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A People and a Nation: A History of the United States 11th
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Chapter_01
1 Which of the following were the first to cultivate food crops in the Americas?
2 Which of the following was a consequence of the spread of agricultural techniques among Indian groups?
3 Why did the practice of settled agriculture lead to the emergence of more complex civilizations?
4 Which of the following is true of Cahokia, also known as the City of the Sun?
6 Which of the following best explains the fact that bands of Indian hunters remained small in the area of the Great
Basin (present-day Nevada and Utah)?
7 How were North American Indian agricultural societies similar to each other?
hunting tribes.
tribes that had no sexual division of labor.
nomadic tribes.
agricultural tribes.
They followed the example of the Aztecs, practicing settled agriculture and living
a sedentary existence.
They accepted women as rulers in some villages.
They defined the extended family patrilineally.
They were unique among the North American tribes in that they had no known
religious beliefs.
11 The diverse inhabitants of North America spoke well over how many distinct languages?
1,000
500
1,500
750
12 Which of the following was one of the major means of subsistence of the people living in the northernmost region
of Upper Guinea?
Farming
Animal husbandry
Cultivation of rice
The gold trade
13 How did Upper Guinea differ from Lower Guinea in the 1400 CE?
Lower Guinea was primarily democratic; Upper Guinea had autocratic leadership.
Women were rice farmers in Lower Guinea; in Upper Guinea they traded.
While Lower Guinea peoples continued to practice traditional African religions,
the influence of the Islamic religion was felt more strongly in Upper Guinea.
Women were denied political power in Lower Guinea but held powerful political
and religious positions in Upper Guinea.
14 Most Africans of Lower Guinea were similar to the agricultural Indians of the Americas in which of the following
respects?
15 At the time of initial contact with the Europeans, Lower Guinea was characterized by
16 The societies of West Africa were like Native American societies in which of the following respects?
The social systems of both were organized on the basis of the dual-sex principle.
The political systems of both were organized on the basis of autocratic rule.
In both, work assignments were organized on the basis of a sexual division of
labor.
In both, women were allowed to hold formal political power over men.
17 The social systems of West Africa were all organized on the basis of the dual-sex principle, which meant that
female political and religious leaders governed the women and males ruled the
men.
men and women were expected to have not only a sexual partner of the
opposite sex but one of the same sex as well.
every man could have two wives and every woman could have two husbands.
all individuals were believed to have both a masculine and a feminine side.
19 Fifteenth-century European, African, and Mesoamerican societies differed from most North American Indian
societies in that the former were
theocratic in nature.
hierarchical in nature.
egalitarian in nature.
patriarchal in nature.
20 In contrast to African and Native American societies, women in European societies were
the people of Europe turned to the Christian religion for the first time.
it is estimated that one-third of the people of Europe died in the late fourteenth
century.
the Angle and Saxon tribes of England were so weakened that they were easily
defeated by William of Normandy.
European scientists finally accepted the germ theory of disease long advanced
by Arab scholars.
22 After the Hundred Years' War, the monarchs of England and France worked to consolidate their political power.
They were aided in this effort by
23 Marco Polo's Travels was important primarily because it convinced many Europeans
24 The primary motive for the fifteenth- and sixteenth-century European voyages of exploration and discovery was the
desire to
25 These winds made it easy for Spanish and Portuguese mariners to sail from the Iberian Peninsula to the Canary
Islands.
26 Why was it difficult for Spanish and Portuguese mariners to return home from the Canary Islands?
They had to sail against the winds.
Unusual magnetic fields in that area rendered navigational instruments useless.
27 The Mediterranean Atlantic prepared the way for the European voyages of exploration and discovery because it
was there that European mariners
Azores, 1450s
Canaries, 1460s
Madeiras, 1470s
West Indies, 1490s
29 After conquering the last Canary Island in 1496, the Spanish devoted the land to the cultivation of
corn.
rice.
sugar.
tobacco.
30 Which of the following correctly characterizes the trade relationship between Portugal and the states of West
Africa?
The Portuguese merchants grew wealthy; the African chiefdoms gained little.
The African chiefdoms gained wealth and power; the Portuguese gained little.
The Portuguese merchants controlled the terms and conditions of the trade.
The rulers of West Africa controlled the terms and conditions of the trade.
31 Black slavery was introduced into Europe by the
French.
Spanish.
English.
Portuguese.
32 The first economy based primarily on the bondage of black Africans was created in
the Azores.
the Canaries.
the Madeiras.
São Tomé.
33 Which explorer sailed to North American across the Davis Strait in the year 1001?
New agricultural methods in the cultivation of rice could benefit his native city in
Genoa.
Slaves could be an integral part of a colonial economy.
The world was actually round.
Gold was not as valuable to the global marketplace as spices.
believed it would divert her subjects' attention away from Spain's domestic
problems.
hoped profits from such voyages would help finance an expedition to wrest
Jerusalem from the Muslims.
wanted to prevent England from colonizing Africa.
wanted knowledge about other world cultures.
36 Columbus's log of his first encounter with the New World and its inhabitants reveals which of the following?
He wanted to profit from the land he had found by exploiting its natural
resources, including its people.
He wanted to exterminate all Native Americans and completely destroy the
cultures they had built.
He insisted that Europeans had come merely to observe, not to change, the
cultures of the New World's native inhabitants.
He believed that his primary goal should be to Christianize the native inhabitants
of the land he had found.
37 Who first published the idea that Columbus had discovered a new continent?
Conquistadors
Encomienda
Americans
Friars
41 Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the influx of gold and silver from the New World into
Spain?
42 The main reason for the dramatic decline of the Indian population of Hispaniola from 1492 to 1542 was the
43 The Lakota, Comanches, and Crows of the Great Plains were profoundly affected by the
45 Which of the following is true concerning trade between Indians and Europeans?
46 Who published translations of stories of exploratory voyages and argued in favor of English colonization of North
America?
47 In 1587, Raleigh sent colonists to the colony that the Native peoples called Ossomocomuck. What did he rename
this colony?
North Carolina
South Carolina
Rhode Island
Virginia
48 Discuss the series of Mesoamerican civilizations that eventually gave rise to the Aztec civilization, and describe the
major characteristics of Aztec culture. What are the differences between Mesoamerican cultures and North
American cultures? What led to those differences?
Answer:
Answers will vary.
49 Compare the various Indian cultures of North America at the beginning of the sixteenth century. How can the
differences between these cultures be explained?
Answer:
50 What type of impact did gender have on the organization of fifteenth-century African society? How was it similar
or different to that of North American and Mesoamerican peoples of the same period?
Answer:
51 Discuss the political, social, and economic characteristics of the Pueblos and Mississippians in the early sixteenth
century.
Answer:
Answer:
53 How did prevailing winds help and hinder European trade in the North and South Atlantic? What role did these
winds play in the European voyages of exploration and discovery?
Answer:
Answer:
55 Examine the type and impact of trade that began with the Columbian period.
Answer:
56 Discuss the model of Spanish colonization of the Americas. Did Spain attain its goals? What impact did Spanish
colonization have on Spain itself? What impact did it have on different Indian civilizations?
Answer:
57 Discuss the first English attempt to plant a permanent settlement in North America. Why did that attempt fail?.
Answer:
58 Discuss the series of Mesoamerican civilizations that eventually gave rise to the Aztec civilization, and describe the
major characteristics of Aztec culture. What are the differences between Mesoamerican cultures and North
American cultures? What led to those differences?
Answer:
59 Compare the various Indian cultures of North America at the beginning of the sixteenth century. How can the
differences between these cultures be explained?
Answer:
60 What type of impact did gender have on the organization of fifteenth-century African society? How was it similar
or different to that of North American and Mesoamerican peoples of the same period?
Answer:
61 Discuss the political, social, and economic characteristics of the Pueblos and Mississippians in the early sixteenth
century.
Answer:
Answer:
63 How did prevailing winds help and hinder European trade in the North and South Atlantic? What role did these
winds play in the European voyages of exploration and discovery?
Answer:
64 What are the three key lessons of colonization learned by Europeans from their experiences in the islands of the
Mediterranean Atlantic and the African coast? Discuss each.
Answer:
65 Examine the type and impact of trade that began with the Columbian period.
Answer:
66 Discuss the model of Spanish colonization of the Americas. Did Spain attain its goals? What impact did Spanish
colonization have on Spain itself? What impact did it have on different Indian civilizations?
Answer:
67 Discuss the first English attempt to plant a permanent settlement in North America. Why did that attempt fail?.
Answer:
Por cierto que esta moral debe de ser muy antigua y corriente entre
la gente del rebusco, porque recuerdo haber leído, con referencia á
Barthélemy, que habiéndosele preguntado una vez cómo había
podido reunir la rica colección de medallas que poseía, respondió
con el candor de un niño:
—Me han regalado algunas; he comprado otras, y las demás las he
robado.
Dicho esto, lector (que, cuando menos, tendrás la manía de ser
buen mozo, por ruin y encanijado que seas), hago punto aquí,
apostándote las dos orejas á que siendo, como te juzgo, hombre de
bien, después de meter la mano en tu pecho no te atreves á tirar
una chinita á mi pecado.
1880.
LA INTOLERANCIA
Bien saben los que á usted y á mí nos conocen, que de este pecado
no tenemos, gracias á Dios, que arrepentirnos.
No van, pues, conmigo ni con usted los presentes rasguños,
aunque mi pluma los trace y á usted se los dedique; ni van tampoco
con los que tengan, en el particular, la conciencia menos tranquila
que la nuestra, porque los pecadores de este jaez ni se arrepienten
ni se enmiendan; además de que á mí no me da el naipe para
convertir infieles. Son, por tanto, las presentes líneas, un inofensivo
desahogo entre usted y yo, en el seno de la intimidad y bajo la
mayor reserva. Vamos, como quien dice, á echar un párrafo, en
confianza, en este rinconcito del libro, como pudiéramos echarle
dando un paseo por las soledades de Puerto Chico á las altas horas
de la noche. El asunto no es de transcendencia; pero sí de perenne
actualidad, como ahora se dice, y se presta, como ningún otro, á la
salsa de una murmuración lícita, sin ofensa para nadie, como las
que á usted le gustan, y de cuya raya no pasa aunque le desuellen
vivo.
Ya sabe usted, por lo que nos cuentan los que de allá vienen, lo que
se llama en la Isla de Cuba un ¡ataja! Un quídam toma de una tienda
un pañuelo... ó una oblea; le sorprende el tendero, huye el
delincuente, sale aquél tras éste, plántase en la acera, y grita ¡ataja!
y de la tienda inmediata, y de todas las demás, por cuyos frentes va
pasando á escape el fugitivo, le salen al encuentro banquetas,
palos, pesas, ladrillos y cuanto Dios ó el arte formaron de más duro
y contundente. El atajado así, según su estrella, muere, unas veces
en el acto, y otras al día siguiente, ó sale con vida del apuro; pero,
por bien que le vaya en él, no se libra de una tunda que le balda.
Como se deja comprender, para que al hombre más honrado del
mundo le toque allí la lotería, basta la casualidad de que al correr
por una calle, porque sus negocios así lo requieran, le dé á un
chusco la gana de gritar ¡ataja! Porque allí no se pregunta jamás por
qué, después que se oye el grito: se ve quién corre, y, sin otras
averiguaciones, se le tira con lo primero que se halla á mano.
Pues bien: á un procedimiento semejante se ajusta, por lo común,
entre los hombres cultos de ambos hemisferios, la formación de los
caracteres. No diré que sea la fama quien los hace; pero sí quien los
califica, los define... y los ataja.
Me explicaré mejor con algunos ejemplos.
Un hombre, porque tiene la cara así y el talle del otro modo, es
cordialmente antipático á cuantos no le conocen sino de vista, que
son los más.
—¡Qué cara! ¡qué talle! ¡qué levita! ¡qué aire!—dice con ira cada
uno de ellos, al verle pasar. Y si averiguan que se ha descalabrado,
por resbalarse en la acera,
—¡Me alegro!—exclaman con fruición,—porque ¡cuidado si es
cargante ese mozo!
Y si se habla de un ahogado en el baño, ó de un infeliz cosido á
puñaladas en una callejuela, ó de un desgraciado mordido por un
perro rabioso, dícense, con cierta delectación, pensando en el
antipático:
—¡Él es!
Pero llega un día en que se le ve del brazo de quien más le
despellejaba; pregúntase á éste cómo puede soportar la compañía
de un hombre tan insufrible, y responde con el corazón en la mano:
—Amigo, estábamos en un grandísimo error: ese sujeto es lo más
fino, lo más discreto, lo más bondadoso... lo más simpático que
darse puede.
Así es, en efecto, el fondo de aquel carácter que en el concepto
público, según la fama, es todo lo contrario, por lo cual se le niega la
sal y el fuego.
Ilustraré este caso con otro dato, que si no es enteramente
irrecusable, es, cuando menos, de una ingenuidad meritoria. No sé,
ni me importa saber, la opinión de que goza mi propio carácter entre
la gente; pero es lo cierto que hombres que hoy son íntimos y bien
probados amigos míos, me han dicho alguna vez:
—¡Caray, qué insoportable me eras cuando no te conocía tan á
fondo como ahora!
Jamás me he cansado en preguntarles el por qué de su antipatía.
Cabalmente la sentía yo hacia ellos en igual grado de fuerza.
—¡Qué hombre tan célebre es Diego!—dice la fama.—Es un costal
de gracias y donaires.
Y es porque Diego hace reir á cuantas personas le escuchan, y sus
burlas son celebradas en todas partes, y sus bromazos corren de
boca en boca y de tertulia en tertulia, y hasta las anécdotas más
antiguas y resobadas se le atribuyen á él por sus admiradores.
Ocúrresele á usted un día estudiar un poco á fondo al célebre
Diego, y hállale hombre vulgarísimo, ignorante y sin pizca de ingenio
ni de cultura; capaz de desollar la honra de su madre, á trueque de
hacerse aplaudir de aquellos mismos que le han colocado con sus
palmoteos en la imprescindible necesidad de ser gracioso.
Al revés de Diego, Juan es ingenioso y prudente, seco y punzante
en sus sátiras, oportuno y justo al servirse de ellas; y, sin embargo,
Juan, según dicen, es una vulgaridad antipática.
Una dama espléndida y de buen humor, reúne en su casa, muy á
menudo, una escogida sociedad. La tal señora no tiene, en buena
justicia, prenda que digna de notar sea en su persona. En terreno
neutral, sería una completa vulgaridad. Pero hay lujo en sus salones
y gabinetes, variedad en sus fiestas, abundancia en sus buffets,
novedad en sus trajes, y siempre una sonrisa en su cara. Los
asiduos tertulianos se saturan de este conjunto; siéntense repletitos
de estómago en el elegante comedor, bien divertidos en el estrado
suntuoso, hartos de música y de danza, y todo de balde y cada día.
¿Cómo, á la luz de tantas satisfacciones, no ha de parecerles
encantadora, ó por lo menos distinguidísima, la persona que se las
procura, con celo y desinterés verdaderamente maternales?
Así nace la fama de esa distinción: pregónanla las bocas de los
tertulianos donde quiera que se baila y se cena de balde, y luego en
corrillos y cafés, y cátala proverbial en todo el pueblo, y á la dama,
autorizada para enmendar la plana á la moda reinante y acreditar
caprichosos aditamentos de su invención, como prendas de gusto
superfino.
Enséñansela en la calle á usted, que no baila, y dícenle los que la
saludan:
—¡Qué señora tan elegante, tan chic... y qué talento tiene!
Ni usted la halla elegante, ni eso que los elegantes llaman chic, no
sé por qué; ni ha visto usted una muestra del ensalzado talento;
pero tanto se lo aseguran, que antes duda usted de la claridad de su
vista y de la solidez de su juicio, que de la razón de la fama.
Al mismo tiempo pasa otra señora, bella á todas luces, elegante sin
trapos raros, y discreta á carta cabal; y usted, que es sincero, dice al
punto á los otros:
—¡Esto es lo que se llama un tipo elegante y distinguido!...
—Cierto que no es enteramente vulgo—le contestan con desdén;—
no es fea, no es tonta... pero le falta, le falta... vamos, le falta...
—¡Qué canario!—digo yo:—lo que le falta es dar un baile cada tres
días y una cena en cada baile, como la otra; pues la mayor parte de
los juicios que hacemos de las cosas, dependen, según afirmó muy
cuerdamente el poeta,