—Pueblo de Puerto Rico. Río tributario del Bayamón.
Debe escribirse Guaynabo. Aduar ó yucayeque del cacique
boriqueño Mabó.
Guaicán.—Pez pequeño, de que se valían los indígenas para pescar
tortugas. Según Gomara, los españoles le llamaban reverso.
Gualí.—Hijo. Se desprende de una frase de la escritura de fray
Román Pane.
Guamá.—Arbol frutal. (Inga laurina). Nombre de un cacique
haytiano.
Guamo.—La trompeta ó fotuto hecho de un caracol. Hoy se usa
aún en Puerto Rico para avisarse los ribereños que el río empieza á
crecer.
Guamuco.—Región del cacicazgo de Marien, en Santo Domingo.
Guamaní.—Cacique boriqueño; cuyo aduar radicaba en Guayama.
Un barrio y un río de Puerto Rico.
Guamí.—Señor.
Guamíkení.—Señor de tierra y agua. Así llamaban los haytianos á
Cristóbal Colón.
Guana.—Arbol de Cuba. (Pichardo).
Guanabá.—Ave de Cuba. (Pichardo).
Guanâbana.—Arbol frutal y su fruto. (Annona muricata).
Guanabacoa.—Lugar de Cuba. Anota el señor Bachiller y Morales
que “según el señor Nuñez de Villavicencia este nombre indio
significa lugar de muchas aguas.” No opinamos así. Guanabacoa
quiere decir, Sitio de palmas altas. Guana, palmera, ba por bana,
grande, alto; coa, sitio ó lugar.
Guanabo.—Islita perteneciente al cacicazgo de Xaragua, en Haytí.
Dice Las Casas: “en la isla que allí está, que se llamaba por los indios
Guanabo”. Hoy, por corrupción del vocablo, se escribe Gonaive.
Guanajibo.—Río que corre por Sabana Grande, San Germán y
Hormigueros, en Puerto Rico. Santa Clara escribió, en 1582,
Guanaybo.
Guanabina.—La frutilla de la palma corozo.
Guanajo.—El pavo común. Oviedo escribe guanaxa y le llama
gallina de la tierra; porque esta clase de pavo es oriunda de América.
Guanana.—Especie de ganso (anser hyperboreus) que del Norte
se pasa á Cuba. (Pichardo.) También se llama así al mate amarrillo.
Guananagax.—Una variedad de batata. (Oviedo, cap. IV. lib. VII).
Guanahaní.—Dice el Diario del Almirante: “Jueves 11 de Octubre.
Amañaron todas las velas y quedaron con el treo, que es la vela
grande sin bonetas, y pusieronse á la corda temporizando hasta el día
Viernes, que llegaron á una isleta de los Lucayos, que se llamaba en
lengua de indios Guanahaní.” En la carta escrita por Colón en alta
mar para los Reyes escribió Guanayaní.
Guanahumá.—Río que desciende del Cibao, en Santo Domingo,
según Las Casas.
Guaní.—El sun-sun ó zun-zun de Cuba. (Pichardo).
Guánica.—Laguna y puerto al S. de Puerto Rico; y un barrio de
Yauco. Nombre histórico, de los comienzos de la colonización en
Puerto Rico, por haber querido poblar los españoles en las cercanías
de este sitio é impedírselo la incomodidad de los mosquitos, teniendo
que trasladar el nuevo caserío, que se llamó Sotomayor, al noroeste,
cerca del yucayeque del cacique Aymamón.
Guanía.—Arbusto de Santo Domingo. (Guanía Dominguensis).
Guaniguanico.—Lugar de Cuba, donde, según Gomara, pasó
Cortés revista á su armada antes de marchar á descubrir y poblar las
tierras vistas por Grijalba. Hoy, cabo San Antonio.
Guanín.—Pieza de oro, en forma de lámina, que solían llevar al
cuello los indios principales. Las Casas (t. v. p. 496) dice: “cierta
hoja, de oro bajo, que tenían por joya preciosa.” El copista de Las
Casas le hace llamar guanín al oro bajo. Pedro Mártir (Déc. III. lib.
V. cap. III.) dice: “Las láminas, que llevaban en el pecho, que
llamaban guanines”. El guanín se fabricaba en el Continente
(Oviedo) de tres metales. En 32 partes de un guanín dió el ensayo 18
de oro, 6 de plata y 8 de cobre. (Herrera).
Guanimá.—La isla que hoy se llama Eleuthera.
Guanaja.—La isla que hoy se llama Isla de Pinos y Colón
denominó San Juan Evangelista.
Guanina.—Yerba silvestre. La hedionda. (Cassia occidentalis).
Guaniquí.—Bejuco de Cuba. (Bachiller y Morales).
Guano.—Arbol. (Bombax pyramidale). Dice el doctor Chanca: “se
han visto árboles que llevan lana y harto fina, tal que los que saben
del arte dicen que podrán hacer buenos paños della”. En Puerto Rico
se utiliza para rellenar almohadas; y en Inglaterra en la fábrica de
sombreros llamados de castor. En Cuba se aplica el vocablo á las
distintas variedades de palmeras de yagua.
Guao.—Arbusto. (Comocladia angulosa). Dice Las Casas: “la leche
de este árbol es ponzoñosa é della é de otras cosas hacen los indios la
yerba que ponen en las flechas con que matan.” En Puerto Rico se le
llama carasco. El jugo lechoso de la corteza es cáustico. Hay dos
variedades.
Guaora.—Cacique haytiano.
Guaorabo.—El actual río Grande de Añasco. En sus aguas hicieron
los boriqueños, por orden del cacique Urayoan, la prueba en el joven
español Salcedo, de si los invasores europeos eran ó no mortales,
manteniéndolo por tres días bajo el agua, hasta que se corrumpió el
cadáver. Esto acaeció antes del alzamiento general de 1511. Santa
Clara y Fray Iñigo escriben Guaurabo. Oviedo anota con razón
Guaorabo.
Guanuma.—Río de Santo Domingo, tributario del Ozama.
Guaoxerí.—Según Las Casas, palabra de distinción entre los
indígenas, equivalente á señor.
Guaonico.—Barrio de Utuado, en Puerto Rico.
Guara.—El castaño de Santo Domingo. (Cupania americana). Lo
hay también en Puerto Rico.
Guaraca.—Oviedo (lib. VII, cap. IV) llama así una variedad de
batatas. Un cacique boriqueño. Véase Guayaney.
Guaracha.—Hoy, canción coreada. Corrupción de guaraca y ésta
de araguaca, danza. Antiguamente se aplicaba en Puerto Rico el
nombre de gumaracha á la mujer de mal vivir, que un jinete la
llevaba al anca de su caballo, en las carreras nocturnas de las fiestas
de San Juan y Santiago.
Guaraguano.—Lugar del cacicazgo de Maguana, en Santo
Domingo.
Guaraguao.—Ave de rapiña. Un barrio de Bayamón, en Puerto
Rico. Y un árbol. (Guarea swartzii).
Guarana.—Planta silvestre. (Hibiscus guarana).
Guariao.—Ave grande de Cuba. (Pichardo).
Guarico.—Ven. Lugar y puerto de Haytí. Corrupción de Guarique.
Guarionex.—El cacique soberano de Magua, en Santo Domingo; y
el cacique dueño del Otoao, en Puerto Rico. Los dos belicosos. El
régulo boriqueño fué el que secundó á Guaybana, en la rebelión de
1511 contra los españoles y el que incendió á Sotomayor, el poblejo
castellano de las cercanías del Culebrinas.
Guarique.—Una sierra de Haytí, que formaba el puerto de
Navidad, donde primeramente acamparon los españoles en América.
Guariquitén.—Dice Las Casas: “cierto lecho, al qual llamaban
guariquiten, la penúltima breve, que hacen de palos é cañas puestas
por el suelo é unas hojas de palmas.” Servían á los indígenas para
recoger la yuca rallada.
Guarocuya.—Cacique haytiano, que fué célebre con el nombre de
Enriquillo, hasta pactar la paz con el emperador Carlos V. D. José de
J. Galván, escritor dominicano, bajo ese nombre de Enriquillo, ha
escrito una novela histórica de la época de la conquista de La
Española.
Guasa.—Pez de Cuba. (Pichardo).
Guasabacoa.—Planta silvestre. (Desmodium axilare). En Puerto
Rico se le llama vulgarmente zarzabacoa.
Guasábara.—Las guerrillas de los indígenas. Según Vargas
Machuca, el ataque imprevisto, la batalla. Para Oviedo, la guerra.
Guásima.—Arbol medicinal. (Guazuma ulmifolia). Dice Las Casas:
“De este árbol solo sacaban fuego los indios: tomaban dos palos de
él, muy secos, el uno tan gordo como dos dedos, é hacían en él con
las uñas ó una piedra una mosquecita, é ponían este palo debajo de
los pies; é el otro palo era más delgado, como un dedo, la punta
redonda, puesta en la muesca, con ambas palmas de las manos
traíanlo á manera de un taladro, é ésto con mucha fuerza.” Oviedo
escribe guasuma.
Guata.—Mentira.
Guataca.—Vasija de higüera. Por corrupción se dice Jataca.
Guatiguaná.—Cacique haytiano. Fué el primero que dió el grito de
alzamiento contra los españoles en 1495, y arrastró á los caciques
principales Guarionex, Caonabó, Mayobanex y otros; excepto
Guacanagarí, que se mantuvo fiel á los españoles.
Guatibirí.—El pitirre.
Guatini.—El tocoloro cubano. (Pichardo).
Guatapaná.—Río de Santo Domingo. Hoy Masacre. Arbol de
Cuba. (Pichardo).
Guay.—Interjección de dolor, de admiración ó de atención.
Guaybana.—Cacique boriqueño, hermano y sucesor de
Agiieybana. Fué el que dirigió el alzamiento de 1511 contra los
españoles. Significa: Cuidado, que es grande. Guay, cuidado,
atención; bana, grande.
Guayo.—El rallo. Tabla de palma de yagua, cuadrilonga, sembrada
simétricamente de piedritas silíceas, para rallar la yuca, al
confeccionar el pan casabí. Un río de Juana Díaz, en Puerto Rico.
Guayanés.—Barrio, río y puerto de mar de Yabucoa, en Puerto
Rico. De este río, que nace en las alturas de Guayabota, y del río
Maunabo obtuvo Juan Ponce de León las primeras muestras de oro
nativo de Boriquén, en su primera visita á la Isla, en 1508. Es
corrupción de Guayaney. En ese mismo viaje las obtuvo también del
Sibuco.
Guayaney.—Cacique boriqueño de Yabucoa, encomendado á Juan
Ponce de León, en el Repartimiento hecho en Noviembre de 1509 por
Juan Cerón. Se llamaba Guaraca y los españoles le llamaban
Guaraca del Guayaney, y por último se quedó con el nombre de
Guayaney.
Guayama.—Pueblo y río de Puerto Rico. Significa: El sitio grande.
Gua, el; ya por yara, sitio; y ma, grande.
Guayaba.—La fruta del árbol guayabo. (Psidium paniferum).
Guayabacán.—Arbol. (Myrica divaricata).
Guayacán.—Arbol medicinal. Los cronistas le llaman palo santo,
porque el cocimiento de su corteza se aplicaba por los
conquistadores á combatir el mal de las bubas. (Oviedo). Hay el
guayacum afficinalis y el zygophyllum arboreum, cuyas cortezas
tienen propiedades sudoríficas. Dice Las Casas: “el palo de la isla de
San Juan se tiene por mejor, no sé si es de la misma especie del desta
isla (La Española) ó de otra que difiera en cualidad, al qual llaman
los españoles el palo santo”. Los primeros pobladores, para combatir
la enfermedad de las bubas (sífilis) bebían por agua común el
cocimiento de la corteza del guayacán y se ponían á dieta de yemas
de huevo y casabe, y cada quince días un purgante.
Guayamuco.—Río de Santo Domingo.
Guayayuco.—Río del territorio de Xaragua.
Guayaro.—Dice Las Casas: “hay en los montes otras raíces, que
llamaban los indios guayaros”.
Guayica.—Planta silvestre.
Guaynía.—Nombre del poblejo del cacique Agüeybana, en el
Boriquén: radicaba al S. de la isla, en un lugar del territorio de
Guayanilla. Por error de copista, en documentos del Archivo de
Indias, se ha anotado Guaydía, trastocando la n en d. En Cuba existe
un lugar, en Puerto Príncipe, llamado Guaynía. El río, que pone en
comunicación al Amazonas con el Orinoco, y que hoy se llama río
Negro, le llamaban los Aruacas de Venezuela Guaynía.
Guayanilla.—Pueblo y río de Puerto Rico. El vocablo es diminutivo
de Guayana, que á su vez procede de Guaynía. El cacique
Agiieybana con 300 indios fué encomendado á don Cristóbal de
Sotomayor. Al visitar la ranchería del primer régulo boriqueño se
encontraron los españoles con la palabra Guaynía aplicada al actual
río de Guayanilla y al poblejo, y recordando el Guadiana, empezó el
error de confundir la n con la d. Pasada la rebelión indígena de 1511 y
marchando á poblar al Sur de la isla don Miguel del Toro, teniente
del Conquistador, no es de estrañar que el hidalgo manchego
dedicara un recuerdo al célebre río español y echara los cimientos de
su villaje bajo el nombre de Guadianilla, que, andando los tiempos,
ha vuelto en algo á su primitivo origen, llamándose Guayanilla.
Guaynía significa El lugar de agua.
Giiey.—El sol.
Giiiro.—El conejillo de Indias, en Puerto Rico. Viene á ser el corí
de Cuba y Santo Domingo.
Giiira.—La jigüera. (Crescentia cujete). Arbol cuyo fruto se utiliza
para hacer vasijas, cucharas, jatacas, orinales (ditas), etc. Don
Joaquín Torres Asensio, que ha hecho una bella traducción de las
Décadas del cronista Pedro Mártir de Anglería, en el t. 1°, pág. 185
(Fuentes históricas sobre Colón y América, Madrid. 1892) comete el
error, en una nota, de confundir el giiira ó jigiiera con el cocotero,
cuya palmera no existía en las Antillas en el período del
Descubrimiento, aunque sí en el Continente americano en la banda
del Sur.
Guajana.—La varilla de la caña silvestre, que dividida á lo largo
sirve para hacer chiringas y volantines y también jaulas para
ruiseñores y otros pajaritos, en Puerto Rico. En Cuba la llaman giiín.
Giiiro.—Planta rastrera, que produce un calabacín largo, que lleva
el mismo nombre y se utiliza para hacer un instrumento musical,
haciéndole en la cubierta, bien seca y libre de su endocarpio, unas
rayitas profundas, paralelas, que rascándolas con una varilla de
metal, ó madera dura, produce un sonido áspero, con el cual suelen
acompañar las danzas, llevando el compás, en Puerto Rico. El
nombre indígena de este instrumento era guajey.
Guiabara.—Dice Oviedo (lib. VIII, cap. VIII): “del árbol llamado
guiabara, que los chrystianos llaman uvero.”
Gurabo.—Pueblo y río de Puerto Rico. Río de Santo Domingo,
tributario del Yaque.
Guanime.—Bollitos de harina de maíz: hoy de plátanos.
Guarapo.—Vocablo de orígen quechú, huarapu.
H
El señor Bachiller y Morales (Ob. cit. p. 289) critica que los
cronistas hayan escrito con h algunas palabras indias. Los españoles,
al ponerse en contacto con los indo-antillanos, notaron que estos
tenían cierta aspiración fonética en la pronunciación de algunos
vocablos; y como los castellanos al tomar palabras árabes en su
idioma con semejante aspiración la fijaron mediante una h, lo mismo
hicieron con los vocablos indo-antillanos, que requerían tal
anotación. El mismo Almirante lo observó con la palabra Guanahaní
y estuvo perplejo en fijar la aspiración y puso en su célebre carta de
Lisboa enviada á los Reyes, una y griega. Pedro Mártir (Déc. III, lib.
VII, cap. IV) dice: “Digamos aquí algo de la aspiración, que es
diferente que entre los latinos. Se ha de advertir, que entre los
vocablos de ellos no hay ninguna aspiración que no tenga el valor de
letra consonante. Más aún: pronuncian más fuerte la aspiración que
nosotros la efe consonante, y todo lo que lleva aspiración se ha de
pronunciar con el mismo aliento que la efe, mas sin aplicar el labio
inferior á los dientes de arriba, pero con la boca abierta. Ha, he, hi,
ho, hu, y dando golpes en el pecho. Veo que los hebreos y los árabes
pronuncian del mismo modo sus aspiraciones.”
Han-han.—Sí. Es jan-jan.
Haba.—Dice Oviedo (lib. VII, cap. IX): “hacen unas cestas, que
llaman havas, para meter lo que quieren guardar”. Se tejían de
bijaos y les servían para guardar la hamaca. Es jaba.
Habana.—Lugar de Cuba, donde vivía el cacique Yaguacayo. Hoy
nombre de la capital de la isla de Cuba. Los boriqueños, según Juan
Ponce de León, daban ese nombre á la desembocadura del río Toa,
que perdura aún con el nombre de boca-habana. Sitio explorado por
el Conquistador en su primer viaje al Boriquén en 1.508. Significa Lo
grande; ha, por gua, he aquí, lo; bana, grande. La admiración del
indígena se refería á la bahía.
Hamí.—Según Las Casas, un riachuelo cerca de Lares de
Guahaba, en La Española.
Haití.—Véase Haytí.
Hamaca.—Las Casas (t. v. p. 485) dice: “las camas, en que
dormían, que llamaban hamacas, eran de hechura de una honda,
cuanto á lo largo, puesto que aquello ancho tenía un estado é medio é
dos estados, é uno de longura; é todo de hilos de algodón torcidos, no
como red atravesados, sino á la luenga estendidos; atravesaban por
todo lo ancho ciertas tejeduras de otros hilos, como randas, de dos
dedos en ancho, é había de una á otra, por respecto de lo luengo que
tenía toda ella, un palmo é más é menos; á los cabos de la longura de
toda ella, ponen unas cuerdas, llamadas cabuyas, bien hechas y bien
torcidas, de mejor materia que de cáñamo.” Pedro Mártir (dec. VII,
lib. I, cap. II) dice “para sus lechos colgados, que necesitan, hacen
colchas, que ellos llaman hamacas.” Oviedo (lib. V, cap. II) escribe
hamaca. Y, perdurando aún entre nuestros campesinos la aspiración
al principio del vocablo, por lo que dicen jamaca, no nos esplicamos
porqué el señor Bachiller y Morales escribe, en su Ob. cit. p. 194, el
vocablo sin h.
Habacoa.—Hoy llamada Bary, una de las islas Lucayas.
Hatiiey.—Cacique de Guahaba, en Santo Domingo. Se pasó á Cuba
é indujo á los siboneyes á hacer resistencia á los conquistadores.
Cayó prisionero y fué quemado vivo.
Hatibonico.—Las Casas (t. v. p. 270) dice: “llámase hatibonico en
el lenguaje de indios.” En Cuba hay también dos ríos con este mismo
nombre. Es corrupción de Jatibonicu. Y de este vocablo se deriva el
de Aybonito, castellanizado ya, y conservado en un pueblo de Puerto
Rico.
Hatiey.—Lugar del cacicazgo de Marien, en Santo Domingo.
Hanigajía.—Lugar del cacicazgo de Xaragua.
Henequén.—Planta de la familia del Maguey. La pita de los
españoles. Otros escriben heniquén y jeniquén.
Haytí.—El nombre primitivo de La Española, que en la actualidad
lo conserva la mitad de la isla, llamándose la otra mitad Santo
Domingo. Significa, tierra alta. En la parte oriental llamaban los
indígenas á la isla Quisqueya; y en la setentrional Bojío.
Hico.—Véase Jico.
Higiiey.—El quinto y último cacicazgo de Santo Domingo, en la
parte E. y S. E. de la isla, subdividido en las poblaciones de Asua,
Maniex, Bonao, Cayemú, Cacao, Hicayagua y Boyá. Este cacicazgo
también tenía el nombre de Iguayagua. Su régulo era Cayacoa y
más tarde Cotubanamá. Tenía de 45 á 50 leguas de costa de mar y de
25 á 30 leguas de territorio hacia el Sur y 30 leguas de tierra adentro.
Regado por los ríos Ozama, Yamasá, Guabanimo (hoy Isabela),
Quabón. Yuma Yabacoa, Anamuya, Jaina, y Sabita, (Jiguero).
Higuamota.—Hija del cacique Caonabó y Anacaona; casó con el
español Guevara, que fué preso por el revoltoso Roldán, por esta
unión, falleciendo en la cárcel; y la india, heredera del cacicazgo, le
siguió también en su triste fin.
Higua.—Monte de la sierra de San José de las Matas, en Santo
Domingo.
Higiiera.—Arbol. (Crescentia cujete. Hay otra variedad, llamada
Crescentia cucurbitina). Hoy se dice en Puerto Rico jigiiero al árbol y
jigiiera al fruto. En Cuba le llaman giiira. En Venezuela totumo y
totuma. Oviedo (lib. VIII, cap. IV) dice: “del árbol llamado higiiero.
El acento de la letra u ha de ser luengo, ó despacio dicho; de manera
que, no se pronuncie breve, ni juntamente estas tres letras gue; sino
que detenga poquita cosa entre la u y la e, é diga hi... gu... ero. Digo
ésto, porque el lector no entienda higuero ó higuera de higo.” Pedro
Mártir (Déc. 8a. lib. XI, cap. II) hace igual ó parecida advertencia.
Higuanamá.—Vieja cacica del Higiiey.
Higuana.—Lagarto grande, que cazaban los indígenas para
comerlo. Oviedo escribe Yuana. Las Casas, Vargas Machuca y Enciso
Yguana. Don Fernando Colón anota Jiguana. Herrera copia
higuana.
Hicaco.—Arbusto frutal. (Chrisobalanus icaco). También se dice
jicaco.
Hicotea.—Véase Jicotea.
Hequetí.—Uno. El contar de los indios no pasaba de veinte. Según
Las Casas, tenían vocablos para designar cantidad hasta diez; de diez
á veinte usaban de los dedos de pies y manos.
Higuaca.—El papagayo. Véase este vocablo.
Haniguayagua.—Según Las Casas, una provincia india de La
Española, junto al Baoruco, de 25 leguas de largo y 12 á 15 de ancho.
Hobo.—El jobo. Oviedo escribe hobo. Arbol frutal. (spondias
lutea).
Holguín.—Pueblo de Cuba. El vocablo está muy corrompido. Debe
proceder de guanín ó de yagiiín por yaragiiín, lugar de giiines. Ese
hol ó jol no es indo-antillano.
Humacao.—Santa Clara anota Jumacao. Población y río de Puerto
Rico. Oviedo llama al río Macao.
Humirí.—Arbol resinoso. (Humiri balsamifera).
Hupía.—El alma. Las Casas (t. v. p. 500) dice: “tenían gran miedo
de los fantasmas de noche, que llamaban hupías; é hupía no era otra
cosa que el alma del hombre, porque así llamaban el ánima”.
Hoconuco.—Barrio de San Germán, en Puerto Rico.
Hutía.—Oviedo, en el lib. XII, cap. I, describe la jutía.
Huracán.—Tempestad. El espíritu maligno. Pedro Mártir (Déc. 1ª
lib. IV, cap. IV) dice: “á estas tempestades del aire; como los griegos
los llaman thiphones, éstos los llaman huracanes”. Las Casas (t. v. p.
412) dice: “huracanes llamaban los indios desta isla (La Española)
las dichas tormentas”. Washington Irving se equivoca al escribir que
los haytianos las llamaban furicán. Dándole el valor, fonético de la h
sería juracán. Los galibis de Venezuela le llaman aún yuracán. Santa
Clara, en su Informe de 1582, escribe juracán.
I
Inabón.—Río tributario del Jacaguas, en Puerto Rico.
Itabo.—Río de Santo Domingo, que desemboca al S. de la isla.
Imotonex.—Cacique haytiano, encomendado á Hernando de
Alcántara, en el Repartimiento de indios de La Española, en 1514.
Iguanamá.—Cacica haytiana, encomendada á Luis García de
Mohedas, en 1514. Tomó el nombre de Isabel de Iguanamá.
Ibonao.—Villa de Santo Domingo, en 1514.
Inamoca.—Cacique haytiano, encomandado á Miguel de
Pasamonte, en 1514.
Inagua.—Isla llamada Grande Inagua, á 15 leguas del cabo Maisí,
de Cuba. La que creyeron los compañeros de Colón que querían
indicar los yucayos al decir babeque.
J
Jaba.—La especie de canasto para trasportar la jamaca y otros
objetos, puestos al extremo de un palo y llevado al hombro. Véase
haba.
Jabacoa.—Lugar de Cuba. Bachiller y Morales (Ob. cit. p. 307)
dice, que es un río de Puerto Rico. No hay tal cosa. El río de Arecibo
se llamaba aún, en 1582, Abacoa, pero sin j. Véase esta palabra.
Jácana.—Un barrio de Yauco y otro de Yabucoa, en Puerto Rico.
Jacaboa.—Barrio y río de Patillas, en Puerto Rico.
Jacaguas.—Río que corre por Juana Díaz, en Puerto Rico.
Antiguamente formaba el límite, al S. de la Isla, del Partido de San
Juan, en oposición al otro llamado Partido de San Germán. El límite
al N. era el río de Camuy. Hoy divide dicho río los límites de Coamo y
Guayama.
Jagua.—Arbol frutal. En Venezuela es llamado caruto; y en otras
partes de la América meridional Genipa. (Genipa americana). Las
Casas escribe Xagua; y dice: “el zumo de la fruta es blanco é poco á
poco se hace tinta muy negra con que teñían los indios algunas cosas
que hacían de algodón é nosotros escribíamos.” Dice Oviedo: “para
pelear, y parecer gentiles hombres, píntanse con jagua, que es la
fruta de un árbol, de que hacen una tinta negra.” Puerto de
Cienfuegos, en Cuba.
Jagiiey.—Deposito de agua dulce. Un barrio de Aguada y otro de
Rincón, en Puerto Rico. También se llama jagiiey en Puerto Rico al
ficus laurifolia.
Jagual.—Lugar de la vega de Arecibo, en Puerto Rico.
Jáiba.—Cangrejo de río. Las Casas escribe xayba.
Jaina.—Lugar y río de Santo Domingo. Las Casas anota Hayna.
Las minas de oro de Jaina fueron las primeras que se beneficiaron en
el Nuevo Mundo. Miguel Díaz había abandonado el fuerte de
Navidad por haber herido en una riña á un compañero; y en su huida
llegó sin contratiempo á la margen oriental del río Ozama, donde
vivía la cacica viuda del régulo Cayacoa. Díaz hizo amistad con la
india, la tomó por mujer y supo por ella la existencia de oro en la
región comprendida desde Jaina arriba hasta Bonao. Díaz dió parte
del hallazgo al Almirante, quien envió á su hermano Bartolomé y á
Francisco de Garay á tomar informes. Se construyó un fortín; y el 4
de Agosto de 1496 se puso la primera piedra de Nueva Isabela, que
luego se llamó Santo Domingo, hasta 1504, que un huracán destruyó
la población, cuyas ruinas existen todavía con el nombre de
Torrecillas. La nueva ciudad de Santo Domingo fué edificada por
Ovando al lado opuesto del río.
Jaibón.—Río de Santo Domingo, tributario del Yaque del Norte.
Jabiya.—Arbol que da una almendra emeto-catártica. (Hura
crepitans).
Jamayca.—Pedro Mártir (Déc. 1ª lib. III, c. III) dice: “al lado
meridional de Cuba encontró el Almirante primeramente la isla que
los indígenas llaman Jamayca”. En la información que Colón hizo
practicar ante el escribano de la nave que él capitaneaba, cuando
reconoció el sur de Cuba, se lee: “y siguió la costa della (Cuba) al
occidente de la parte del Austro, para ir á una isla muy grande, que
los indios llaman Jamayca, la qual falló, después de haber andado
mucho camino, é le puso por nombre la Isla de Santiago.” Significa:
Lugar grande con agua. Ja, por gua, equivalente á he aquí; ma,
grande; y por ní, agua; ca por coa, lugar, sitio.
Jan-jan.—Sí.
Jarabacoa.—Sierras del Cibao, de Santo Domingo, coronadas de
pinos.
Jaragua.—Uno de los cacicazgos principales de Santo Domingo.
Llevaba también el nombre de Aniguayagua. Estaba situado al O. y
S. O. Era su régulo Bojekio. Comprendía á Hanigagía, Yaquino,
Yaguana, Guacayarina, Cahaya y la islita Guanabo. Las Casas
escribe Xaragua. Anotamos, de paso, que al hablar de La Española
en su período indígena la llamamos indistintamente Santo Domingo
ó Haytí, sin fijarnos en los límites posteriores de estas dos
Repúblicas, que constituyen hoy dos nacionalidades distintas.
Jaruco.—Puerto de Cuba. Dice el capitán Bernal Díaz del Castillo
al narrar la Verdadera historia de los sucesos de la conquista de la
Nueva España: “nos hicimos á la vela en el puerto de Jaruco, que
ansí se llama entre los indios, y es de la banda del Norte”.
Jaimiquí.—Arbol de Cuba. (Achras).
Jataca.—Vasija hecha de jigiiero, en Puerto Rico. Corrupción de
Guataca.
Jatibonico.—Véase Hatibonico.
Jauca.—Barrio y río de Utuado, en Puerto Rico.
Jayuya.—Lugar poblado en los campos de Utuado, en Puerto Rico.
Corrupción de Guayuya, de guayo y ya por yara, sitio. Lugar de
guayos.
Jayabacaná.—Arbol.
Jején.—Mosquito pequeño, que al clavar su aguijón produce un
molesto escozor. Las Casas escribe xexén.
Jeniquén.—Una variedad de maguey.
Jiba.—Bosque. Un arbusto. (Erithroxylum).
Jibara.—Lugar y puerto de Cuba. De donde procede nuestro
vocablo criollo jíbaro, esdrújulo aplicado al hombre del monte, al
campesino. En Cuba se usa como adjetivo, y se dice perro jíbaro, por
alzado, como sinónimo de montaraz. La palabra jíbaro está
compuesta de la radical indo-antillana jiba, monte, y ro por ero, que,
como sufijo en español, equivale á hombre.
Jibe.—El cedazo indígena. Dice Las Casas: “tienen un cedazo, algo
más espeso que un hornero con los que aechan el trigo en Andalucía,
que llaman híbiz, hecho de unas cañitas de carrizo muy delicadas; é
allí desboronan aquella masa (la yuca rallada), la qual como está
seca, é enjuta, sin el zumo que tenía, luego se desborona con las
manos, é pasada por el híbiz, queda muy cernida é muy buena
harina”.
Jicaco.—Véase Hicaco.
Jico.—El cordel ó cabuya para sostener la jamaca. Los cronistas
escriben híco.
Jicotea.—Tortuga de agua dulce. Las Casas anota hycotea y Oviedo
hicotea.
Jicaya.—Río de Magua, en Haytí.
Jibiría.—La sandía.
Jigiiera.—Véase Higiiera.
Jíquima.—Bejuco leguminoso.
Jiquilete.—Añil silvestre. (Indigofera argentea).
Jiguaní.—Lugar de Cuba. Significa El alto del río; y no Río del
Angel, como trae Bachiller y Morales, en la p. 311 de la Ob. cit.
tomándolo de Noda.
Jimagua.—Gemelo.
Jima.—Río del territorio de Magua, en Haytí.
Jícara.—El vocablo es de orígen mexicano, de Xicatli.
Jipato.—El señor Bachiller y Morales (Ob. cit. p. 311) trae la
palabra como procedente de hipa ó xipa. Error. Jipato viene de
Hepático, del latín hepar, hepatis, el hígado. Los ictéricos se ponen
amarillos y los cloro-anémicos también, y el vocablo se generalizó
para todos los pacientes de color quebrado, amarilloso. De hepático
procedió hipatico y jipato.
Jobo.—Arbol frutal. (Spondias lutea). Oviedo escribe hobo, Las
Casas hovo, y Fray Román Pane mirabolano. Un puerto de la costa S.
de la isla de Puerto Rico.
Jobabo.—Río de Puerto Príncipe, en Cuba.
Jocabunagus maorocon.—El dios protector de Haytí. Casi todos
los nombres indígenas del manuscrito de fray Román Pane, en el
Informe hecho en latín por el autor, traducido luego al italiano y de
éste al español, están mal consignados por los traductores y copistas.
Este mismo nombre de la Divinidad haytiana lo trae Las Casas (t. v.
p. 434) anotado Yocahu Vagua Maorocoti. Y nosotros escribimos
Yucajú Bagua Maorocotí. Véase esta frase.
Jobobaba.—Según Pane, una cueva que estaba en las tierras del
cacique Manítibuex, de donde creían los haytianos que el sol y la
luna habían salido. La gruta la tenían en mucha estimación, llena de
follaje y ornamentada. Tenían en ella dos zemís de piedra, del
tamaño de medio brazo, á los cuales pedían los indígenas la lluvia en
tiempos de sequía. Un zemí tenía el nombre de Boníaex y el otro el
de Maroyú.
Josibí.—Según el señor García, el perro mudo encontrado en
Haytí. En las Antillas no había ningún animal de la familia de los
canes. Los conquistadores llamaron perro mudo al oso lavandero.
Los indígenas le llamaban guabiniquinax.
Jocuma.—Arbol silvestre. (Bumelia salicifolia).
Jubo.—Culebra.
Jiiey.—Cangrejo de mangles.
Jutía.—Uno de los animalejos encontrados por los españoles en las
grandes Antillas. Pichardo describe las variedades de Cuba. En
Puerto Rico parece no la había. En el informe del bachiller Santa
Clara al rey Felipe II, describiendo la isla de San Juan, en 1582, hay
una palabra, por desgracia mal recogida por el copista, que induce á
creer la hubiera. Dice así el cronista: “cinco leguas más arriba á la
costa se halla una baya honda, buen puerto, que llaman Mosquital,
mar muerta, pueden surgir en él nabios de qualquier parte, es arena
limpia, haze el abrigo una ysleta que tendrá de amplio tres quartos
de legua, llámase Ysla de Antías; púsosele este nombre por unos
animalejos que hay en ella á modo de conejos, que se llaman dantía,
tienen la cola como ratón, más corta.” Opinamos que esta dantía
debe ser error de copista, por hutía, jutía. Si las hubo en Boriquén
desaparecieron prontamente.
L
Lerén.—Oviedo (libr. VII, cap. XIII) dice: “lirén es una fruta que
nasce en una planta, que los yndios cultivan”. Las Casas escribe leren
(t. v. p. 308). Pichardo anota llerén equivocadamente; y Bachiller y
Morales no trae el vocablo como indo-antillano usado en Cuba. Santa
Clara escribe leren. Opinamos, que es lirén ó yerén. (Marantha
allouya).
Libón.—Río de Santo Domingo.
Lucayos.—Corrupción de Yucayos.
Luquillo.—La montaña más elevada de Puerto Rico. Corrupción de
Yukiyu. Santa Clara (1582) dice: “llámase Loquillo, porque los
españoles la denominaron ansí, respecto de que un indio cacique en
ella posaba; y se alzaba de ordinario contra los cristianos”.
Luquo.—Los franceses escriben Louquo. Corrupción de Yukú,
contracción de Yukajú, espíritu benéfico de Haytí.
M
Ma.—Radical indo-antillana, significando grande, extenso.
Mabí.—Arbol. (Colubrina reclinata). Su hoja sirve en Puerto Rico
para hacer una bebida refrescante, tónica, de uso generalizado. Viene
á ser la cerveza criolla.
Maboa.—Arbol. (Cameraria latifolia).
Mabú.—Barrio de Humacao, en Puerto Rico.
Maboya.—Espíritu maligno.
Mabuya.—Véase Maboya.
Mabodamaca.—Cacique boriqueño, que tomó parte en el
alzamiento de 1511, en unión de Guaybana, Guarionex y Urayoán.
Tenía su aduar ó yucayeque en el Guajataca. Acampó entre
Quebradillas é Isabela con seiscientos indios. Fué á combatirle, de
orden de Ponce de León, el capitán don Diego de Salazar, quien lo
derrotó, matándole ciento cincuenta indios.
Mabiya.—Un barrio y río de Vega Alta, en Puerto Rico. Hoy
escriben, por corrupción del vocablo, Mavilla.
Macabón.—Río de Santo Domingo, tributario del Yaque del Norte.
Macabí.—Pez que tiene muchas espinas.
Mabó.—Cacique boriqueño, residente en Guaynabo, cuyo conuco
con 1.090 montones de yuca y boniatos fué vendido por el
conquistador Juan Ponce de León, en 12 de Octubre de 1510, á los
pobladores Hernán Sánchez, Alonso de Cuellar y Pedro Alonso, en 92
pesos, 4 tomines y 9 granos, para atender á los gastos de la
colonización del Boriquén.
Macabuca.—¿Qué me importa?
Macagua.—Arbol de Cuba. (Pichardo).
Macao.—Las Casas escribe: “un pueblo grande de indios (en La
Española) que llamaban Macao. Punta al E. de Santo Domingo. Un
cacique boriqueño cuya ranchería demoraba en Jumacao. Nombre
que le da Oviedo al río de Humacao.
Macana.—Garrote grueso de madera. Arma ofensiva de los
indígenas. Según Pichardo, procede la palabra de Apirama, cerca de
Popayán. Nosotros opinamos, que es de origen indo-antillano,
porque lo son sus raíces ma y cana. Las Casas (t. v. p. 331) dice
hablando de las palmas de yagua: “desta madera hacían los indios las
que llamaban macanas.” Vargas Machuca (Milicia indiana, t. 1º p.
38) dice: “Usan también unas macanas como montantes ó espadas
de mano, son de palmas y juéganlas á dos manos.” Es un error de
Bachiller y Morales el anotar, que los indo-antillanos le incrustaban
espinas y pedernales. Es confundir la azagaya con la macana. Los
indios mexicanos incrustaban á sus macanas pedacitos cortantes de
obsidiana, á uno y otro lado, y esas eran sus espadas. El individuo
nombrado por la Real Academia matritense para hacer el glosario de
voces americanas empleadas por el cronista Oviedo, y cuyo trabajo
figura en el cuarto tomo de la Historia general de Indias, de dicho
autor, páginas 593 á 607, anota equivocadamente, en la página 601:
“Macana: especie de maza de armas, usada por los indios, y formada
generalmente de una porra guarnecida de pedernales.” Este es un
error craso. Oviedo (lib. III, cap. V.). dice: “pelean con macanas los
indios desta isla (La Española), que son unos palos tan anchos como
tres dedos, ó algo menos, é tan luengos como la estatura de un
hombre con dos filos algo agudos; y en el extremo de la macana tiene
una manija, é usaban de ellas como hacha de armas á dos manos;
son de madera de palma, muy recia, é de otros árboles.” Y no se diga,
que Oviedo confunde la macana con la azagaya, porque más
adelante, en el mismo capitulo, anota: “Así mesmo pelean con varas
arrojadizas como dardos, é algunas más delgadas que dardos, é
agudas las puntas, que para entre gente desnuda son asaz
peligrosas”. Las Casas da de largo á la macana cuatro palmos. Ratzel
(Las Razas Humanas, Edición española de Montaner. Barcelona.
1889. t. 2º p. 32 y 33) trae dibujos donde se ve claramente, que la tal
manija al extremo de la macana era sencillamente una abrazadera
de cuerda ó cordón, con que el indio se aseguraba el garrote á la
muñeca para evitar, en los golpes y contragolpes, que se le escapara
la macana de la mano. Pedro Mártir (Déc. II, libro III, cap. II) dice:
“Pelean de ordinario mano á mano, con largas espadas, que llaman
macanas, pero de madera, porque no tienen hierro; usan en la
guerra de palos chamuscados, ó con puntas de hueso, arrojadizos.”

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CONSTITUTIONS, STATUTES, ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, AND

II. ANATOMY OF A STATUTE

The short title is the name by which the statute is known.

III. STATUTORY RESEARCH—LOCATING STATUTES

3. United States Code Service

1. Are organized in the same way

Differences between the USCA and USCS:

B. State Statutory Law and Codes

C. The Research Process—Techniques and Strategies

D. Ethics—Competenc e and Diligence

IV. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

A. Federal Administrativ e Law

1. Researching Federal Administrativ e Law

The following guides focus on researching the CFR.

B. State Administrativ e Law

VI. ANALYSIS—THE PROCESS

A. Step 1: Determine If the Statute Applies

B. Step 2: Analyze the Statute

1. Read the Statute

2. Identify the Statutory Elements

C. Step 3: Apply the Statute to the Legal Problem or Issue

Utilize a chart that lists the elements of the statute.

VII. GENERAL CONSIDERATI ONS

4. Last Antecedent Rule

Statutes are assumed to be constitutional and should be construed in a manner that

Criminal statutes are to be narrowly interpreted.

VIII. CITING CONSTITUTIONS, STATUTES,

2. Session Laws and Slip Laws

C. Citing Administrativ e Law

D. Citing Court Rules

E. Sections and Paragraphs

A “digital audio recording device” is any machine or device of a

(A) Professional model products, and

1. A person . . . knowingly [that is, intentionally]

1. He acted knowingly—he did not accidentally blow up the barn.

1. The testator must be in imminent peril of death.

Instructor’s Note: Students should be advised to beware of making assumptions. A

provisions of Subsection C of the statute. Therefore, she may be considered an

1. The contract must be in writing.

This prohibition does not apply in actions:

a. between such husband and wife, and

1. Does the state recognize common law marriages?

(2) Temporary, emergency closures based on a determination of considerable adverse effects.

Section 18-760, Robbery—Elements

Section 18-773, Larceny—Elements

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