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 Chapter 01: Scope of Practice
Solomon: Pediatric Skills for Occupational Therapy Assistants, 4th Edition

Test Bank for Pediatric Skills for Occupational Therapy Assistants 4th
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MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is not a category in the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF)?
a. Areas of occupation
b. Performance arenas
c. Context and environment
d. Client factors
ANS: B
The Framework identifies the domains of occupational therapy (OT) as areas of occupations, client factors, performance skills,
performance patterns, contexts, and environment (Fig. 1-1).

REF: p. 2

2. Evaluation, intervention planning, and discharge planning are all part of:
a. assessment.
b. OT process.
c. referral process.
d. screening process.
ANS: B
The OTPF defines OT as a dynamic ongoing process that includes evaluation, intervention, and outcomes.

REF: p. 5

3. Which of the following types of supervision involves direct contact between the occupational therapy assistant (OTA) and
occupational therapist at the worksite at least every 2 weeks?
a. Close
b. General
c. Minimal
d. Routine
ANS: D
Routine supervision is a direct contact between the OTA and occupational therapist at the worksite at least every 2 weeks and
interim contact through other means, such as telephone conversations or email messages.

REF: p. 6

4. Which is not a means of establishing service competency?

a. Continuing education
b. Direct observation
c. Performing standardized assessments
d. Videotaping
ANS: A
Service competency is the “determination, made by various methods, that two people performing the same or equivalent procedures
will obtain the same or equivalent results.” Videotaping, co-treatment, observation, and performing the same assessment (and
determining reliability) are considered forms of service competency.

REF: p. 7

5. A therapist planned a Christmas activity but later found out that her clients were of the Jewish faith and did not celebrate
Christmas. This shows the importance of examining which aspect of environment when planning activities?
a. Cultural
b. Physical
c. Social
d. Temporal
ANS: A
Cultural context includes customs, beliefs, activity patterns, behavior standards, and expectations accepted by the society of which
the individual is a member. For example, religious beliefs and customs.

REF: p. 4, Table 1-1

6. Allison, a Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant (COTA) who works in a rehabilitation hospital, interviews a new client, Jack.
During her interview, Allison asks Jack what daily occupations he wants to perform independently. Allison is applying which of
the principles of ethical behavior?
a. Beneficence
b. Veracity
c. Autonomy
d. Confidentiality
ANS: C
Autonomy refers to the rights of consumers to choose and make decisions about their care.
Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. 1
 REF: p. 8

Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. 2

 7. Shameka is working with a close friend’s grandmother. During a recent visit, her friend asks how her grandmother is doing in OT.
Shameka encourages her friend to visit her grandmother to see how she is or is not progressing. Shameka is applying which of the
principles of ethical behavior?
a. Justice
b. Nonmaleficence
c. Veracity
d. Confidentiality
ANS: D
Confidentiality refers to the right to privacy of consumers.

REF: p. 8

8. Edgar bills a client for individual therapy. However, Edgar worked with three clients simultaneously. Edgar is violating which
principle of ethical behavior?
a. Justice
b. Nonmaleficence
c. Confidentiality
d. Autonomy
ANS: A
Social justice refers to providing fair and equitable services for all. Procedural justice refers to following established policies and
procedures. In this scenario Edgar is not following the established procedures and is not providing individual therapy, and thus he
should not bill for it.

REF: p. 8

9. Inca forgets to lock a client’s brakes on the wheelchair, and the client falls and fractures her hip. Inca is violating which principle of
ethical behavior?
a. Nonmaleficence
b. Autonomy
c. Justice
d. Beneficence
ANS: A
Nonmaleficence refers to the principle of not inflicting or imposing harm on consumers. By not adhering to proper procedures, Inca
is causing harm.

REF: p. 8

10. Akita recently attended a workshop designed for fieldwork educators. She is now compiling a student notebook for Level II
fieldwork experiences. What type of scholarship is this?
a. Application
b. Integration
c. Discovery
d. Teaching
ANS: B
Integration scholarship involves interpreting and synthesizing research findings to identify linkages across disciplines .

REF: p. 8

11. Akita prepares and presents a synopsis of the fieldwork educators’ workshop during a staff meeting. What type of scholarship is
this?
a. Teaching
b. Discovery
c. Integration
d. Application
ANS: A
Teaching scholarship is used to determine how the client best learns.

REF: p. 8

12. The OTA engages a child in coloring and making shapes with Play-Doh to strengthen the child’s hands. How is the practitioner
viewing occupation?
a. Occupation is the means to strengthen the child’s hands.
b. Occupation is the end product used to help the child perform in school.
c. Occupation is not considered in this scenario.
d. Occupation is being used to help the child deal with frustration.
ANS: A REF: p. 3

Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. 3

 13. The OTA works to improve a child’s sitting posture so the child can write more clearly. How is the practitioner viewing
occupation?
a. Occupation is the means to strengthen the child’s hands.
b. Occupation is the end product—to help the child perform in school.
c. Occupation is not considered in this scenario.
d. Occupation is being used to help the child deal with frustration.
ANS: B
Writing is an occupation. In this case the OTA is working to help the child perform in school. The OTPF advocates that
practitioners focus on occupations instead of components.

REF: p. 3

14. In what year will the OT profession turn 100 years old?
a. 2017
b. 2020
c. 2027
d. 2035
ANS: A
In 2017 the OT profession will turn 100 years old.

REF: p. 2

15. Which statement best reflects the role of the OTA?

a. The OTA may independently decide if a child will benefit from OT services.
b. The OTA is responsible for conducting all aspects of an evaluation.
c. The OTA is responsible for implementing the plan developed by the occupational
therapist.
d. The OTA and occupational therapist collaborate on the intervention plan.
ANS: D
The OTA and occupational therapist share responsibility of communicating with each other about their clients.

REF: p. 6

Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc. 4

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
quills on their upper surface. There are also a few slight lanceolate
dark spots on the sides of the body, and on the tibial feathers.
Length to end of tail 23 1/2 inches, to end of wings 21 1/2, to end of
claws 18 3/4, to carpal joint 5 1/2; extent of wings 51 1/4; breadth of
gape 1 1/8; wing from flexure 17; tail 9 3/4; bill along the ridge 1 5/12;
tarsus 2 4/12; hind toe 1 1/12, its claw 1 5/12; middle toe 2 1/12, its claw
(worn) 11/12. Weight 2 lb., it being much emaciated.

The tongue, a, is 10 1/2 twelfths long, fleshy, deeply emarginate at

the base, having on its upper surface numerous orifices of mucous
crypts, towards the end narrowed, deeply concave, horny, with the
extremity rounded and very slightly emarginate. The œsophagus, b c
d e, is 7 1/2 inches long, wide, dilated into a large crop, c d, lying on
the right side; the proventriculus, f, is 1/2 inch in diameter, with a belt
of oblong glandules, arranged into four very prominent longitudinal
ridges, with deep grooves between them. The stomach, f g h, is
round, compressed, 1 1/2 inch in length, 1 inch 5 twelfths in breadth;
its muscular coat thin, composed of large fasciculi, not arranged into
distinct muscles; its inner coat soft, without horny epithelium, but
irregularly rugous, especially towards the pylorus, which has three
knobs or valves. The intestine, h i j k, is 36 1/2 inches long, 5 twelfths
in diameter at its anterior part, gradually contracting to 4 twelfths.
The rectum is 3 1/2 inches long, 1/2 inch in diameter at the
commencement; the cœca 2 twelfths long, 1 1/2 twelfth in diameter;
the cloaca, l m, globular. The right lobe of the liver is 2 inches 4
twelfths long, the left 2 inches 1 twelfth; the gall-bladder large.
The crop or dilatation of the œsophagus was nearly filled by two
excrescences from its inner surface, of a soft spongy texture, but not
ulcerated, or in any part scirrhous. The inner surface of the stomach
was similarly affected, but in a much less degree, and the pyloric
region was indurated. The intestines quite sound.

The trachea, m n o, is 6 inches long, considerably flattened, 5 1/2

twelfths, in breadth at the upper part, gradually diminishing to 4
twelfths. Its rings, about 78 in number, are ossified, the last large,
divided, arched, and with a broad membrane, o, intervening between
them and the first bronchial ring. The lateral or contractor muscles, p,
are very strong, as are the sterno-tracheal, q r, and there is a single
pair of inferior laryngeal muscles, s, inserted into the membrane
between the last ring of the trachea and the first of the bronchi. The
bronchial half rings 15, slender and cartilaginous.
 BAND-TAILED PIGEON.

Columba fasciata, Say.

PLATE CCCLXVII. Male and Female.

In the course of Colonel Say’s expedition to the Rocky Mountains, a

single specimen of this large and handsome Pigeon was procured.
This individual was afterwards figured in the continuation of
Wilson’s American Ornithology. Many specimens however have
more recently been obtained by Dr Townsend, from whom I have
procured three pairs of adult and some young birds. Comparing
them with the figure above alluded to, I should consider it as having
been taken from a young male. In my plate are represented two
adult birds, placed on the branch of a superb species of Dogwood,
discovered by my learned friend, Thomas Nuttall, Esq., when on
his march toward the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and which I have
graced with his name! The beautiful drawing of this branch was
executed by Miss Martin, the amiable and accomplished sister of
my friend Dr Bachman. Seeds of this new species of Cornus were
sent by me to Lord Ravensworth, and have germinated, so that this
beautiful production of the rich valley of the Columbia River may now
be seen in the vicinity of London, and in the grounds of the
nobleman just mentioned, near Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Dr
Townsend’s notice respecting the bird here spoken of is as follows:
—
“The Band-tailed Pigeon is called by the Chinook Indians ‘akoigh
homin.’ It ranges from the eastern spurs of the Rocky Mountains
across to the Columbia River, where it is abundant. It arrived in 1836
in very great numbers, on the 17th of April, and continued in large
flocks while breeding. Their breeding places are on the banks of the
river. The eggs are placed on the ground, under small bushes,
without a nest, where numbers congregate together. The eggs are
two, of a yellowish-white colour, inclining to bluish-white, with minute
spots at the great end. These Pigeons feed upon the berries of the
black elder and the buds of the balsam poplar. When sitting in the
trees, they huddle very close together in the manner of the Carolina
Parrot, and many may be killed at a single discharge of the fowling-
piece. The flesh is tender and juicy, and therefore fine eating.”
Mr Nuttall has favoured me with an equally interesting notice. “This
large and fine Pigeon, always moving about in flocks, keeps in
Oregon only in the thick forests of the Columbia and the Wahlamet,
and during the summer is more particularly abundant in the alluvial
groves of the latter river, where throughout that season we
constantly heard their cooing, or witnessed the swarming flocks
feeding on the berries of the elder tree, those of the Great Cornel
(Cornus Nuttalli), or, before the ripening of berries, on the seed-
germs or the young pods of the Balsam poplar. The call of this
species is somewhat similar to that of the Carolina Dove, but is
readily distinguishable, sounding like a double suppressed syllable,
as h ’koo, h ’koo, h ’koo, h ’koo, uttered at the usual intervals, and
repeated an hour or two at a time, chiefly in the morning and
evening. They are said to breed on the ground, or in the low bushes,
but I did not find the nest, although I saw the birds feeding around
every day near Watpatoo Island. During the whole of this time they
keep in flocks, either in the poplars or elder bushes, and on being
started, sweep about like flocks of domestic pigeons, soon returning
to their fare, when they feed in silence, keeping a strict watch for
intruders. They remain on the lower part of the Columbia nearly the
whole year, late in the season (October and November) feeding
mostly on the berries of the Tree Cornel, but still they seem to
migrate some distance to the south, as the severity of the winter
approaches.”

Columba fasciata, Say, in Long’s Exped. to Rocky Mountains, vol. ii. p. 10.
Band-tailed Pigeon, Columba fasciata, Ch. Bonaparte, Amer. Ornith. pl.
viii, fig. 3, vol. i. p. 77.
Columba fasciata, Bonap. Synops. p. 119.
Band-tailed Pigeon, Nuttall, Manual, vol. i. p. 64.

Adult Male. Plate CCCLXVII. Fig. 1.

Bill straight, rather short, slender, compressed; upper mandible with
a tumid fleshy covering at the base, where it is straight in its dorsal
outline, convex towards the end, with a sharp-edged, declinate,
rather obtuse tip; lower mandible with the angle long and pointed,
the sides erect at the base, sloping outwards toward the end, the
edges sharp, the tip narrow but blunt. Nostrils medial, oblique, linear.
Head small, oblong, compressed; neck of moderate length; body full.
Feet short, strong; tarsus very short, rounded, with two anterior rows
of large hexagonal scales; the hind part fleshy with very small
scales; toes broad and flat beneath, marginate, with large scutella
above; the hind toe smallest, the lateral nearly equal, the middle toe
much longer. Claws of moderate size, arched, compressed, grooved
beneath, rather acute.
Plumage rather compact above, blended beneath, on the hind neck
strong, with metallic gloss. Wings long, the second quill longest, the
third only a twelfth of an inch shorter, the first six-twelfths shorter,
and a little longer than the fourth, the rest rather quickly graduated;
secondaries of moderate breadth and rounded. First quill with the
outer web narrower at the base than toward the end, the second and
third quills with their outer webs having a slight sinus and attenuated
toward the end. Tail of moderate length, rounded, of twelve broad
abruptly rounded feathers, of which the lateral is half an inch shorter
than the longest.
Bill yellow, with the tips black. Feet yellow, claws greyish-black. Bare
space around the eyes carmine. The head, fore neck, and breast are
of a light reddish-purple or wine-colour, which on the abdomen and
lower tail-coverts fades into whitish; a narrow half-ring of white on
the hind neck, the lower part of which is of a metallic brownish-green
tint. The upper parts are greyish-blue, darker, and tinged with brown
on the fore part of the back and scapulars; sides of the body and
rump greyish-blue. Alula, primary coverts, primary quills, and outer
secondaries brownish-black, very narrowly margined with brownish-
white. Tail greyish-blue at the base, much paler and tinged with
yellow toward the end, these colours being separated at the distance
of two inches from the tip by a band of black.
Length to end of tail 16 inches, to end of wings 13 3/4; wing from
flexure 9; tail 6 1/4; bill along the ridge 10/12, along the edge of lower
mandible 1 1/12; tarsus 1 1/12; hind toe 8/12, its claw 5 1/2/12; middle toe
1/2
14 /12, its claw 7/12.
Adult Female. Plate CCCLXVII. Fig. 2.
The female differs from the male only in having the tints a little duller,
and on the upper parts somewhat darker, with the black band on the
tail less decided, the middle feathers being but faintly marked with it.
Length to end of tail 15 1/2 inches.

It was omitted to mention that the minute spots on the eggs are
white.
 Nuttall’s Dog-wood.

Cornus Nuttalli, Audubon.

This very beautiful tree, which was discovered by Mr Nuttall, on
the Columbia River, attains a height of fifty feet or more, and is
characterized by its smooth reddish-brown bark; large, ovate,
acuminate leaves, and conspicuous flowers, with six obovate, acute,
involucral bracteas, which are rose-coloured at the base, white
towards the end, veined and reticulated with light purple. The berries
are oblong, and of a bright carmine.
 ROCK GROUS.

Tetrao rupestris, Gmel.

PLATE CCCLXVIII. Male and Female.

Whilst at Labrador, I was informed by Mr Jones, of whom I have

made mention on several occasions, that a smaller species of
Ptarmigan than that called the Willow Grous, Tetrao Saliceti, was
abundant on all the hills around Bras d’Or, during the winter, when
he and his son usually killed a great number, which they salted and
otherwise preserved; and that in the beginning of summer they
removed from the coast into the interior of the country, where they
bred in open grounds, never, like the Willow Grous, retreating to the
wooded parts. They seldom appear at Bras d’Or until the last of the
Wild Geese have passed over, or before the cold has become
intense, and the plains deeply covered with snow. While about his
house, they repair to the most elevated hilltops, from which the
violence of the winds has removed the snow. There they feed on the
mosses and lichens attached to the rocks, as well as on the twigs
and grasses scantily found in such places at that season. They keep
in great packs, and when disturbed are apt to fly to a considerable
distance, shifting from one hill to another often half a mile off.
Not having seen this species alive, and my drawing having been
taken from specimens kindly presented to me by my friend Captain
James Ross, R. N., I cannot do better than present you here with
the observations of Dr Richardson, as recorded in the Fauna
Boreali-Americana. “Hutchins reports that the Rock Grous is
numerous at the two extremities of Hudson’s Bay, but does not
appear at the middle settlements (York and Severn Factories),
except in very severe seasons, when the Willow Grous are scarce,
and Captain Sabine informs us that they abound on Melville
Peninsula, Lat. 74° to 75°, in the summer. It arrived there in its snow-
white dress, on the 12th of May 1820; at the end of that month the
females began to assume their coloured plumage, which was
complete by the first week in June, the change at the latter period
being only in its commencement with the males. Some of the males
were killed as late as the middle of June in their unaltered winter
plumage. In this respect the species differs from the Willow Grous
whose males first assume the summer colour. The Rock Grous is
found also on Melville Peninsula and the Barren Grounds, seldom
going farther south in winter than latitude 63° in the interior, but
descending along the coast of Hudson’s Bay to latitude 58°, and in
severe seasons still farther to the southward. It also occurs on the
Rocky Mountains as far south as latitude 55°. It exists in Greenland,
is common in Norway, is known in Sweden by the name of Sno
Rissa, and is the species most frequent in the Museums of France
and Italy under the name of Tetrao Lagopus. It is not a native of
Scotland. The Rock Grous in its manners and mode of living
resembles the Willow Grous, except that it does not retire so far into
the woody country in winter. Contrary, however, to what Hearne
says, it is frequent in open woods on the borders of lakes in that
season, particularly in the 65th parallel of latitude, though perhaps
the bulk of the species remains on the skirts of the Barren Grounds.
It hatches in June. The ground colour of the egg is, according to
Captain Sabine, a pale reddish-brown, and is irregularly spotted and
blotched with darker brown.” Specimens in my possession, coloured
as here described, average one inch and five-eighths in length, by
an inch and an eighth in breadth.
 Tetrao rupestris, Gmel. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 751.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. ii.
p. 640.
Tetrao (Lagopus) rupestris, Richards. and Swains. Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol.
ii. p. 354.
Rock Grous, Nuttall, Manual, vol. ii. p. 610.

Adult Male in Winter. Plate CCCLXVIII. Fig. 1.

Bill short, robust; upper mandible with the dorsal outline curved, the
ridge and sides convex, the edges overlapping, the tip declinate, thin
edged, but rounded; lower mandible with the angle short and wide,
the dorsal line convex, the back broadly convex, the sides rounded,
the edges inflected, the tip blunt. Nostrils basal, roundish, concealed
by feathers.
Head small, ovate; neck of moderate length; body bulky. Feet of
ordinary length, robust; tarsus feathered, as are the toes, the first toe
very small, the middle toe much longer than the lateral, which are
nearly equal, the inner being a little longer. Claws slightly arched,
depressed, broad, with thin edges and rounded at the tip.
Plumage compact, the feathers generally ovate and rounded; those
on the tarsi, toes, and soles oblong, with loose stiffish barbs. Wings
rather short, concave; the primaries strong, narrow, tapering,
pointed; the first an inch and seven-twelfths shorter than the second,
which is four-twelfths shorter than the third, this being the longest,
but only exceeding the fourth by a twelfth and a half. Tail rather
short, nearly even, of sixteen broad feathers, of which two are
incumbent, less strong, and longer than the rest by two-twelfths of an
inch.
Bill black; superciliary membrane scarlet; claws dusky, towards the
end yellowish. The plumage is pure white, with the exception of a
broad band of black from the upper mandible to the eye, and for a
short space behind it; the shafts of the six outer quills, which are
brownish-black, and all the tail-feathers, the two middle excepted,
they being of a deep greyish-black colour, with a terminal narrow
band of white.
Length to end of tail 13 1/2 inches, to end of wings 12; wing from
flexure 8; tail 4 1/2; tarsus 1 2/12; hind toe 2/12, its claw 5/12; middle
toe 11/12, its claw 8/12.
Male in Summer. Plate CCCLXVIII. Fig. 2.
In summer, the plumage differs little in texture, with the exception of
that on the feet, which is short and thin on the tarsi, worn on the
base of the toes, of which the soles and half of the upper surface are
denuded. The bill and claws are of the same colour as in winter; but
the plumage is variegated with black, reddish-yellow, and white. The
upper parts may be described as black, transversely and irregularly
banded and spotted with yellowish-red, the feather terminally
margined with white, there being on each feather several bars of
yellowish-red running from the margin inwards, but leaving a black
space in the centre. The lower parts are lighter, more broadly and
regularly barred with brownish-black and light reddish-yellow. The
feathers along the edge of the wing, the alula, primary coverts,
nearly all the secondary coverts, primaries and outer secondaries,
white; as are the lower surface of the wing, the axillar feathers, and
some of the feathers on the abdomen, as well as those on the feet,
the latter being soiled or tinged with yellowish or grey. The shafts of
the primaries are brownish-black, and the tail is black as in winter,
tipped with white, and with the lateral feathers having part of their
outer web white; the two middle feathers barred like the back. The
dimensions of an individual are as follows:

Length to end of tail 13 1/2 inches, to end of wings 11 1/2; wing from
flexure 7 10/12; tail 4 1/2; bill along the ridge 7/12; tarsus 1 2/12; middle
toe 1 1/2/12, its claw 6/12.

Female in Summer. Plate CCCLXVIII. Fig. 3.

The female does not differ materially from the male, the yellow
bands being only broader and lighter.
Very great differences are observed in the length and form of the
claws, they being in some individuals very long, thin-edged, and
tapering, to a rounded point; in others very short, being worn down to
the stump. This species is considerably smaller than the Ptarmigan
of Scotland, which it precisely resembles in its winter plumage. In its
summer plumage, however, it differs in having the markings larger;
and as yet no specimens have been obtained marked with undulated
slender, ash-grey, and dusky lines, in any degree approaching those
characteristic of the British bird in its autumnal plumage. The bill of
the Rock Grous is shorter and thicker than that of the Ptarmigan,
although the reverse has been alleged.
 MOUNTAIN MOCKING BIRD.

Turdus montanus.
PLATE CCCLXIX. Male.

This interesting and hitherto unfigured species was procured on the

Rocky Mountains by Dr Townsend, who forwarded a single
specimen to Philadelphia, where I made a drawing of it. The
following notice by Mr Nuttall shews that it is nearly allied in its
habits to the Mocking Bird:—
“On the arid plains of the central table-land, betwixt the northern
sources of the Platte and the Colorado of the West, in the month of
June, we frequently heard the cheering song of this delightful
species, whose notes considerably resemble those of the Brown
Thrush, with some of the imitative powers of the Mocking Bird. For a
great part of the day, and especially early and late, its song resounds
through the desert plains, as it warbles to its mate from some tall
weed or bush of wormwood, and continues with little interruption
nearly for an hour at a time. We met with it in the plains exclusively,
till our arrival at Wallah Wallah, but we are not certain of having seen
it in any part of California, it being apparently entirely confined to the
cooler and open regions of the Rocky Mountains. Just before arriving
at Sandy Creek of the Colorado, while resting for refreshment at
noon, I had the good fortune to find the nest in a wormwood bush, on
the margin of a ravine, from whence the male was singing with its
unusual energy. It contained four almost emerald green eggs,
spotted with dark olive of two shades, more numerous towards the
greater end, the spots large and roundish. The nest itself was made
of small twigs and rough stalks, lined with stripes of bark and bison
wool. The female flew off to a little distance, and looked on her
unwelcome and unexpected visitor, without uttering either call or
complaint.”

Orpheus montanus, Mountain Mocking Bird, Townsend, Journal of Acad.

of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. vii. p. 192.

Adult Male. Plate CCCLXIX. Fig. 1.

Bill of moderate length, rather slender, compressed, straightish,
pointed; upper mandible with the dorsal line slightly declinato-
arcuate, the sides convex toward the end, the edges sharp, with a
slight sinus close to the narrow declinate tip; lower mandible with the
angle short and narrow, the dorsal line straight, the edges sharp and
a little declinate at the end, the tip narrow; the gape-line very slightly
arched.
Head oblong, of ordinary size; neck rather short, but somewhat
slender. Feet longish, rather strong; tarsus compressed, anteriorly
covered with seven large scutella, sharp-edged behind; toes of
moderate length, slender, the hind toe stout, the lateral nearly equal,
the anterior united for a short space at the base. Claws slender,
arched, compressed, acute.
Plumage soft and blended. Wings of moderate length, rounded, the
first quill short, the third and fourth longest, the second and fifth
equal, and about a quarter of an inch shorter than the fourth. Tail
long, rounded, of twelve rather narrow rounded feathers.
Bill dark-brown, the base of the lower mandible paler. Feet yellowish-
brown, claws dusky. The general colour of the upper parts is greyish-
brown, the tips of the secondary coverts, the edges of the primary
quills, and a large spot at the end of the three lateral tail-feathers,
white; the lower parts whitish, marked with triangular dusky spots, of
which there is a distinct line from the base of the bill; the throat, the
middle of the breast, the abdomen, and lower tail-coverts unspotted.
Length to end of tail 8 inches, to end of wings 5 3/4; wing from flexure
1/2
3 9/12; tail 3 1/2; bill along the ridge 7 /12; tarsus 1 2/12; hind toe 4/12,
1/
its claw 4/12; middle toe 8/12, its claw 3 4 /12.
 VARIED THRUSH.

Turdus nævius, Gmel.

PLATE CCCLXIX. Adult Male.

Of this beautiful Thrush, of which a figure not having the black band
running quite across the breast, as is the case in the adult male, is
given by Mr Swainson, in the Fauna Boreali-Americana, Dr
Richardson speaks as follows:—“This species was discovered at
Nootka Sound, in Captain COOK’S third voyage, and male and
female specimens, in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks, were
described by Latham: Pennant has also described and figured the
same male. The specimen represented in this work was procured at
Fort Franklin, lat. 65 1/4°, in the spring of 1826. We did not hear its
song, nor acquire any information respecting its habits, except that it
built its nest in a bush, similar to that of the Merula migratoria. It was
not seen by us on the banks of the Saskatchewan; and, as it has not
appeared in the list of the Birds of the United States, it most probably
does not go far to the eastward of the Rocky Mountains in its
migrations north and south. It may perhaps be more common to the
westward of that ridge.”
Dr Richardson’s conjecture as to the line of march followed by it
has proved to be correct, Dr Townsend and Mr Nuttall having
found it abundant on the western sides of the Rocky Mountains. The
former of these zealous naturalists informs me that he “first found
this Thrush on the Columbia River in the month of October, and that
it becomes more numerous in winter, which it spends in that region,
though some remove farther south. It there associates with the
Common Robin, Turdus migratorius, but possesses a very different
note, it being louder, sharper, and quicker than those of the latter,
and in the spring, before it sets out for its yet unascertained
breeding-place, it warbles very sweetly. It is called Ammeskuk by the
Chinooks.”
Mr Nuttall’s notice respecting it is as follows:—“Of this bird, whose
manners so entirely resemble those of the Common Robin, we know
almost nothing. They probably breed as far north as Nootka, where
they were first seen by the naturalists of Cook’s expedition. On the
Columbia they are only winter birds of passage, arriving about
October, and continuing more or less frequently throughout the
winter. At this time they flit through the forest in small flocks,
frequenting usually low trees, on which they perch in perfect silence,
and are at times very timorous and difficult of approach, having all
the shy sagacity of the Robin, and appearing at all times in a very
desultory manner.”
The numerous specimens of this Thrush in my possession have
enabled me to compare it with Turdus migratorius, and another new
Thrush from Chili. On examining the tail, from the shape of which Mr
Swainson considers this species allied to our Mocking Bird, I found
its form, length, and extent beyond the wings, to correspond almost
exactly with those of the tail of our Robin; and, if it proves true that
the Varied Thrush forms a nest bedded with mud, it will strengthen
my opinion that both these and the Chilian species are as nearly
allied as possible, and therefore ought to be considered as true
Thrushes, of which, to assume the language of systematic writers,
Turdus migratorius is the type in America, whilst Turdus Merula is
that of Europe.
The two figures in my plate were taken from adult males shot in
spring. You will find a figure of the female in Plate CCCCXXXIII.
 Turdus nævius, Gmel. Syst. Nat. vol. i. p. 817.—Lath. Ind. Ornith. vol. i. p.
331.
Orpheus meruloides, Thrush-like Mock-bird, Richards. and Swains.
Fauna Bor.-Amer. vol. ii. p. 187.

Adult Male, Plate CCCLXIX. Figs. 2, 3.

Bill of moderate length, rather strong, compressed, acute; upper
mandible with its dorsal outline slightly arched, the ridge narrow, the
sides convex toward the end, the edges sharp, overlapping, destitute
of notch, there being in its place an extremely slight sinus, the tip a
little declinate; lower mandible with the angle rather long and narrow,
the dorsal line very slightly convex, the ridge narrow, the sides erect
and convex, the edges sharp and slightly decurved towards the
narrow, rather obtuse, tip. Nostrils basal, oblong, half closed by a
horny operculum. Head of moderate size, ovate, convex anteriorly;
neck rather short, body moderately full. Feet of ordinary length,
rather stout; tarsus compressed, anteriorly covered with a long plate
and four inferior scutella, posteriorly with two long plates meeting at
a very acute angle. Toes rather large, the first strongest, the lateral
nearly equal, the third and fourth united as far as the second joint of
the latter. Claws rather large, moderately arched, much compressed,
acute.
Plumage soft and rather blended. Wings of moderate length, broad,
rounded; the first primary extremely short, being about a fifth of the
length of the third, which is longest, but scarcely exceeds the fourth;
the second four-twelfths shorter than the third. Tail large, rather long,
nearly even, of twelve broad rounded feathers.
Bill black, with the basal half of the lower mandible yellow; iris hazel;
feet and claws flesh-coloured. The general colour of the upper parts
is a deep leaden-grey, darker on the head, the feathers very
narrowly margined with brown; the quills and tail-feathers dusky, the
outer webs of the latter tinged with grey, and their tips white; the lore
dusky; a band of reddish-orange passes from over the fore part of
the eye down the side of the neck, and almost meets its fellow on the
hind part; two conspicuous bands of the same cross, the wing
obliquely being formed of the tips of the first row of small coverts,
and those of the secondary coverts; the outer webs of the primary
coverts about the middle, a band on the primaries near the base,
part of the outer webs towards the end, and the tips of the
secondaries, also pale reddish-orange. The lower parts in general
are reddish-orange, paler behind; a band of greyish-black passes
down the side, and crosses the lower part of the neck, where it is
almost pure black; the feathers of the sides are tipped with light grey;
those of the middle of the abdomen are white; and the lower tail-
coverts are tipped with the latter colour. The axillary feathers are
white, tipped with grey; the smaller coverts grey, tipped with reddish-
white, the primary coverts grey, the secondary nearly white, of which
also there is a bar formed by part of the inner webs of the quills.
Length to end of tail 10 1/4 inches; wing from flexure 5 1/4; tail 3 10/12;
1/2
bill along the ridge 10/12, along the edge of lower mandible 1 1 /12;
tarsus 1 1/4; hind toe 5 1/2/12, its claw 5 1/2/12; middle toe 10 1/2/12, its
claw 4/12.
Adult Female. Plate CCCCXXXIII. Fig. 6.
The female, which is scarcely smaller than the male, is coloured in
the same manner; but the upper parts are strongly tinged with olive-
brown; the reddish-orange bands are much paler, the tail-feathers
are margined with dull reddish-brown; the band on the lore, down the
sides of the neck, and across it, is light greyish-brown; the orange
tint of the lower parts is much paler; the lower wing-coverts have no
tinge of red, and part of the breast and abdomen is nearly pure
white.
Length to end of tail 10 inches; wing from flexure 5 2/12; tail 3 8/12; bill
along the ridge 10/12; tarsus 1 1/4; middle toe and claw 1 3/12.

The plant represented on the plate is the American Mistletoe,

Viscum verticillatum, on the berries of which several of our Thrushes
occasionally feed, as the Mistle thrush, Turdus viscivorus, is said to
do on those of Viscum album. It is found in almost every part of the
United States, growing chiefly on oaks and apple-trees.