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PSA_Lecture 6_Symmetrical Fault Analysis (Part-1)
PSA_Lecture 6_Symmetrical Fault Analysis (Part-1)
PSA_Lecture 6_Symmetrical Fault Analysis (Part-1)
Lecture on
Symmetrical Fault Analysis (Part-1)
Presenter
Kazi Firoz Ahmed
Senior Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE
American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB)
Lecture Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, the students should be able to:
➢ All the phases are short-circuited to each other and often to earth.
➢ Rarely occurred
Great
importance
At the instant of applying the voltage, the dc and steady-state components always has the
same magnitude but are the opposite sign in order to express the zero value of current
then existing.
Waveform of 3 phase currents after Symmetrical Fault
Transient on a Transmission Line
The dc term does not exist, if the circuit is closed at point on the voltage wave
such that (α – θ) = 0 or (α- θ) = π.
The dc component has its maximum initial value, which is equal to maximum value
of the sinusoidal component, if the circuit is closed at point on the voltage wave
such that α - θ = ±π /2.
Waveform of Short Circuit Current on a transient line
Doubling Effect
Synchronous Reactance
Transient reactance, after the damper winding currents have died out is
Obviously
Fault Currents of SM (no load condition)
Symmetrical short-
circuit armature
current in SM
Envelope of SM
symmetrical short
circuit current.
Different time constants of SM after fault
When t> Td′′ but t < Td′ => direct-axis short-circuit transient time constant
the first exponential term of above equation has decayed almost zero, but the
second exponential has not decayed significantly.
Since the three-phase no-load voltages are displaced 120o from each other, the three-
phase ac fault currents are displaced 120o fro each other. In addition to that ac fault
current, each phase has a different dc offset. The maximum dc offset in any phase,
which occurs when α=0 is
Tutorial:
Problem 3: [Ref. 3, p. 363] A 500 MVA, 20 kV, 60 Hz synchronous generator with
Xd′′=0.15, Xd′=0.24, Xd=1.1 pu and time constant Td′′=0.035, Td′= 2.0, TA=0.2 s is connected
to the circuit breaker.
The generator is operating at 5% above rated voltage and at no-load when a bolted three-
phase short circuit occurs on the load side of the breaker. The breaker interrupts the fault 3
cycles after fault inception.
Determine (i) the sub-transient fault current in pu and kA rms,
(ii) the maximum dc-offset as a function of time; and
(iii) rms asymmetrical fault current, which the breaker interrupts,
assuming maximum dc-offset.
(i) The generator is operating at 5% above rated voltage and at no-load when a bolted
three-phase short-circuit occurs, thus Eg = 1.05 pu.
Problem 3: Tutorial:
(ii) The maximum dc offset that may occur in any phase is:
The reactances of the circuit in previous figure now modify to the above figure. Current
(symmetrical) to be interrupted by the breaker (as shown by arrow)
Where ⎪Isc⎪ in amperes is the rms magnitude of the short-circuit current in a three-
phase fault at the connection point.
Short Circuit Capacity (SCC)/ Fault Level of Bus
At nominal voltage the Thevenin equivalent circuit looking back into the system from the
point of connection is an emf of 1.0∠0 pu in series with the pu impedance Zth. Therefore,
under short-circuit conditions,
Short Circuit Capacity (SCC)/ Fault Level of Bus
the single-phase Thevenin equivalent circuit which represents the system is an emf equal
to the nominal line voltage divided by √3 in series with an inductive reactance of
Pre-fault
Bus voltage = 1 pu
After-fault
The strength of a bus is the ability of the Bus voltage ≅ 0 pu
bus to maintain its voltage when a fault
takes place at other bus: