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Full download Test Bank for C How to Program, 8th Edition, Paul J. Deitel, Harvey Deitel file pdf all chapter on 2024
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C How to Program, 8th
Chapter 5: C Functions
Chapter 6: C Arrays
Chapter 7: C Pointers
Enumerations
Heiss records two cases of this disease in heavy Belgian horses ten
and eleven years old, the urine of which showed a percentage of 3.75
of grape sugar, and which died in two months in a state of
marasmus. The liver was enlarged and of a clay yellow color.
Dieckerhoff reports one fatal case in which there were also yellow
discoloration, congestion and hypertrophy of the liver. No lesion
could be found in the pancreas nor nervous system. Perosino records
a case in a horse suffering from contagious adenitis, which may be
supposed to have been connected with the action of the toxins or the
imperfectly oxidized albuminoids on the nerve centres or liver.
Delprato relates six cases in the same stable in overworked, half
starved and emaciated horses. Rueff and Mouquet each contributes a
case occurring in paraplegia attendant on hæmoglobinuria and in
which the amounts of sugar were respectively 5.85 and 1.01 per cent.
These latter cases are manifestly complicated ones in which the
reflex irritation (or inhibition of glycogenesis) is transmitted from
the diseased or poisoned brain to the already disordered liver.
Symptoms. There is a profound interference with nutrition, a
rapid loss of flesh and weight, of spirit and energy and an extreme
muscular weakness in spite of an excessive appetite. The subject is
fatigued and breathless under the slightest exertion, the flanks are
retracted and hollow, and the hair dry, rigid and lifeless. Appetite is
poor and fastidious, but an intense and consuming thirst is usually
present, the animal drinking deeply at every opportunity, and
passing urine with corresponding frequency and abundance. The
urine is clear, yellow, neutral, and saccharine, the sugar varying from
1 to 12 per cent. (3.6 on an average). Notwithstanding the amount
passed (55 litres per day, Cadeac) the density usually exceeds the
normal (1052 and upward), normal being 1040 to 1050. There may
or may not be hyperthermia, and in exceptional cases appetite has
been retained to the last. Cataract and corneal ulceration are
sometimes observed as in man.
Diagnosis. Presumption may arise from the above mentioned
symptoms, and especially the bulimia, the polydipsia, the polyuria,
the rapidly advancing emaciation, weakness, and prostration and the
ocular troubles, but conclusive evidence is only found in the presence
of glucose permanently in the urine.
Tests for Sugar in the Urine. For one who can go through it the
touching of the tip of the tongue with a drop of the suspected urine
will give a prompt and reliable test.
Fehling’s cupric test is the next best for simplicity and availability.
Dissolve 34.639 grammes (1⅕ oz.) pure cupric sulphate in 200 cubic
centimeters of distilled water: 173 grammes (6 ozs.) of pure neutral
sodio-potassic tartrate and 80 grammes of potassium hydrate in 500
cubic centimetres of distilled water. Add the copper solution slowly
to the potassium one and dilute the clear mixture to one litre. One
cubic centimeter of this fluid will be discolorized by 0.005 gramme of
sugar; or 200 grains will be discolorized by 1 grain of sugar.
Trommer’s test is even simpler for a mere qualitative test. Pour the
suspected urine, freed from albumen, into a test tube and add a
solution of caustic potassa or soda until distinctly alkaline. Should
this throw down earthy phosphates or carbonates filter these out.
Then add drop by drop a solution of pure cupric sulphate in distilled
water (3.5:100) so long as it throws down a yellowish red precipitate
of oxide of copper. When the supernatent liquid remains clear and
assumes a distinctly bluish tint, the sugar has all been precipitated.
The amount of precipitate is a criterion of the quantity of sugar,
which may be otherwise estimated by the amount of copper salt
used.
The fermentation test is made by adding a teaspoonful of liquid
yeast to four ounces of the suspected urine, stopping the flask lightly
and placing it in a temperature of 60° to 80° F. for 12 to 24 hours
when the sugar will have been converted into alcohol and dioxide of
carbon. The loss of weight will indicate the amount of sugar, as also
will the lowering of the specific gravity. If before testing the urine
was 1060, and after 1035, it contained 15 grains of sugar to the fluid
ounce.
Prognosis. This is always rendered more grave in the horse than in
man, because of the impossibility of putting him on a purely
albuminous diet. The great tendency is to a rapidly fatal issue,
especially in cases of irremediable structural lesions in the brain and
liver. Where the disorder is largely functional, as in connection with
hæmoglobinuria or as the result of poisons ingested the prospect of
recovery is often good.
Treatment. In cases due to poisoning the use of antidotes and
eliminating agents will be effectual, and in transient and curable
diseases like pulmonary disorder, hæmoglobinuria and paralysis the
appropriate treatment will restore. In the more inveterate or
constitutional cases all treatment is liable to prove ineffectual. At the
outset some apparent amelioration may be obtained from salicylic
acid, salicylate of soda, bicarbonate, acetate, citrate, sulphate or
chloride of soda, nitro-muriatic acid and other cholagogues. Blisters
to the perichondrium may also be employed. Later, when
degeneration of the liver has reached an extreme point, these will be
of no avail. Cadeac recommends acetanilid, antipyrine, and benzo-
naphthol largely on their antiseptic merits, and Jong claims a
recovery in a horse under daily doses of 12 grains of codeine. Opium
has long been employed in man with partially good results, and
croton chloral, strychnia, phosphoric acid, iodoform and ergot are
recommended in different cases.
One of the most beneficial agents is skim milk or buttermilk as an
exclusive diet, and this may be to a large extent adopted for the
horse. Under its use the sugar may entirely disappear, and though
rheumatoid pains in the joints may be brought on, these usually
subside on withdrawing the source of lactic acid. They may further be
met by the use of salicylates. The greatest care should be taken of the
general health, an open air life, with protection against colds and
storms, and a healthy condition of bowels, kidneys and skin being
particularly important.
The impaired digestion and assimilation usually demand
carminatives, stomachics, bitters, and mineral acids, particularly the
nitro-muriatic. With the same intent a fair amount of exercise short
of absolute fatigue should be secured. But each case will require a
special study and treatment consonant to its special attendant
lesions, its causative functional disorders, and its stage. One case
may demand attention to bacteridian poisoning, one to a better
regimen and diet, one to liver disease, and one to disease of the
brain, etc. After this treatment specially directed to the abnormal
function or structure, would come the more specific treatment for
mellituria which would be more or less applicable to the general
glycolytic disorder.
GLYCOSURIA IN CATTLE.