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Test Bank for Wellness Concepts and
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c1

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. Which of the statements below best captures the meaning of "wellness" as an approach to healthy living?
A. Wellness means making choices and taking action that help people achieve their full potential.
B. Wellness means being knowledgeable of signs and symptoms of diseases.
C. Wellness means keeping immunizations up-to-date and seeing a physician at least once a year.
D. Wellness means having comprehensive health insurance.

2. Which of the following are identified by the authors of the text as benefits of living a wellness lifestyle?
i. Decrease in absenteeism from school and/or work
ii. Improvement in physical appearance
iii. Promotion of self-confidence
iv. Delay in the aging process
v. Decrease in recovery time after illness and/or injury
vi. Increase in ability to communicate emotions to others
vii. Protects against cognitive decline in older persons
A. Answers II, V, and VII only
B. Answers I, II, III, and V only
C. Answers II, IV, and V only
D. Answers I, II, III, IV, V and VI

3. What does it mean when the concept of "Wellness" is described as a process rather than a goal?
A. Wellness occurs when attitudes are formed and behaviors are adopted primarily according to their potential
to prevent disease.
B. Wellness means developing an awareness and making choices that enhance quality of life.
C. Wellness implies placing health as the top priority in making decisions about family, career, and personal
lifestyle.
D. Wellness suggests that health is achieved as a result of a structured plan, not by accident.
4. What paradigm was used in the text to depict that health is dynamic and may range between optimal health at
one time to premature death at another time for the same individual?
A. The Health Behavior Pyramid
B. The Health Continuum
C. The Health Locus Of Control Model
D. The Health Self-Efficacy Belief phenomenon

5. According to the health continuum presented in the text, which attribute is at the extreme end of the
continuum, indicating optimal health?
A. Disability
B. Positive attitudes
C. Signs/symptoms of disease
D. Health knowledge

6. What term refers to conditions and/or factors that threaten wellness and increase the chances of contracting
disease?
A. Recidivism factors
B. Efficacy factors
C. Risk factors
D. Immune factors

7. Which component of wellness is described as an awareness and understanding of one's purpose in life?
A. Intellectual
B. Emotional
C. Social
D. Spiritual

8. Which component of wellness involves the ability to develop close interpersonal relationships?
A. Intellectual
B. Emotional
C. Social
D. Spiritual

9. What component of wellness was the focal point in the study of college students who participated in
meditation and relaxation exercises?
A. Occupational
B. Spiritual
C. Emotional
D. Intellectual
10. The ability to establish and maintain relationships with other people defines the concept of
A. social connectedness.
B. psychosomatic medicine.
C. self-efficacy.
D. locus of control.

11. Studies indicate that people should stay "connected." What component of wellness served as the context for
this advice?
A. Social component
B. Spiritual component
C. Emotional component
D. Intellectual component

12. Which of the following was identified by the authors as a way to maintain social connectedness?
i. Telephone access
ii. Internet access
iii. Trust in others
iv. Regular contact with friends
A. Answer IV only.
B. Answer III only
C. Answers III and IV only
D. Answers I, II, III, and IV

13. In what phase of the Forgiveness Model is the emotion of anger confronted and acknowledged?
A. Outcome phase
B. Work phase
C. Deepening phase
D. Uncovering phase

14. In what phase of the Forgiveness Model does the victim of a hurtful event begin to experience relief from
the process of forgiving the injurer?
A. Deepening phase
B. Decision phase
C. Uncovering phase
D. Work phase
15. The International Forgiveness Institute maintains that research on forgiveness may be as important to the
treatment of emotional disorders as the
A. use of cholesterol medicines was to the treatment of heart disease.
B. discovery of penicillin was to the treatment of infectious diseases.
C. application of radiation therapies was to the cure of some cancers.
D. development of herbal remedies was to the prevention of nutritional disorders.

16. What is the correct order of phases of forgiveness that was developed by the International Forgiveness
Institute?
A. Work phase, uncovering phase, outcome phase, decision phase
B. Deepening phase, uncovering phase, decision phase, work phase
C. Uncovering phase, decision phase, work phase, outcome phase
D. Decision phase, work phase, outcome phase, uncovering phase

17. The increased incidence of heart attacks among people who become angry quickly under stress was cited in
the text as an example of the importance of the __________________ of wellness?
A. social component
B. occupational component
C. environmental component
D. emotional component

18. What type of locus-of-control is most consistent with the principles of "wellness"?
A. Affective locus-of-control
B. Internal locus-of-control
C. Cognitive locus-of-control
D. External locus-of-control

19. The concept of ________________ refers to a special degree of emotional, social, spiritual, and physical
closeness?
A. Forgiveness
B. Intimacy
C. Locus of control
D. S.M.A.R.T.
20. Which of the health effects listed below were presented in the text as consequences of a lack of intimacy?
i. Increased health risks
ii. Higher rate of mortality
iii. Higher rate of morbidity
iv. Feelings of loneliness and isolation
v. Disappointments in career
vi. Increased risk of divorce
A. i and iii only
B. ii and iv only
C. i, ii, iii, and iv only
D. i, ii, iii, iv, v, and vi

21. Javier is said to be proactive and driven by factors within his control. What type of locus-of-control best
describes him?
A. Cognitive locus-of-control
B. Affective locus-of-control
C. External locus-of-control
D. Internal locus-of-control

22. The term that refers to a person's belief in his/her ability to accomplish a task or carry out a behavior is
A. locus-of-control.
B. recidivism.
C. self-efficacy.
D. contingency management.

23. SELF-EFFICACY is to BEHAVIOR as LOCUS OF CONTROL is to

A. knowledge.
B. attitude.
C. will power.
D. potential.

24. LOCUS OF CONTROL is to ATTITUDE as SELF-EFFICACY is to

A. knowledge.
B. behavior.
C. will power.
D. potential.
25. What is the relationship between self-efficacy, locus-of-control, and wellness?
A. Self-efficacy establishes behavior, while locus-of-control determines attitude toward high-level wellness.
B. Self-efficacy determines attitude, while locus-of-control establishes behavior toward high-level wellness.
C. Self-efficacy establishes behavior and attitude, while locus-of-control determines potential for high-level
wellness.
D. Locus-of-control establishes behavior and attitude, while self-efficacy determines potential for high-level
wellness.

26. The phrase "health behavior gap" refers to the discrepancy between health
A. knowledge and health behavior.
B. attitudes and health behavior.
C. attitudes and health knowledge.
D. knowledge and health research.

27. What was the conclusion of the study that compared the weight-loss of subjects according to their level of
self-efficacy?
A. People with a high level of self-efficacy lost more weight than their peers who experienced low self-efficacy.
B. People with a high level of self-efficacy gained more weight than their peers who experienced low self-
efficacy.
C. People with a high level of self-efficacy did not lose any more weight than their peers who experienced low
self-efficacy but they experienced gains in self-confidence.
D. There was no difference in weight-loss or self-confidence among dieters, regardless of their level of self-
efficacy.

28. Which of the following was associated with the increased survival of cancer patients in a 7-year Norwegian
study?
A. Locus of control
B. Self efficacy
C. Sense of humor
D. Forgiveness

29. The discrepancy between what people know is good for their health and what they actually do refers to the
concept of
A. self-efficacy.
B. locus of control.
C. health behavior gap.
D. transactional recidivism.
30. The concepts of locus of control and self-efficacy were used to describe which component of wellness?
A. Occupational
B. Environmental
C. Intellectual
D. Spiritual

31. Which of the following statements suggests an attitude consistent with an internal locus of control?
A. "When I get sick, I am to blame."
B. "Having regular contact with my physician is the best way for me to avoid illness."
C. "No matter what I do, if I am going to get sick, I will get sick."
D. "My good health is largely a matter of good fortune."

32. Which of the following attitudinal statements is paired with the correct locus of control?
A. "Health professionals control my health."--------Internal Locus of Control
B. "Most things that affect my health happen to me accidentally."----External Locus of Control
C. "If it is meant to be, I will stay healthy."-------- Internal Locus of Control
D. "If I get sick, my behavior determines how soon I get well."------External Locus of Control

33. Which dimension of wellness is described as the ability to achieve a balance between work, school, leisure,
and career goals?
A. Intellectual dimension
B. Environmental dimension
C. Social dimension
D. Occupational dimension

34. What two health risk behaviors were singled out in the text as being related to an unstable employment
history and shorter duration of current job?
A. Smoking and alcohol consumption.
B. Obesity and poor dietary habits.
C. Physical inactivity and stress.
D. High dietary fat intake and indiscriminate sexual activity.

35. What is the current average life expectancy of Americans at birth (rounded to nearest year)?
A. 50 years
B. 62 years
C. 78 years
D. 85 years
36. Which of the following statements best reflects the differences in the health of Americans today compared
with their peers of 1900?
A. Communicable diseases are the major threat to the health of Americans today.
B. In spite of modern technology, infants had a better chance of survival in 1900 than they do today.
C. The major problems of today are chronic conditions caused by the way people live.
D. Government programs provided more protection from environmental risks in 1900 than programs of today.

37. How does the life expectancy of Americans of today compare with their peers of 1900?
A. Life expectancy is about 5 years longer today than it was in 1900.
B. Life expectancy is about 30 years longer today than it was in 1900.
C. Life expectancy is about 15 years longer for women today than it was in 1900 but about the same for men.
D. Life expectancy is about 10 years longer for men today than it was in 1900 but about the same for women.

38. The percent of children expected to reach their fifth birthday in 1900 was ______% compared to ______%
today.
A. 10%; 29%
B. 20%; 46%
C. 40%; 85%
D. 50%; 99%

39. Which of the following health measures is given credit for having the most impact on the improvement of
health and longevity of Americans?
A. Discovery of penicillin and development of antibiotics
B. The availability and distribution of safe water
C. Advancements in medical technology
D. Increase in the number of medical specialties

40. Which of the following statements best describes the nature of health problems in the U.S. today?
A. New strains of exotic diseases present the greatest threat to health today.
B. The major problems of today result from poor sanitation, toxic wastes, and environmental hazards.
C. Poor nutrition causes most of today's health problems.
D. Today's major health problems are caused by lifestyle habits and practices.

41. How is socioeconomic status related to health and life expectancy?

A. Life expectancy tends to be shorter for people in poverty and who are less educated.
B. Life expectancy is not related to level of education but it is strongly related to level of poverty.
C. Life expectancy is not related to poverty but it is strongly related to level of education.
D. Socioeconomic factors of poverty and education are not related one way or the other to life expectancy.
42. What health issue was singled out in the text to illustrate the multi-faceted nature of most health problems?
A. Alcohol consumption
B. Cigarette smoking
C. Obesity
D. Psychosomatic diseases

43. Which of the following was cited in the text as examples of what the community can do to promote health
and wellness?
A. Pass laws that forbid all smoking.
B. Create a tax penalty for people who are obese.
C. Sponsor health fairs that provide cholesterol and diabetes screening.
D. All of the above

44. Which of the following correctly pairs a health issue with the racial/ethnic group most affected?
A. High HIV death rates among white females
B. High prevalence of diabetes among Native Americans
C. High infant mortality and mothers of Chinese origin
D. High suicide rate of white males.

45. Which of the following correctly pairs a health issue with the racial/ethnic group most affected?
A. High rate of cigarette smoking among Asian adults
B. High prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among white Americans
C. Low life expectancy at birth among African Americans
D. Low rate of childhood immunizations among Hispanic Americans

46. Which of the following are most likely to experience disproportionately high work loss days due to injury
and illness?
A. American Indian and Hispanic American adults
B. Hispanic American and Asian American adults
C. African American and Hispanic American adults
D. White American and African American adults

47. Which of the following diseases are disproportionately high among people with low level of education?
A. Heart disease, cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease
B. Diabetes, stroke, HIV infection
C. Cirrhosis of the liver, kidney disease, emphysema
D. Hypertension, stroke, heart disease
48. In reference to health disparities, Men are more likely than women to:
A. have a primary care physician.
B. have been tested for HIV.
C. be at a healthy weight.
D. Participate in leisure time physical activities.

49. The disproportionate prevalence of diseases and health problems among certain population groups refers to
the concept of
A. psychosomatic medicine.
B. epidemiological morbidity and/or mortality.
C. health disparities.
D. retrospective demographics.

50. What two causes of death are responsible for almost one-half of all deaths in the U.S.?
A. Accidents and HIV infections
B. Cancer and homicide
C. Diabetes mellitus and cirrhosis
D. Heart disease and cancer

51. The three leading causes of death among Americans of all ages in rank order from high to low are
A. Cancer, heart disease, diabetes
B. Stroke, diabetes, heart disease
C. Cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes
D. Heart disease, cancer, stroke

52. The three leading causes of death among Americans ages 25 to 34 in rank order from high to low are
A. HIV infection, accidents, cancer
B. HIV infection, accidents, homicide
C. Homicide, HIV infection, heart disease
D. Accidents, cancer, heart disease

53. The leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 15 and 24 years are
A. HIV infections, accidents, and cancer.
B. Cancer, heart disease, suicide.
C. Suicide, homicide, and HIV infections.
D. Accidents, homicide, and suicide.
54. Included among the six leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 25 to 34 years old are
A. Accidents, pneumonia, and heart disease.
B. Cancer, HIV infections, and lung disease.
C. HIV infections, accidents, and homicide.
D. Heart disease, suicide, and nephritis.

55. What is the leading cause of death among Americans of all ages?
A. Cancer
B. Heart Disease
C. Stroke
D. Accidents

56. What are the three leading causes of death among Americans of all ages?
A. Cancer, diabetes mellitus, heart disease
B. Stroke, diabetes mellitus, septicemia
C. Accidents, influenza, Alzheimer's disease
D. Heart disease, cancer, stroke

57. What is the leading cause of death among Americans between 25 and 34 years old?
A. Accidents
B. Heart Disease
C. Cancer
D. HIV Infection

58. What are psychosomatic diseases?

A. Diseases that are caused by mistakes made by medical care providers
B. Diseases that are caused by the effects of mental and emotional stressors
C. Diseases that are transmitted from animals to humans
D. Diseases that can be diagnosed but have no cure

59. How do chronic diseases differ from acute diseases?

A. Chronic diseases usually come on suddenly while acute diseases typically begin gradually.
B. Chronic diseases often have multiple causes while acute diseases often have specific identifiable causes.
C. Chronic diseases usually disappear in a short time while acute diseases often persist for an indefinite period
of time.
D. There is no difference in the meaning of "Chronic diseases" and "acute diseases;" they are synonymous
terms.
60. Which of the following descriptors usually apply to the definition of a chronic disease?
i. Diseases that have specific identifiable causes
ii. Diseases that disappear in a short time
iii. Diseases associated with chemotherapy
iv. Diseases the progress gradually over a long period of time
A. I, II, III, and IV
B. I, II, and III only
C. I and II only
D. IV only

61. Which of the following diseases are generally regarded as acute diseases?
A. Pneumonia, influenza, and appendicitis
B. Influenza, HIV infections, and diabetes
C. Influenza, tonsillitis, arthritis
D. Hypertension, cancer, HIV infections

62. Which of the following diseases are generally regarded as chronic diseases:
A. Sinusitis, influenza, cancer
B. Arthritis, diabetes, hypertension
C. Heart disease, cancer, pneumonia
D. Headache, asthma, influenza

63. HEART DISEASE is to CHRONIC DISEASE as ________________ is to ACUTE DISEASE.

A. Cancer
B. Hypertension
C. Pneumonia
D. Arthritis

64. The seven leading causes of death for all age groups in the U.S. in descending order of frequency are
A. cancer, heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease, diabetes, HIV infection, and homicide.
B. heart disease, cancer, stroke, respiratory disease, accidents, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.
C. HIV infection, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, accidents, suicide, and cancer.
D. accidents, cancer, heart disease, suicide, HIV infection, homicide, and liver disease.
65. Health priorities published in the landmark document Healthy People 2010 because they have the most
potential for preventing and/or delaying premature death are referred to as
A. Leading Health Indicators
B. Lifestyle Health Priorities
C. Disease Risk Factors
D. Health Behavior Indexes

66. What health behavior risk factor is most strongly associated with premature death and chronic disease
among people of all ages in the United States?
A. Cigarette smoking
B. Poor diet and physical inactivity
C. Irresponsible sexual behavior
D. Illicit drug use

67. What risk factor was identified in the text as "the most formidable wellness challenge for Americans of all
ages?"
A. Sedentary lifestyles
B. Failure to wear automobile seat belts
C. Excessive dietary fat intake
D. Excessive alcohol consumption

68. What does a pedometer measure?

A. Body fat
B. Muscle mass
C. Fat intake
D. Number of steps taken

69. Identify in rank order from high to low the three health behavior risk factors most strongly associated with
premature death and chronic disease among all people in the U.S.
A. Alcohol, tobacco, being overweight
B. Poor diet, lack of exercise, tobacco
C. Alcohol, motor vehicles, and irresponsible sexual behavior
D. Tobacco, lack of exercise, and being overweight
70. What is the rationale for health experts proclaiming sedentary lifestyles as Americans' most formidable
challenge?
A. It is the easiest health behavior for most people to change.
B. Improvements in this area can be realized with minimal expense.
C. More people are affected by sedentary lifestyles than they are for other health behavior risk factors.
D. Research demonstrates that when people become more physically active they eat better and smoke less than
when they were sedentary.

71. What health behavior risk factor is second to tobacco use as a cause of premature onset of disease and/or
death in the U.S.?
A. Physical inactivity
B. Bad diet
C. Excessive consumption of alcohol
D. Obesity

72. Which of the following health behaviors was included on the list of lifestyle recommendations of Consumer
Reports on Health, American Heart Association, and Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter?
A. Start the morning with whole-grain cereal.
B. Get 7 - 8 hours sleep daily.
C. Adopt a physically active lifestyle.
D. Add vitamin D to your diet.

73. In its list of lifestyle recommendations, Consumer Reports on Health recommends that television watching
be limited to less than ________ hours a day.
A. 6
B. 4
C. 3
D. 2

74. What is the recommended minimum number of steps to take daily to promote good health?
A. 2,000
B. 6,000
C. 10,000
D. 15,000
75. According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, adults should do at least ______ minutes a
week of moderate-intensity physical activity.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 75
D. 150

76. According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, adults should do at least ______ minutes a
week of vigorous-intensity physical activity.
A. 30
B. 60
C. 75
D. 150

77. According to 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans, at the minimum how often should adults do
muscle-strengthening activities?
A. Daily
B. 1 day each week
C. 2 days each week
D. 3 days each week

78. What does the acronym MET mean?

A. Metabolic Equivalent
B. Muscular Endurance Training
C. Major-muscle Exercise Training Effect
D. Macro-muscle Energy Test

79. Moderate-intensity exercise has a MET of?

A. .9 to 2.9.
B. 3.0 to 5.9.
C. 6.0 to 9.9.
D. 10 or higher.

80. Vigorous-intensity exercise has a MET of?

A. .9 to 1.9.
B. 2.0 to 3.9.
C. 4.0 to 5.9.
D. 6 or higher.
81. Which of the following activities best illustrate a moderate-intensity activity?
A. Doing laundry
B. Walking a mile in 20 minutes
C. Shopping
D. All of the above

82. Which of the following activities best illustrate a vigorous-intensity activity?

A. Walking a mile in 20 minutes
B. Playing doubles tennis
C. Ballroom dancing
D. Heavy gardening such as digging

83. What approach to lifestyle change is recommended in the text?

A. Psychotherapy
B. Self-help
C. Cold turkey
D. Abstinence

84. What principle of behavior is being applied when a person uses "reverse psychology" to influence someone
else's behavior?
A. Behavior shaping
B. Reactance motivation
C. Aversive conditioning
D. Stimulus-response conditioning

85. How many stages are included in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. 2
B. 4
C. 6
D. 8

86. Which of the following statements is consistent with the assumptions of behavioral change as applied to the
Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. To be successful, a behavioral change program should follow a set progression of stages that is completed in
sequential order.
B. Failure to achieve behavioral change goals occurs primarily because of the lack of commitment and/or
motivation.
C. Successful behavioral change typically occurs quickly over a short time frame.
D. When behavioral change efforts are unsuccessful, a cooling off period of one year should be observed.
87. What is the correct order of the stages of Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. Precontemplation, preparation, contemplation, action, maintenance, termination
B. Precontemplation, action, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, termination
C. Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
D. Preparation, precontemplation, action, maintenance, contemplation, termination

88. What is the recommended strategy or goal for a person in the contemplation phase of behavior change?
A. Emotional arousal
B. Formation of a support group
C. Establishment of rewards
D. Development of a plan

89. Which of the following stages of behavior change is correctly paired with its principal characteristic?
A. Preparation--------------Engaging in strategies
B. Contemplation----------Planning to change within a month
C. Maintenance------------Problem behavior no longer an issue
D. Precontemplation------Denial

90. Behavioral strategies such as "countering" and the "establishment of rewards" are most appropriate for
which stage in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
A. Preparation stage
B. Contemplation stage
C. Action stage
D. Maintenance stage

91. During which stage of behavior change should a plan-of-action be developed?

A. Contemplation stage
B. Preparation stage
C. Action stage
D. Precontemplation stage

92. For a person who has no intention of changing problem behaviors, Assessment 1-1, Lifestyle Assessment
Inventory, is an example of a strategy that is most appropriate for which stage of behavior change?
A. Action stage
B. Precontemplation stage
C. Preparation stage
D. Maintenance stage
93. The internal conflict that occurs when people feel that their behavior is inconsistent with their intentions
and/or values describes the concept of
A. reactance motivation.
B. cognitive dissonance.
C. contemplative awareness.
D. aversive conditioning.

94. The concept of cognitive dissonance is included in which stage of behavior change?
A. Contemplation stage
B. Precontemplation stage
C. Preparation stage
D. Termination stage

95. Behaviors that are detrimental to health are called

A. health-inhibiting behaviors.
B. health-aversion behaviors.
C. antagonistic health practices.
D. lifestyle-demoting behaviors.

96. The term "recidivism" refers to the tendency to

A. avoid doctors and hospitals except in emergencies.
B. use drugs for coping with health problems.
C. revert to the original behavior after completing a behavior change program.
D. use more health care than is necessary and often more than is good for a person.

97. What is the recommended first step to take in formulating a plan for behavioral change?
A. Set goals for behavior change
B. Formulate a behavioral contract
C. Assess behavior
D. Develop a list of rewards and penalties

98. According to a study reported in Chapter 1 that assessed time participants spent watching television,
participants watched television approximately _________ hours per day?
A. One to two
B. Two to three
C. Three to five
D. More than five
99. What did a study cited in Chapter 1 conclude regarding the relationship between the time spent watching
television and health risks?
A. An increase in time spent watching television is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality.
B. An increase in time spent watching television is associated with an increase in morbidity but not associated
with mortality.
C. The relationship between watching TV and health risks occurrs when participants consistently watch TV
more than one hour per day.
D. There is no relationship between time spent watching television and health risks.

100. The acronym S.M.A.R.T refers to the

A. concept of setting goals in a lifestyle change program.
B. questionnaire used in the text to assess wellness.
C. components of the wellness model.
D. theoretical explanation for the way we acquire habits.

101. Which of the following correctly represents S.M.A.R.T. as presented in the text?
A. Sedentary, Muscle, Activity, Resistance, Training
B. Stimulus, Measurement, Assessment, Recidivism, Transtheoretical
C. Self-efficacy, Modeling, Aerobic, Relevance, Terminal
D. Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Trackable

102. Which of the following goals for losing weight best meets the criterion of specificity?
A. Cut down on the amount of food consumed at fast food restaurants
B. Eat low fat foods and increase exercise each week for the next 3 months
C. Lose 20 pounds during the next year
D. Lose 1 pound each week for the next 20 weeks

103. All of the following actions are consistent with principles of lifestyle-change programs except one. Which
one is not?
A. Begin working on the most difficult goals first and then proceed to easier goals.
B. Develop a list of rewards that can be earned when meeting goals.
C. Establish a starting date and completion date for each goal.
D. Break down long-term goals into small, progressive goals.

104. The wellness approach to health is unique in that it emphasizes the treatment of disease and the wise use of
medical technology.
True False
105. The term that refers to conditions and/or factors that threaten wellness and increase the chances of
contracting disease is called efficacy factors.
True False

106. The component of wellness that involves a person's awareness and understanding of his or her purpose in
life is called the intellectual component.
True False

107. The component of wellness that includes the ability to express anger in appropriate ways is called the
emotional component.
True False

108. The number of components in the Wellness Model is 7.

True False

109. The component of wellness that was illustrated in the study of college students who participated in
meditation exercises was the physical dimension.
True False

110. The ability to establish and maintain relationships with other people defines the concept of locus of
control.
True False

111. According to the International Forgiveness Institute, the number of phases in the Forgiveness Model is
four.
True False

112. In the Forgiveness Model, the Deepening Phase is synonymous with the Work Phase.
True False

113. In the Forgiveness Model, the first phase is called the Decision Phase.
True False
114. The concept that is described as a special degree of emotional, social, spiritual, and physical closeness is
Self-Efficacy.
True False

115. The component of wellness that includes reference to the "health behavior gap" is the social component.
True False

116. The type of locus-of-control that is consistent with the wellness approach to living is called internal locus-
of-control.
True False

117. The belief that a person has the ability and control to change his or her behavior is referred to as the
concept of self-efficacy.
True False

118. The concept of "Locus of Control" was used to illustrate the intellectual component of wellness.
True False

119. The concept of "Self Efficacy" was used to illustrate the occupational component of wellness.
True False

120. Studies on the relationship between sense of humor and heart disease indicate that laughter is heart-
protective.
True False

121. The 7-year Norwegian study of cancer patients was cited in the text to illustrate the relationship between
survival and sense of humor.
True False

122. In spite of advancements in medicine, the life expectancy of an American born in the 21st century is about
the same as the life expectancy of an American born at the beginning of the 20th century.
True False
123. The average life expectancy at birth of Americans today is about 15 years longer than it was 100 years
ago.
True False

124. The percentage of children born today who will survive early childhood diseases and live to be at least five
years old is 99 percent.
True False

125. The two factors that medical historians claim had the most impact on improving the health and longevity
of Americans today are safe water and vaccinations.
True False

126. The two diseases that account for almost one-half of all deaths in the U.S. today are cancer and diabetes
mellitus.
True False

127. The term "morbidity" refers to death rates.

True False

128. The terms "morbidity" and "mortality" are synonymous.

True False

129. The term that refers to the disproportionate prevalence of diseases and health problems among certain
population groups is cognitive dissonance.
True False

130. Infant mortality rates are lowest for infants of mothers of Chinese origin.
True False

131. The prevalence of asthma in white adults is higher than that in African American adults.
True False
132. The racial/ethnic groups with the highest HIV death rates are white males and Hispanic females.
True False

133. The life expectancy at birth for white Americans is 2 years longer than the life expectancy at birth for
black Americans.
True False

134. Septicemia is a disease associated with uncontrolled high blood sugar levels.
True False

135. The leading cause of death among Americans of all ages is heart disease.
True False

136. The three leading causes of death of Americans between the ages of 15 and 24 are accidents, homicide, and
suicide.
True False

137. The leading cause of death among Americans ages 25 to 34 is accidents.

True False

138. Diseases that produce physical symptoms as a result of social, emotional, and/or spiritual stressors are
referred to as iatrogenic diseases.
True False

139. Three examples of a chronic disease are heart disease, arthritis, and hypertension.
True False

140. Two examples of an acute disease are pneumonia and appendicitis.

True False
141. The risk factor ranked as the number one cause of premature death and chronic disease among Americans
of all age groups combined is poor diet.
True False

142. The risk factor ranked as the number one cause or premature death and chronic disease among nonsmokers
is illicit drug use.
True False

143. The phrase "health knowledge gap" refers to the discrepancy between health knowledge and health
behavior.
True False

144. The term "recidivism" refers to the practice of hiding symbols, words, and/or sexual messages in
advertisements.
True False

145. To promote good health it is recommended that people walk a minimum of 5,000 steps daily.
True False

146. Physical activity guidelines for Americans recommend a minimum of 75 minutes a week of moderate-
intensity exercise.
True False

147. Physical activity guidelines for Americans recommend muscle strengthening exercises at least 3 times a
week.
True False

148. Moderate-intensity physical activities start with a MET value of 3.0.

True False

149. The theory of behavior that suggests that some behavior may be motivated in response to coercion and/or
strong messages is called reactance motivation.
True False
150. The number of stages in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is six.
True False

151. The first stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the preparation stage.
True False

152. The fourth stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the action stage.
True False

153. The last stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change is called the maintenance stage.
True False

154. The stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change in which denial is a common characteristic is
the precontemplation stage.
True False

155. The stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change in which the concept of cognitive dissonance
is most likely to apply is the contemplation stage.
True False

156. To ensure success in completing a lifestyle change program, a person should first work on the easy goals
and then proceed to difficult goals.
True False

157. The principle of "specificity" in a lifestyle change program refers to the need to attach a specific reward or
penalty to the program.
True False

158. The most common strategy used by lay-people in attempting to alter some aspect of their behavior is
referred to as countering.
True False
159. Match the components of wellness listed on the right side to the proper descriptions listed on the left side.
Not all components are necessarily used; some may be used more than once.

1. Willingness to develop good health habits Social ____

2. Capacity to form relationships Social ____
3. Ability to control stress Spiritual ____
4. Ability to develop a sense of purpose in life Emotional ____
5. Ability to develop respect and tolerance for others Physical ____

160. Listed in the left column are characteristics, goals, and activities that represent the various stages of
lifestyle change. Listed in the right column are the stages of lifestyle change. Match the stage of change in the
right column to the descriptor listed in the left column. Some stages may be used more than once; some stages
may not be used.

1. Denies the existence of a problem Action stage ____

2. Displays a lack of awareness of the need for
change Preparation stage ____
Precontemplation
3. Plans to make a change within a month stage ____
4. Publicly affirms intentions to make a change Contemplation stage ____
5. Identifies/establishes countering strategies Preparation stage ____
6. Forms and/or joins a support group Action stage ____
7. Demonstrates a commitment to change Action stage ____
Precontemplation
8. Is thinking about changing stage ____
9. Engages in emotional arousal activities Contemplation stage ____

161. What lifestyle risk factors are most strongly associated with premature death and chronic disease in the
United States. Match the proper rank listed in the right column to the risk factor listed in the left column.

Third highest risk

1. Bad diet C. Third highest risk factor factor ____
2. Being Overweight E. Fifth highest risk factor Highest risk factor ____
Fifth highest risk
3. Tobacco B. Second highest risk factor factor ____
Second highest risk
4. Lack of exercise D. Fourth highest risk factor factor ____
5. Excessive Alcohol consumption A. Highest Fourth highest risk
risk factor factor ____

162. What is the correct order of the first three stages of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change?
Match the stage listed in the right column with its proper sequence listed in the left column.

1. Third stage C. Contemplation D. Precontemplation

E. Maintenance Precontemplation ____
2. First stage A. Preparation Contemplation ____
3. Second stage B. Action Preparation ____
163. What is the correct order of stages 4-6 of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change? Match the stage
listed in the right column with its proper sequence listed in the left column.

1. Sixth stage C. Preparation D. Contemplation E.

Termination Action ____
2. Fifth stage B. Action Maintenance ____
3. Fourth stage A. Maintenance Termination ____

164. Listed in the right column are the phases of the Forgiveness Model, as described by the International
Forgiveness Institute. Match the phase in the right column to the descriptors in the left column. Some phases
may be used more than once; some may not be used.

1. Victim may find meaning in his/her suffering E.

Outcome phase Outcome phase ____
2. Victim confronts anger and emotional pain B. Work Uncovering
phase phase ____
3. Victim accepts of the unjust pain D. Revenge,
resolution phase Decision phase ____
4. Victim begins to consider the idea of forgiveness C.
Uncovering phase Work phase ____
5. Victim begins to experience relief A. Decision
phase Outcome phase ____

165. Match the exercise intensity level listed in the right column to the activities listed in the left column.

1. Riding a bike under 10 miles per hour A. Light Moderate

intensity intensity ____
2. Ballroom dancing Light intensity ____
Vigorous
3. Swimming laps C. Vigorous intensity intensity ____
Vigorous
4. Playing doubles tennis intensity ____
Moderate
5. Playing basketball intensity ____
Vigorous
6. Cooking B. Moderate intensity intensity ____
Moderate
7. Jumping rope intensity ____

166. In what ways are the major health problems of today different from those 20 years ago? 100 years ago?
167. Describe each of the seven components of wellness and their implications for health.

168. Differentiate internal locus-of-control and external locus-of-control and give the implications of each on a
person's prospects for wellness.

169. What is the relationship between the concepts of self-efficacy and wellness?

170. Discuss some of the factors that help to explain why making a lifestyle change is so difficult to accomplish
for most people.

171. Some experts suggest that obesity is an environment issue rather than simply a lifestyle issue. What is the
rationale for this claim? What are the implications of this claim in terms of prevention and treatment of
obesity?
172. Discuss how laws that control health behavior (such as laws requiring seat belts or forbidding smoking in
certain places) reinforce or negate the reactance motivation theory of lifestyle change.

173. Describe the relationship between intimacy, morbidity, mortality, and components of wellness.

174. Differentiate between light-intensity, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity exercises. Give examples
of each intensity level.

175. Describe the physical activity guidelines for adults as recommended in 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines
for Americans.

176. What is the relationship between socioeconomic status, quality of health, and life expectancy?
177. Write out an example of a behavioral goal for improving studying habits that meets the principle of
specificity.
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