AN ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL SLOPES STABILITY IN

BENDOSARI VILLAGE, PUJON, MALANG DUE TO THE

EFFECT OF RAINWATER INFILTRATION

*1 3
Nindia Rizky Ismawan , Eko Andi Suryo2 dan Arief Rachmansyah
1
Student, Master’s Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Brawijaya University
2,3
Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Brawijaya
University
Correspondence: rizkyisamawan@student.ub.ac.id

ABSTRACT

A disaster is an incident which threatens and disrupts life. This research was purposed to determine the
critical slope stability in Bendosari Village, Pujon due to rainwater infiltration. This research was conducted
through ground laboratory test to investigate the type and characteristic of the soil, which then followed by
testing of the geo-electric and topography to investigate the existing condition and the ground water level on
the critical slopes and analyzed safety factor (SF) using SLOPE/ W for slope with rainwater infiltration effect.
The analysis results proved that rainwater infiltration in both conditions could reduce the SF (Safety Factor)
value. This is because the water content in the soil increased the pore water pressure. In addition, high water
content in the soil reduced the soil shear strength.
Keywords: Safety Factor, SLOPE/W,

1. INTRODUCTION of rain in a short period of time and hitting

A disaster is an incident which threatens
and disrupts life and livelihood of the society
caused by either natural or non-natural factors
as well as by human factors, resulting in human
casualties, environmental damage, property
loss, and psychological impact. It doesn’t
merely occur without any causes, however,
many factors of human error and neglect in
anticipating the nature and possible disasters
are given the occasion of it. Indeed, society
living on steep mountain slopes faces the risk
of landslides [1].
Landslide is the movement of
slope-forming material in the form of rock,
debris, soil or report material moving down or
out of the slope. [2] The Ministry of Research
and Technology (KRT) said that if the soil was
cracked due to drought and it was suddenly hit
by heavy rain, the land would have been
landslide. Two factors related to rain give high
occasion to landslides; they are high intensity
REKAYASA SIPIL / Volume 16, No.1 – 2022 ISSN 1978 - 5658
areas with unstable soil conditions. This dry
land becomes unstable and easily gets
landslides when it rains. Another condition is
the accumulation of rainfall in the rainy season
on steep cliffs which causes it to collapse. This
landslide is quite dangerous and can cause a lot
of casualties [3].
2. BASIC THEORY
2.1. Research Location
Pujon District, Malang is one of the
districts which has several landslide prone
areas and are quite dangerous. One of which
has a high risk of landslides is Bendosari
Village. In early 2018, a landslide occurred in
February which resulted in heavy damage to
one resident's house and partially slightly
damaged with an estimated loss of around 100
million rupiah. This landslide incident occurred
in Bendosari Village, Pujon, Malang.
48
 Figure 1. Research Location
This research was conducted in Bendosari
Village, Pujon District, Malang Regency. This
village has a critical slope in the middle of Figure 2. Slope Modeling
densely populated settlements.
The analysis phase began with creating a
slope model using SLOPE/W. This model was
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY obtained from geoelectric data thus the soil
Initially, this research established layer in each layer on the slope was visible.
identification of the problem, the research data,
then, were collected. The data collected were 3.3. Parameter Input
those related to problem solving of the incident. Several parameters which were to inputted
Topographic data, geotechnical data, and to the slope analysis model were in Toolbar
geo-electric data were directly obtained from KeyIn, those are material, pore-water pressure,
the field data by conducting surveys and point/surcharge load, reinforcement load. The
investigations, while rainfall data were inputted parameters were according to the
obtained from the competent authority of investigated soil data and other parameters
research location. Furthermore, data analysis obtained from SEEP/W analysis. Pore-water
was carried out through two-dimensional pressure was used to describe the state of the
software, Geostudio 2018. ground water level. Point/surcharge load was
the load given to the slope, either centered load
3.1. SEEP/W Modeling or even load. In this research, however, even
Slope stability were analyzed using load was treated to the road loads.
Geostudio 2018 Software, SEEP / W and Reinforcement load was used to provide
SLOPE / W. SEEP / W was used to determine improvement parameters for slopes in
the effect of rainwater infiltration on critical accordance with the predetermined plan.
slopes, while SLOPE / W was used for the
stability of embankment slopes or Safety of
Factor for slopes both without rain and with
rain.
3.2. Slope Function Modeling
Slope dimension modeling began with
sketching an image of the model, which was a
representation of the problem to be analyzed.
The modeling was created from the main
toolbar in two different ways, using KeyIn
toolbar.
Figure 3. Parameter Input of Slope Modeling

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4. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.4. Sliding Angel
4.1. Soil Test Slide angel test implemented Triaxial Test
Soil analysis and testing are two activities with ASTM D-2850-87 to investigate the shear
of soil sample analyzing to determine the soil strength parameter. The measurement was
state and characteristic, such as nutrient, carried out by applying vertical pressure.
contamination, compositions, acidity, and so
on. It also determined the level of suitability of Table 3. Triaxial Test Result
the soil to agricultural activities and the types Triaxial Test
of crops. No. Titik Kedalaman
C (kg / cm2) ф (0)
4.2. Specific Gravity Test Toe 0.0 – 1.0 0.056 2.70
This test was aimed to determine the soil 1.0 – 2.0 0.119 2.06
Crest 0.0 – 1.0 0.022 3.34
density. Specific gravity is value of ratio of the
1.0 – 2.0 0.031 3.46
weight of soil grains to the weight of water
with the same volume at a certain temperature. 4.5. Geo-electric Test
This test was based on ASTM D-854 with the One of the geophysical methods that can
result presented on Table 1. identify subsidence and landslides is the
Table 1. Result of Specific Grafity Test Geoelectric Method [4]. The geophysical
(Specific Gravity) method which was used to identify the
No. Titik Kedalaman Berat Jenis subsurface geological structure of mud
Toe 0.0 – 1.0 2.575 volcanoes was resistivity geo-electric method.
1.0 – 2.0 2.542 The study was conducted by taking four lines
Crest 0.0 – 1.0 2.577 with sequence length each line 1, 2, 3, and 4
1.0 – 2.0 2.599 were 100 m, 75 m, 75 m, and 70 m. The
Sumber: Analisis (2019) configuration applied was Wenner Alpha
configuration with the current electrode
The specific gravity testing revealed that position (C) and the potential electrode (P) in
the soil sample contained mineral. According to sequence C1 P1 P2 C2 with a space of 5 meters
Braja M. Das Book, the soil sample contained between the electrodes and the shift.
Hallosite mineral and Potassium feldspar. 4.5.1. Geo-electric Line 1
4.3. Soil Classification
The soil testing was conducted based on
Standard Sieve Analysis ASTM D-136 and
Atterberg Limit ASTM D-423 and D-424 with
the classification result as follow:
Figure 4. Lithological arrangement of rocks
Table 2. Result of Specific G ravity Test Line 1
(USCS Classification)
Point Depth USCS Classification
After being correlated with the geological
Toe 0.0 – 1.0 SC
map, in line 1 there were 3 types of soil: sandy
1.0 – 2.0 CH tuff, tuff, and sand. In this section, the soil
Crest 0.0 – 1.0 OL composition was dominated by sandy tuff and
1.0 – 2.0 CL tuff.
Toe point showed the soil classifications
were SC (clay sand, mixed sand – loam) and 4.5.2. Geo-electric Line 2
CH (inorganic clay with high plasticity, fat
clays). Crest point showed the soil
classifications were OL (silt – organic and
organic silty clay with low plasticity) and CL
(from inorganic clay with low plasticity to
gravel clay, sandy loam, silty clay, and “thin” Figure 5. Lithological arrangement of rocks
clay). Line 2

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 After being correlated with the geological Table 5. Parameter Data of SLOPE/W
map, in line 2 there were 4 types of soil: sandy
tuff, tuff, and sand. In this section, the soil
composition was dominated by sandy tuff and
tuff.
4.5.3. Geo-electric Line 3

4.6.2. Analysis Result of Safety of Factor

Safety of Factor is known as a terminology
in determining the stability of slope, which is
the ratio between the holding force and the
driving force.
Figure 6. Lithological arrangement of rocks 1. Rainless condition
Line 3 The SF analysis of a condition without rain
using SLOPE/W as follow:
After being correlated with the geological
map, in line 3 there were 3 types of soil: sandy
tuff/ aquifer, tuff, and sand. In this section, the
soil composition was dominated by sandy tuff/
aquifer.
4.6. Analysis of SEEP/W and SLOPE/W
Slope stability is one of the most important
factors in implementing safe, productive and
environmentally friendly mining [5]. Slope
stability analysis at Dadapan Bendosari
Village , Pujon implemented Geostudio 2018 Figure 7. Total force and slope of the slope
software, which applied two features of the without rain
2018 Geostudio; SEEP/ W and SLOPE/ W.
those two features were integrated so that the
analysis result of SEEP/ W could be used for Table 6. The total of force and moment of
stability analysis of SLOPE/ W. The slope in rainless condition
calculation of the safety of factor for a slope Method Morgenstren-Price
used two conditions: Safety of factor 1.781
1. Rainless condition Volume total 56.001 m3
2. Rain condition Weight total 920.78 kN
Holding moment total 6925.6 kNm
4.6.1. Data Analysis Driving moment total 3888.5 kNm
The analyzed data of stability with SEEP/ Holding force total 495.63 kN
W and SLOPE/ W features were topography Driving force total 278.18 kN
data, rainfall data, and soil parameter. Radius 13.250
Table 4.Parameter Data of SEEP/W Circle center (44.004; 44.387)

Fig. 7 presents the slip plane lines and pore

water pressures in an analysis using SEEP/W
and SLOPE/W. It can be seen that the right of
the pore water in all layers is negative. The
total force and moment are shown in Table.6.
The SF result is 1.781.

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2. Rain condition 1. After conducting soil observations, soil
The SF analysis of a condition with rain laboratory analysis, geoelectrical testing,
using SLOPE/W and SHEEP/W as follow: and analysis using the Geoslope software,
the dimensional critical slope model was in
accordance with the analysis results.
2. The original critical slope in conditions
without rain had a safety factor of 1.781,
while the critical slope with rainwater
infiltration is 1.353. Slopes without rain
and with rainwater infiltration were in
unstable or critical condition.
3. Critical slopes are advised to be repaired
using soil reinforcement at the bottom of
the slope and plant reinforcement on the
slope body.

Figure 8. Total slope force and moment with

rain 6. SUGGESTION
1. It needs to take more analysis of slope
stability when it rains at various times,
Table7. The total of force and moment of slope
in rain condition thus, more variations and possibilities of
slope stability are obtained and
Method Morgenstren-Price
recognized.
Safety of factor 1.353
2. Further studies are needed to be
Volume total 59.007 m3
conducted to obtain the most
Weight total 968.64 kN
economical and efficient comparison of
Holding moment total 5621.4 kNm
slope improvement.
Driving moment total 4153.6 kNm
Holding force total 385.77 kN
Driving force total 285.25 kN
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Radius 13.859 [1] Ramli, Soehatman. Pedoman Praktis
Circle center (43.977; 44.524) Manajemen Bencana, Jakarta, Dian Rakyat.
2010.
[2] Nur, Firman, Arif, Analisis Kerawanan Tanah
Longsor Untuk Menentukan Upaya Mitigasi
Fig. 8 presents the slip plane lines and pore Bencana Di Kecamatan Kemiri Kabupaten
Purworejo, 2015.
water pressures in an analysis using SEEP/W
[3] Majid, Kusnoto Alvin. Tanah Longsor dan
and SLOPE/W. It can be seen that the pore Antisipasinya, Semarang, 2008.
water pressure in all layers is negative. The [4] Santoso, Budy, Penerapan Metode
total force and moment are shown in Table.6. Geolistrik-2D untuk identifikasi Amblasan
The SF result is 1.353. Tanah dan Longsoran Tol Semarang, Vol. 15,
The analysis results proved that rainwater 2015.
infiltration in both conditions could reduce the [5] Salam, Abdul, Kesatabilan Lereng
SF (Safety Factor) value. This is because the Menggunakan Program SLOPE/W pada PIT
water content in the soil increased the pore GN-10 Pulau GAG Kabupaten Raja Ampat
water pressure. In addition, high water content Papua Barat, Vol.6, 2018,
in the soil reduced the soil shear strength.

5. CONCLUSION
Reviewing the result of research in
laboratory, field, and established analysis, the
researcher concluded:

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